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Book Details
Abstract
Inorganic 2D nanomaterials, or inorganic graphene analogues, are gaining great attention due to their unique properties and potential energy applications. They contain ultrathin nanosheet morphology with one-dimensional confinement, but unlike pure carbon graphene, inorganic two-dimensional nanomaterials have a more abundant elemental composition and can form different crystallographic structures. These properties contribute to their unique chemical reaction activity, tunable physical properties and facilitate applications in the field of energy conversion and storage.
Inorganic Two-dimensional Nanomaterials details the development of the nanostructures from computational simulation and theoretical understanding to their synthesis and characterization. Individual chapters then cover different applications of the materials as electrocatalysts, flexible supercapicitors, flexible lithium ion batteries and thermoelectrical devices.
The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field for researchers working in the areas of materials chemistry, physics, energy and catalysis.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Inorganic Two-dimensional Nanomaterials: Fundamental Understanding, Characterizations and Energy Applications | i | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Section I - Fundamental Understanding | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Exploring Two-dimensional Crystals with Atomic Thickness from Molecular Design and Global Structure Search | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Boron | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1 Theoretical Design | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1.1 α-sheet | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1.2 Proposal of Polymorphism of the 2D Boron Sheet | 7 | ||
| 1.2.1.3 B12 Icosahedral Sheet | 8 | ||
| 1.2.1.4 Global Minimum Searching Boron Sheet | 8 | ||
| 1.3 Carbon | 11 | ||
| 1.3.1 Graphene Derivatives | 11 | ||
| 1.3.2 The Graphyne Group | 15 | ||
| 1.3.3 Penta-graphene | 15 | ||
| 1.4 Silicon | 17 | ||
| 1.4.1 Surface Reconstruction | 17 | ||
| 1.4.2 Bilayer and Multilayer Silicene Construction | 19 | ||
| 1.4.3 Hydrogenated Silicene | 21 | ||
| 1.4.4 Group-14 Element Derivatives | 22 | ||
| 1.5 Phosphorene | 22 | ||
| 1.5.1 Theoretical Design | 23 | ||
| 1.5.1.1 Blue Phosphorus | 23 | ||
| 1.5.1.2 Phase Coexistence and Metal-insulator Transition in Few-layer Phosphorene | 24 | ||
| 1.5.1.3 Tiling Phosphorus | 25 | ||
| 1.5.1.4 Single-layered Hittorf’s Phosphorus | 25 | ||
| 1.5.1.5 Nine New Phosphorene Polymorphs with Non-honeycomb Structures | 26 | ||
| 1.5.1.6 Porous Polymorphs of 2D Phosphorus | 27 | ||
| 1.6 Compounds | 28 | ||
| 1.6.1 Carbides | 28 | ||
| 1.6.1.1 B–C Compounds | 28 | ||
| 1.6.1.2 Si–C Compounds | 29 | ||
| 1.6.1.3 Be2C | 29 | ||
| 1.6.2 Silicates | 29 | ||
| 1.6.2.1 B–Si Compounds | 29 | ||
| 1.6.2.2 Cu2Si | 29 | ||
| 1.6.3 Boron Nitrides and Carbon Nitrides | 30 | ||
| 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook | 30 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 30 | ||
| References | 30 | ||
| Chapter 2 - Nanoscale Buckling Mechanics of Ultrathin Sheets | 35 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 35 | ||
| 2.2 Buckling in a Free-standing Monolayer Sheet | 36 | ||
| 2.2.1 Nanoscale Buckling due to Thermal Fluctuations | 36 | ||
| 2.2.2 Nanoscale Buckling due to Edge Stress | 38 | ||
| 2.2.3 Nanoscale Buckling in 2D Heterostructures | 40 | ||
| 2.2.4 Nanoscale Buckling due to Topological Defects | 41 | ||
| 2.3 Buckling of a Monolayer on Substrates | 44 | ||
| 2.3.1 Wrinkling Mediated by Substrate Elasticity or van der Waals Interactions | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2 The Formation of Soliton-like Buckle-delamination and Bubble-like Blister | 46 | ||
| 2.3.3 Interlayer Interaction Induced Deformation in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures | 48 | ||
| 2.3.4 Localized Wrinkling by Orientational Binding on the Substrate Surface | 50 | ||
| 2.4 Buckling of Twisted Bilayer Graphene | 51 | ||
| 2.5 Conclusions | 52 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Surface Modification for Engineering the Intrinsic Magnetic Properties of Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials | 56 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 56 | ||
| 3.2 Intrinsic Magnetic Properties in Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials | 58 | ||
| 3.3 Surface Modification for Engineering the Magnetic Properties of Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials | 63 | ||
| 3.3.1 Introducing Magnetism by Heteroatom Incorporation | 64 | ||
| 3.3.2 Introducing Magnetism by Molecular Absorption | 65 | ||
| 3.3.3 Introducing Magnetism by Multiple Defects Introduction | 67 | ||
| 3.4 Application of 2D Magnetic Nanomaterials | 69 | ||
| 3.4.1 2D Magnetic Nanosheets for Spintronics | 69 | ||
| 3.4.2 2D Magnetic Superlattice for Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effects | 73 | ||
| 3.4.3 2D Magnetic Nanomaterials for Energy-related Application | 75 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions and Outlooks | 76 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Solid-state Synthesis of Two-dimensional Layered Crystals | 85 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 85 | ||
| 4.2 Solid State Decomposition (SSD) | 87 | ||
| 4.2.1 Thermal Decomposition Process for Graphene Growth | 87 | ||
| 4.2.2 Parameters Affecting the Growth of Graphene | 88 | ||
| 4.2.3 The Advantages and Limitations of SSD Method | 90 | ||
| 4.3 Chemical Vapor Transport Reaction (CVT) | 90 | ||
| 4.3.1 The Introduction of CVT | 90 | ||
| 4.3.2 Single 2D Materials | 91 | ||
| 4.3.2.1 Binary 2D Materials | 92 | ||
| 4.3.2.2 Ternary 2D Materials | 94 | ||
| 4.3.2.3 Doping/Hybridizing of 2D Materials | 94 | ||
| 4.3.3 Effects of Growth Parameters | 97 | ||
| 4.3.3.1 Transport Agents and Temperature | 97 | ||
| 4.3.3.2 The Rate of Mass Transport | 98 | ||
| 4.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) | 99 | ||
| 4.4.1 CVD Growth of Graphene | 100 | ||
| 4.4.2 CVD Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) | 101 | ||
| 4.4.3 CVD Growth of 2D Hetrostructures | 103 | ||
| 4.4.4 Factors Affecting the Growth in CVD | 104 | ||
| 4.4.5 The Advantages and Limitations of CVD Method | 105 | ||
| 4.5 Template Driven Growth (TDG) | 106 | ||
| 4.5.1 Types of Templates | 106 | ||
| 4.5.2 Graphene-based Template Growth | 108 | ||
| 4.5.3 The Advantages and Limitations of Template Confined Growth | 110 | ||
| 4.6 Other Methods | 110 | ||
| 4.6.1 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) | 110 | ||
| 4.6.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) | 113 | ||
| 4.6.3 Microwave-assisted Synthesis | 114 | ||
| 4.7 Summary and Outlook | 115 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 117 | ||
| References | 117 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Liquid Phase Synthesis of Two-dimensional Crystals: from Top-down to Bottom-up | 126 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 126 | ||
| 5.2 Top-down Strategies | 128 | ||
| 5.2.1 Small Molecules Assisted Exfoliation Strategy | 129 | ||
| 5.2.2 Ions Intercalation–deintercalation Assisted Exfoliation Strategy | 132 | ||
| 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Based Exfoliation Strategy | 134 | ||
| 5.2.4 Lamellar Hybrid Intermediate Based Exfoliation Strategy | 136 | ||
| 5.2.5 2D Precursor-based Topotactic Reaction Strategy | 136 | ||
| 5.3 Bottom-up Strategies | 140 | ||
| 5.3.1 Self-assembly Strategy | 141 | ||
| 5.3.2 Oriented Attachment Strategy | 143 | ||
| 5.3.3 Template-based Strategy | 144 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusion | 146 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 146 | ||
| References | 147 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Growth of Inorganic Two-dimensional Heterostructures Based on Transition Metal Dichalcogenides | 153 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 153 | ||
| 6.2 TMDCs/TMDCs | 154 | ||
| 6.3 TMDCs/Graphene | 159 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives | 162 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 163 | ||
| References | 163 | ||
| Section II - Characterizations | 169 | ||
| Chapter 7 - The Investigations of Mono-element Two Dimensional Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy | 171 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 171 | ||
| 7.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy | 172 | ||
| 7.3 Graphene | 175 | ||
| 7.3.1 Exfoliated Graphene | 177 | ||
| 7.3.1.1 Graphene on SiO2 | 177 | ||
| 7.3.1.2 Graphene on h-BN | 178 | ||
| 7.3.1.3 Graphene on Graphite | 179 | ||
| 7.3.1.4 Graphene on MoS2 | 181 | ||
| 7.3.1.5 Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001) | 183 | ||
| 7.3.1.6 Graphene on Metal Substrates | 184 | ||
| 7.3.2 Quasiparticle Interferences | 187 | ||
| 7.3.3 Twist Graphene Layers | 189 | ||
| 7.3.4 Landau Levels | 192 | ||
| 7.4 Other 2D Materials of Group 14 Elements | 194 | ||
| 7.4.1 Silicene | 194 | ||
| 7.4.1.1 Monolayer Silicene Superstructures on Ag(111) | 196 | ||
| 7.4.1.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of Silicene | 203 | ||
| 7.4.2 Germanene | 208 | ||
| 7.4.3 Stanene | 210 | ||
| 7.5 Borophene | 211 | ||
| 7.6 Summary | 214 | ||
| References | 214 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Synchrotron Radiation Spectroscopic Techniques for Two-dimensional Materials | 222 | ||
| 8.1 Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Absorption\rSpectroscopy | 222 | ||
| 8.1.1 Basic XAFS Concepts | 223 | ||
| 8.1.2 Structural Parameters Determined from XAFS Data Analysis | 224 | ||
| 8.2 Advantages of Using XAFS Spectroscopy for Fine Structural Characterization of 2D Nanomaterials | 225 | ||
| 8.3 Recent Research Progress of XAFS Spectroscopy in 2D Materials | 226 | ||
| 8.3.1 Structural Distortion of Ultrathin 2D Materials | 226 | ||
| 8.3.2 Low-coordinated Surface Atoms of Ultrathin 2D Materials | 230 | ||
| 8.3.3 Vacancy and Doping of Ultrathin 2D Materials | 234 | ||
| 8.4 Outlook of Time- and Spatial-resolved Synchrotron Radiation XAFS Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials | 234 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 236 | ||
| References | 236 | ||
| Section III - Energy Applications | 241 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Inorganic Two-dimensional Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis | 243 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 243 | ||
| 9.2 Electrocatalysis Fundamentals | 244 | ||
| 9.3 Unique Features and Advantages of 2D Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis | 245 | ||
| 9.4 Recent Research Progress | 247 | ||
| 9.4.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) | 247 | ||
| 9.4.1.1 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) | 247 | ||
| 9.4.1.2 Other Chalcogenides | 253 | ||
| 9.4.1.3 Other 2D HER Electrocatalysts | 256 | ||
| 9.4.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) | 256 | ||
| 9.4.2.1 Layered Double Hydroxides | 258 | ||
| 9.4.2.2 Other 2D OER Electrocatalysts | 258 | ||
| 9.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) | 260 | ||
| 9.4.4 CO2 Electrochemical Reduction | 261 | ||
| 9.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook | 261 | ||
| References | 263 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Two-dimensional Nanomaterials for Applications in Flexible Supercapacitors | 266 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 266 | ||
| 10.2 Graphene-based Flexible Supercapacitors | 268 | ||
| 10.3 Inorganic 2D Nanomaterials-based Flexible Supercapacitors | 271 | ||
| 10.3.1 EDLC Mechanism (Conducting Materials) | 271 | ||
| 10.3.1.1 MXenes-based Supercapacitors | 271 | ||
| 10.3.1.2 TMDs-based Flexible Supercapacitors | 274 | ||
| 10.3.2 Pseudo-materials-based Flexible Supercapacitors | 274 | ||
| 10.4 2D Nanomaterials for Planar Supercapacitors (Microsupercapacitors) | 281 | ||
| 10.4.1 Conductive 2D Nanomaterials for Flexible Planar Supercapacitors | 282 | ||
| 10.4.2 Pseudo-capacitive 2D Nanomaterials for Flexible Planar Supercapacitors | 284 | ||
| 10.5 Gel Electrolytes for 2D Nanomaterials-based Flexible Supercapacitors | 286 | ||
| 10.5.1 Aqueous Gel Electrolyte | 287 | ||
| 10.5.2 Non-aqueous Gel Electrolyte | 289 | ||
| 10.6 Conclusions and Outlooks | 290 | ||
| References | 291 | ||
| Chapter 11 - Flexible Two-dimensional Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries Applications | 294 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 294 | ||
| 11.2 Paper-like Graphene Nanostructures | 295 | ||
| 11.3 Flexible 2D Hybrid Film Paper | 299 | ||
| 11.4 Flexible 2D Graphene Composite Paper Anodes | 301 | ||
| 11.4.1 Flexible 2D Graphene/Metal Oxides Composite Paper Anodes | 301 | ||
| 11.4.2 Flexible 2D Graphene/Metal Sulfide Composite Anodes | 310 | ||
| 11.4.3 Graphene/Si Composite Anodes | 313 | ||
| 11.5 Flexible 2D Graphene Composite Cathodes | 315 | ||
| 11.6 Flexible 2D Inorganic Nanosheets-based Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries | 316 | ||
| 11.6.1 Flexible 2D Metal Oxide Nanosheets Composite | 316 | ||
| 11.6.2 Flexible 2D Metal Sulfide Nanosheets Composites Anode | 321 | ||
| 11.6.3 Flexible 2D Multiple-compound Nanosheets Composites | 323 | ||
| 11.7 Conclusions and Future Study | 325 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 327 | ||
| References | 327 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Two-dimensional Nanomaterials—An Ideal Platform to Understand Photocatalysis | 334 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 334 | ||
| 12.2 Light Harvesting | 336 | ||
| 12.3 Interfacial Charge Carrier Dynamics | 344 | ||
| 12.4 Surface Redox Reaction | 356 | ||
| References | 365 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Two-dimensional Nanomaterials as Promising Candidates for Thermoelectric Applications | 369 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 369 | ||
| 13.1.1 Performance Parameters of Thermoelectric Materials | 372 | ||
| 13.1.2 The Modulation of Thermoelectric Parameters | 374 | ||
| 13.1.2.1 Enhancement of the Seebeck Coefficient | 374 | ||
| 13.1.2.2 Lowering the Thermal Conductivity | 375 | ||
| 13.1.3 Dimensionality Effect in Thermoelectric Materials | 378 | ||
| 13.2 Thermoelectric Materials with 2D Characteristics | 379 | ||
| 13.2.1 IV–VI Thermoelectric Materials | 380 | ||
| 13.2.2 V–VI Thermoelectric Materials | 384 | ||
| 13.2.2.1 Bi2Te3 | 384 | ||
| 13.2.2.2 Bi2Se3 | 386 | ||
| 13.2.3 TMD-based Thermoelectric Materials | 386 | ||
| 13.2.4 Layered Oxide-based Thermoelectric Materials | 387 | ||
| 13.3 Thermoelectric Performance of 2D Nanosheets | 389 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusion | 395 | ||
| References | 397 | ||
| Subject Index | 401 |