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Ladybirds

Ladybirds

Helen E. Roy | Peter M. J. Brown | Richard F. Comont | Remy L. Poland | John J. Sloggett | Sophie Allington | Chris Shields

(2013)

Additional Information

Abstract

This revised and updated edition of Ladybirds provides a succinct but comprehensive and accessible overview of the biology of ladybirds and their parasites, focusing on ecology in an evolutionary context. It provides the latest information, coverage of recent additions to the British list including the harlequin ladybird, and makes suggestions for further research, both short and long term, highlighting gaps in knowledge and showing readers how to get involved with recording and studying ladybirds. It includes updated keys for the identification of ladybirds at late-instar larval and adult stages, and techniques for studying ladybirds and their parasites in both laboratory and field.

The authors hope that this book will be a valuable resource, not only for students, from school to university and beyond, but also for anyone with an interest in natural history, whether professional or recreational.


"...quite excellent..."


Simon Barnes

Helen Roy completed her PhD (on the ecology of ladybirds, Pandora neoaphidis (fungal insect pathogen) and other aphid natural enemies) at Rothamsted Research (linked with Nottingham University) in 1997. She combined research with teaching for 10 years before taking up a position (research scientist) with the Biological Records Centre (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology) where she is responsible for zoological data and research and works extensively with national zoological schemes and societies. Her research focuses on the effects of environmental change on insect populations and communities.

Peter Brown is a senior lecturer in the Department of Animal & Environmental Biology at Anglia Ruskin University. His research focuses on understanding the spread distribution of the invasive harlequin species of ladybird, both in the UK and worldwide. Peter monitors the effects of the harlequin’s spread on our native ladybird species and is involved in genetic work to detect predation of ladybirds and other prey by the harlequin.

Richard Comont joined the Bumblebee Conservation Trust as Science Manager in 2013 after six years at the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, mainly spent monitoring and analysing ladybirds.

Remy Poland is a biology teacher at Clifton College, Bristol. Her research focuses on the evolutionary ecology of ladybirds. Current interests include the ecological impacts of the invasive 'harlequin ladybird', Harmonia axyridis, on British aphidophagous insects, particularly native coccinellids, through the processes of resource competition and intraguild predation.


It's pretty much the only book you'll ever need if you want to get into ladybirds. It covers everything from life history, evolutionary biology, population and more. It also has a key to help you identify and a section on how and where to collect ladybirds for recording. If you like ladybirds, you'll like this book!


Suffolk Naturalist

It seems to me that no aspect of ladybird life has been neglected in this publication. This book is packed with fascinating information presented in a very readable form and I found it hard to put down. From the plagues of ladybirds occasionally reported in the press to chromosome numbers and male-killing parasitic bacteria such as Rickettsia and Wolbachia I found it all interesting stuff. Highly recommended for both the expert and casual reader interested in insects.


Colin Hart

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Title page ii
Contents iv
Editors’ preface v
Acknowledgements vi
Reader feedback vii
About Pelagic Publishing vii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What are ladybirds? 2
2 Life history 5
2.1 General life cycle 5
2.2 Eggs 6
2.3 Larvae 7
2.4 Pupae 8
2.5 Adults 9
2.6 Environmental change and life history of ladybirds 11
3 Ladybirds in their environment 15
3.1 Habitat and dietary preferences 15
3.2 Ladybirds as predators 18
3.3 Ladybirds as herbivores and mildew feeders 21
3.4 Ladybirds as intraguild predators 22
3.5 Alternative foods 24
3.6 Overwintering 24
4 Ladybirds and their natural enemies 30
4.1 Predators of ladybirds 30
4.2 Parasitoids and parasites of ladybirds 31
Parasitoid flies 32
Parasitoid wasps 34
Parasitic mites 37
Nematodes 37
4.3 Microorganisms 37
Bacteria 38
Fungi 38
4.4 Future work 40
5 Variation in ladybirds 42
5.1 Colours and patterns in ladybirds 42
5.2 Colour pattern variation in the 2-spot 44
5.3 Colour pattern variation in the 10-spot 47
5.4 Colour pattern variation in the harlequin ladybird 48
5.5 Colour pattern variation in other species 49
5.6 Other morphological variation 54
6 Population and evolutionary biology 56
6.1 Population size 56
6.2 The evolutionary biology of sibling egg cannibalism 59
6.3 Warning colouration and chemical defence 61
6.4 Polymorphism in the 2-spot ladybird 65
6.5 Polymorphism in the harlequin ladybird 68
6.6 Evolutionary relationships 69
Plate 1 2
Plate 2 3
Plate 3 4
Plate 4 5
Plate 5 6
Plate 6 7
Plate 7 8
Plate 8 9
Plate 9 10
Plate 10 11
Plate 11 12
Plate 12 13
7 Ladybird distribution 74
7.1 Present residents in Britain 74
7.2 Occasional species 83
8 Identification of British ladybirds 85
8.1 Introduction to keys 85
I: Field key to adult British ladybirds 85
II: Key to all the adult British Coccinellidae 94
III: Field key to the larvae of British ladybirds 106
8.2 Similar species and occasional immigrants 112
Non-ladybird species 112
False ladybird, Endomychus coccineus 112
Poplar leaf-beetle, Chrysomela populi 112
Ladybirds 113
Vibidia 12-guttata 113
Cynegetis impunctata 113
Calvia 10-guttata 113
Oenopia conglobata 113
Exochomus nigromaculatus 114
Inconspicuous coccinellids 114
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 114
Vedalia ladybird, Rodolia cardinalis 114
Scymnus subvillosus 114
9 Study techniques and materials 115
9.1 Collecting techniques and equipment 115
Where to collect 115
Searching, beating and sweeping 115
Containers for collecting ladybirds 117
Recording scheme 117
9.2 Culturing ladybirds 118
Housing ladybirds 119
Collecting wild aphids 120
Feeding ladybirds 120
Alternative and artificial diets 120
Care of eggs, larvae and pupae 122
Culturing other species of British ladybirds 123
Non-predatory ladybirds 124
9.3 Study techniques 125
Making a collection 125
Basic examination 127
Examining genitalia 127
Chromosome preparations 128
Mark, release and recapture 129
How to present your findings 131
References 132
Index 138
Diagrams 142