BOOK
Bird Conservation
David R. Williams | Robert G. Pople | David A. Showler | Lynn V. Dicks | Matthew F. Child | Erasmus K.H.J. zu Ermgassen | William J. Sutherland
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This book brings together scientific evidence and experience relevant to the practical conservation of wild birds. The authors worked with an international group of bird experts and conservationists to develop a global list of interventions that could benefit wild birds.
For each intervention, the book summarises studies captured by the Conservation Evidence project, where that intervention has been tested and its effects on birds quantified. The result is a thorough guide to what is known, or not known, about the effectiveness of bird conservation actions throughout the world.
The preparation of this synopsis was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council and Arcadia.
Too much past conservation has been a nice fluffy exercise which has regularly failed to deliver. Given the current crisis in wildlife declines we need to sharpen our game and for this we need to use the best available evidence. This volume and it associated publications will help us to do this.
Mick Green
Overall, this is an outstanding book (and an excellent concept) that will make a significant contribution to evidence-based bird conservation, and I hope there will be many future editions allowing conservation practitioners to be right up to date with current scientific research.
Robert Sheldon
David Williams is a Research Assistant in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge.
Robert G. Pople is a former Research Assistant in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge.
David Showler is a Research Associate in the School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia and the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge.
Matthew F. Child is a Research Assistant in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge.
Lynn Dicks is a Research Associate in the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge.
Erasmus K.H.J. zu Ermgassen is a student in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge.
William J. Sutherland is the Miriam Rothschild Professor of Conservation Biology at the University of Cambridge.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Advisory board | xiv | ||
| About the authors | xv | ||
| Acknowledgements | xvi | ||
| 1. About this book | 1 | ||
| 2. Habitat protection | 7 | ||
| Key messages | 7 | ||
| 2.1. Legally protect habitats | 8 | ||
| 2.2. Ensure connectivity between habitat patches | 9 | ||
| 2.3. Provide or retain un-harvested buffer strips | 10 | ||
| 3. Education and awareness raising | 13 | ||
| Key messages | 13 | ||
| 3.1. Raise awareness amongst the general public through campaigns and public information | 13 | ||
| 3.2. Provide bird feeding materials to families with young children | 14 | ||
| 3.3. Enhance bird taxonomy skills through higher education and \rtraining | 14 | ||
| 3.4. Provide training to conservationists and land managers on bird ecology and conservation | 14 | ||
| 4. Threat: Residential and commercial development | 15 | ||
| Key messages | 15 | ||
| 4.1. Angle windows to reduce collisions | 15 | ||
| 4.2. Mark or tint windows to reduce collision mortality | 15 | ||
| 5. Threat: Agriculture | 17 | ||
| Key messages – All farming systems | 17 | ||
| Key messages – Arable farming | 20 | ||
| Key messages – Livestock farming | 21 | ||
| Key messages – Perennial, non-timber crops | 23 | ||
| Key messages – Aquaculture | 24 | ||
| All farming systems | 25 | ||
| 5.1. Support or maintain low-intensity agricultural systems | 25 | ||
| 5.2. Practise integrated farm management | 25 | ||
| 5.3. Food labelling schemes relating to biodiversity-friendly farming | 25 | ||
| 5.4. Increase the proportion of natural/semi-natural vegetation in the farmed landscape | 25 | ||
| 5.5. Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures | 27 | ||
| 5.6. Cross compliance standards for all subsidy payments | 36 | ||
| 5.7. Reduce field size (or maintain small fields) | 37 | ||
| 5.8. Provide or retain set-aside areas in farmland | 37 | ||
| 5.9. Manage hedges to benefit wildlife | 42 | ||
| 5.10. Plant new hedges | 44 | ||
| 5.11. Manage stone-faced hedge banks to benefit birds | 44 | ||
| 5.12. Manage ditches to benefit wildlife | 45 | ||
| 5.13. Protect in-field trees | 46 | ||
| 5.14. Plant in-field trees | 46 | ||
| 5.15. Tree pollarding and tree surgery | 46 | ||
| 5.16. Plant wild bird seed or cover mixture | 46 | ||
| 5.17. Plant nectar flower mixture/wildflower strips | 55 | ||
| 5.18. Create uncultivated margins around intensive arable or pasture fields | 57 | ||
| 5.19. Plant grass buffer strips/margins around arable or pasture fields | 59 | ||
| 5.20. Use mowing techniques to reduce chick mortality | 63 | ||
| 5.21. Provide refuges in fields during harvest or mowing | 64 | ||
| 5.22. Mark bird nests during harvest or mowing | 64 | ||
| 5.23. Relocate nests at harvest time to reduce nestling mortality | 65 | ||
| 5.24. Make direct payments per clutch for farmland birds | 65 | ||
| 5.25. Control scrub on farmland | 66 | ||
| 5.26. Take field corners out of management | 67 | ||
| 5.27. Reduce conflict by deterring birds from taking crops | 67 | ||
| Arable farming | 68 | ||
| 5.28. Increase crop diversity | 68 | ||
| 5.29. Implement 'mosaic management' | 69 | ||
| 5.30. Leave overwinter stubbles | 69 | ||
| 5.31. Plant nettle strips | 73 | ||
| 5.32. Leave unharvested cereal headlands within arable fields | 73 | ||
| 5.33. Plant crops in spring rather than autumn | 73 | ||
| 5.34. Undersow spring cereals,with clover for example | 75 | ||
| 5.35. Plant more than one crop per field (intercropping) | 76 | ||
| 5.36. Revert arable land to permanent grassland | 76 | ||
| 5.37. Reduce tillage | 78 | ||
| 5.38. Add 1%barley into wheat crop for corn buntings | 81 | ||
| 5.39. Leave uncropped, cultivated margins or plots (includes lapwing and stone curlew plots) | 81 | ||
| 5.40. Create skylark plots | 83 | ||
| 5.41. Create corn bunting plots | 84 | ||
| 5.42. Plant cereals in wide-spaced rows | 85 | ||
| 5.43. Create beetle banks | 85 | ||
| Livestock farming | 87 | ||
| 5.44. Maintain species-rich, semi-natural grassland | 87 | ||
| 5.45. Reduce management intensity on permanent grasslands | 88 | ||
| 5.46. Reduce grazing intensity | 90 | ||
| 5.47. Provide short grass for waders | 93 | ||
| 5.48. Raise mowing height on grasslands | 93 | ||
| 5.49. Delay mowing date or first grazing date on grasslands | 94 | ||
| 5.50. Leave uncut rye grass in silage fields | 95 | ||
| 5.51. Plant cereals for wholecrop silage | 96 | ||
| 5.52. Maintain lowland heathland | 97 | ||
| 5.53. Maintain rush pastures | 97 | ||
| 5.54. Maintain traditional water meadows | 98 | ||
| 5.55. Maintain upland heath/moor | 99 | ||
| 5.56. Plant Brassica fodder crops | 100 | ||
| 5.57. Use mixed stocking | 100 | ||
| 5.58. Use traditional breeds of livestock | 100 | ||
| 5.59. Maintain wood pasture and parkland | 100 | ||
| 5.60. Exclude grazers from semi-natural habitats (including woodland) | 100 | ||
| 5.61. Protect nests from livestock to reduce trampling | 103 | ||
| 5.62. Mark fences to reduce bird collision mortality | 103 | ||
| 5.63. Create open patches or strips in permanent grassland | 104 | ||
| Perennial, non-timber crops | 104 | ||
| 5.64. Maintain traditional orchards | 105 | ||
| 5.65. Manage perennial bioenergy crops to benefit wildlife | 105 | ||
| Aquaculture | 106 | ||
| 5.66. Reduce conflict with humans to reduce persecution | 106 | ||
| 5.67. Scare birds from fish farms | 106 | ||
| 5.68. Disturb birds at roosts | 109 | ||
| 5.69. Use electric fencing to exclude fish-eating birds | 110 | ||
| 5.70. Use netting to exclude fish-eating birds | 111 | ||
| 5.71. Disturb birds using foot patrols | 112 | ||
| 5.72. Use ‘mussel socks ’ to prevent birds from attacking shellfish | 112 | ||
| 5.73. Translocate birds away from fish farms | 113 | ||
| 5.74. Increase water turbidity to reduce fish predation by birds | 113 | ||
| 5.75. Provide refuges for fish within ponds | 114 | ||
| 5.76. Use in-water devices to reduce fish loss from ponds | 114 | ||
| 5.77. Spray water to deter birds from ponds | 115 | ||
| 5.78. Deter birds from landing on shellfish culture gear | 115 | ||
| 6. Threat:Energy production and mining | 117 | ||
| Key messages | 117 | ||
| 6.1. Paint wind turbines to increase their visibility | 117 | ||
| 7. Threat:Transportation and service corridors | 118 | ||
| Key messages – Verges and airports | 118 | ||
| Key messages – Power lines and electricity pylons | 118 | ||
| Verges and airports | 119 | ||
| 7.1. Mow roadside verges | 119 | ||
| 7.2. Sow roadside verges | 119 | ||
| 7.3. Scare or otherwise deter birds from airports | 119 | ||
| Power lines and electricity pylons | 120 | ||
| 7.4. Bury or isolate power lines to reduce incidental mortality | 120 | ||
| 7.5. Remove earth wires to reduce incidental mortality | 121 | ||
| 7.6. Thicken earth wire to reduce incidental mortality | 121 | ||
| 7.7. Mark power lines to reduce incidental mortality | 121 | ||
| 7.8. Use raptor models to deter birds and so reduce incidental \rmortality | 124 | ||
| 7.9. Add perches to electricity pylons to reduce electrocution | 124 | ||
| 7.10. Insulate power pylons to prevent electrocution | 125 | ||
| 7.11. Use perch-deterrents to stop raptors perching on pylons | 125 | ||
| 7.12. Reduce electrocutions by using plastic, not aluminium, leg rings to mark birds | 126 | ||
| 8. Threat: Biological resource use | 127 | ||
| Key messages – reducing exploitation and conflict | 127 | ||
| Key messages – reducing fisheries bycatch | 128 | ||
| Reducing exploitation and conflict | 130 | ||
| 8.1. Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations | 130 | ||
| 8.2. Increase 'on-the-ground' protection to reduce unsustainable levels of exploitation | 132 | ||
| 8.3. Promote sustainable alternative livelihoods | 133 | ||
| 8.4. Use education programmes and local engagement to help reduce persecution or exploitation of species | 133 | ||
| 8.5. Employ local people as ‘biomonitors | 135 | ||
| 8.6. Mark eggs to reduce their appeal to egg collectors | 136 | ||
| 8.7. Relocate nestlings to reduce poaching | 136 | ||
| 8.8. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance | 137 | ||
| 8.9. Introduce voluntary 'maximum shoot distances' | 138 | ||
| 8.10. Provide ‘sacrificial' grasslands to reduce the impact of wild geese on crops | 138 | ||
| 8.11. Move fish-eating birds to reduce conflict with fishermen | 139 | ||
| 8.12. Scare fish-eating birds from areas to reduce conflict | 139 | ||
| Reduce fisheries bycatch | 139 | ||
| 8.13. Set longlines at night to reduce seabird bycatch | 140 | ||
| 8.14. Turn deck lights off during night-time setting of longlines to reduce bycatch | 142 | ||
| 8.15. Use streamer lines to reduce seabird bycatch on longlines | 143 | ||
| 8.16. Use larger hooks to reduce seabird bycatch | 146 | ||
| 8.17. Use a water cannon when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch | 147 | ||
| 8.18. Set lines underwater to reduce seabird bycatch | 147 | ||
| 8.19. Set longlines at the side of the boat to reduce seabird bycatch | 148 | ||
| 8.20. Use a line shooter to reduce seabird bycatch | 148 | ||
| 8.21. Use bait throwers to reduce seabird bycatch | 149 | ||
| 8.22. Tow buoys behind longlining boats to reduce seabird bycatch | 149 | ||
| 8.23. Dye baits to reduce seabird bycatch | 149 | ||
| 8.24. Use high-visibility longlines to reduce seabird bycatch | 150 | ||
| 8.25. Use a sonic scarer when setting longlines to reduce seabird bycatch | 150 | ||
| 8.26. Weight baits or lines to reduce longline bycatch of seabirds | 150 | ||
| 8.27. Use shark liver oil to deter birds when setting lines | 152 | ||
| 8.28. Thaw bait before setting lines to reduce seabird bycatch | 152 | ||
| 8.29. Reduce seabird bycatch by releasing offal overboard when setting longlines | 153 | ||
| 8.30. Use bird exclusion devices such as 'Brickle curtains' \rto reduce seabird mortality when hauling longlines | 153 | ||
| 8.31. Use acoustic alerts on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch | 154 | ||
| 8.32. Use high-visibility mesh on gillnets to reduce seabird bycatch | 154 | ||
| 8.33. Reduce gillnet deployment time to reduce seabird bycatch | 155 | ||
| 8.34. Mark trawler warp cables to reduce seabird collisions | 155 | ||
| 8.35. Reduce 'ghost fishing' by lost//discarded gear | 155 | ||
| 8.36. Reduce bycatch through seasonal or area closures | 156 | ||
| 9. Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance | 157 | ||
| Key messages | 157 | ||
| 9.1. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance | 157 | ||
| 9.2. Use signs and access restrictions to reduce disturbance at nest sites | 157 | ||
| 9.3. Set minimum distances for approaching birds (buffer zones) | 160 | ||
| 9.4. Provide paths to limit the extent of disturbance | 160 | ||
| 9.5. Reduce visitor group size | 161 | ||
| 9.6. Use voluntary agreements with local people to reduce disturbance | 161 | ||
| 9.7. Start educational programmes for personal watercraft owners | 161 | ||
| 9.8. Habituate birds to human visitors | 162 | ||
| 9.9. Use nest covers to reduce the impact of research on predation of ground-nesting seabirds | 162 | ||
| 10. Threat:Natural system modifications | 164 | ||
| Key messages | 164 | ||
| 10.1. Use prescribed burning | 167 | ||
| 10.2. Use fire suppression/control | 183 | ||
| 10.3. Protect nest trees before burning | 184 | ||
| 10.4. Clear or open patches in forests | 184 | ||
| 10.5. Clearcut and re-seed forests | 186 | ||
| 10.6. Thin trees within forests | 187 | ||
| 10.7. Coppice trees | 189 | ||
| 10.8. Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting | 190 | ||
| 10.9. Use selective harvesting/logging instead of clearcutting | 191 | ||
| 10.10. Use variable retention management during forestry | 192 | ||
| 10.11. Use shelterwood cutting instead of clearcutting | 193 | ||
| 10.12. Manage woodland edges for birds | 193 | ||
| 10.13. Manually control or remove mid-storey and ground-level | 194 | ||
| 10.14. Replace non-native species of tree/shrub | 202 | ||
| 10.15. Provide deadwood/snags in forests | 202 | ||
| 10.16. Remove coarse woody debris from forests | 204 | ||
| 10.17. Apply herbicide to mid- and under-storey vegetation | 205 | ||
| 10.18. Treat wetlands with herbicide | 206 | ||
| 10.19. Employ grazing in natural and semi-natural habitats | 208 | ||
| 10.20. Plant trees to act as windbreaks | 214 | ||
| 10.21. Re-seed grasslands | 215 | ||
| 10.22. Fertilise artificial grasslands | 215 | ||
| 10.23. Raise water levels in ditches or grassland | 217 | ||
| 10.24. Manage water level in wetlands | 218 | ||
| 10.25. Use environmentally sensitive flood management | 220 | ||
| 10.26. Use greentree reservoir management | 220 | ||
| 10.27. Plough habitats | 221 | ||
| 10.28. Create scrapes and pools in wetlands and wet grasslands | 222 | ||
| 11. Habitat restoration and creation | 224 | ||
| Key messages | 224 | ||
| 11.1. Restore or create forests | 225 | ||
| 11.2. Restore or create grasslands | 229 | ||
| 11.3. Restore or create traditional water meadows | 235 | ||
| 11.4. Restore or create shrubland | 236 | ||
| 11.5. Restore or create savannas | 237 | ||
| 11.6. Restore or create wetlands and marine habitats | 237 | ||
| 12. Threat:Invasive alien and other problematic species | 243 | ||
| Key messages – reduce predation by other species | 243 | ||
| Key messages – reduce incidental mortality during predator eradication or control | 244 | ||
| Key messages – reduce nest predation by excluding predators from nests or nesting areas | 244 | ||
| Key messages – reduce mortality by reducing hunting ability or changing predator behaviour | 245 | ||
| Key messages – reduce competition with other species for food and nest sites | 246 | ||
| Key messages – reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species | 246 | ||
| Key messages – reduce parasitism and disease | 247 | ||
| Key messages – reduce detrimental impacts of other problematic species | 247 | ||
| Reduce predation by other species | 248 | ||
| 12.1. Remove or control predators to enhance bird populations and communities | 248 | ||
| Predator control on islands | 249 | ||
| 12.2. Control avian predators on islands | 249 | ||
| 12.3. Control mammalian predators on islands | 251 | ||
| 12.4. Control invasive ants on islands | 261 | ||
| 12.5. Control predators not on islands | 261 | ||
| 12.6. Reduce predation by translocating predators | 269 | ||
| Reduce incidental mortality during predator eradication or control | 270 | ||
| 12.7. Do birds take bait designed for pest control? | 270 | ||
| 12.8. Distribute poison bait using dispensers | 271 | ||
| 12.9. Use repellents on baits | 271 | ||
| 12.10 Use coloured baits to reduce accidental mortality during predator control | 272 | ||
| Reduce nest predation by excluding predators from nests or nesting areas | 273 | ||
| 12.11. Physically protect nests from predators using non-electric fencing | 273 | ||
| 12.12. Protect bird nests using electric fencing | 274 | ||
| 12.13. Physically protect nests with individual exclosures/barriers or provide shelters for chicks | 276 | ||
| 12.14. Can nest protection increase nest abandonment? | 281 | ||
| 12.15. Can nest protection increase predation of adults and chicks? | 282 | ||
| 12.16. Use artificial nests that discourage predation | 283 | ||
| 12.17. Use multiple barriers to protect nests | 284 | ||
| 12.18. Plant nesting cover to reduce nest predation Background | 285 | ||
| 12.19. Use snakeskin to deter mammalian nest predators | 285 | ||
| 12.20. Use mirrors to deter nest predators | 285 | ||
| 12.21. Use naphthalene to deter mammalian predators | 286 | ||
| 12.22. Use ultrasonic devices to deter cats | 286 | ||
| 12.23. Protect nests from ants | 286 | ||
| 12.24. Guard nests to prevent predation | 287 | ||
| 12.25. Use 'cat curfews' to reduce predation | 287 | ||
| 12.26. Use lion dung to deter domestic cats | 287 | ||
| 12.27. Play spoken-word radio programmes to deter predators | 287 | ||
| Reduce mortality by reducing hunting ability or changing predator behaviour | 288 | ||
| 12.28. Use collar-mounted devices to reduce predation | 288 | ||
| 12.29. Use supplementary feeding to reduce predation | 288 | ||
| 12.30. Use aversive conditioning to reduce nest predation | 289 | ||
| 12.31. Reduce predation by translocating nest boxes | 293 | ||
| Reduce competition with other species for food and nest sites | 294 | ||
| 12.32. Reduce inter-specific competition for nest sites by removing competitor species | 294 | ||
| 12.33. Reduce inter-specific competition for nest sites by modifying habitats to exclude competitor species | 298 | ||
| 12.34. Protect nest sties from competitors | 298 | ||
| 12.35. Reduce competition between species by providing nest boxes | 299 | ||
| 12.36. Reduce inter-specific competition for food by removing or controlling competitor species | 300 | ||
| Reduce adverse habitat alteration by other species | 301 | ||
| 12.37. Reduce adverse habitat alterations by excluding problematic species | 301 | ||
| 12.38. Control or remove habitat-altering mammals | 303 | ||
| 12.39. Remove problematic vegetation | 304 | ||
| 12.40. Use buffer zones to reduce the impact of invasive plant control | 305 | ||
| Reduce parasitism and disease | 306 | ||
| 12.41. Remove/treat endoparasites and diseases | 306 | ||
| 12.42. Exclude or control ‘reservoir species ’ to reduce parasite burdens | 307 | ||
| 12.43. Remove/treat ectoparasites to increase survival or reproductive success | 308 | ||
| 12.44. Guard nests to reduce risk of ectoparasites | 312 | ||
| 12.45. Remove/control brood parasites | 312 | ||
| 12.46. Use false brood parasite eggs to discourage brood parasitism | 316 | ||
| 12.47. Provide supplementary food to increase parental presence and so reduce brood parasitism | 316 | ||
| 12.48. Alter artificial nest sites to discourage brood parasitism | 317 | ||
| Reduce detrimental impacts of other problematic species | 317 | ||
| 12.49. Use copper strips to exclude snails from nests | 317 | ||
| 13. Threat: Pollution | 318 | ||
| Key messages – Industrial pollution | 318 | ||
| Key messages – Agricultural pollution | 318 | ||
| Key message – Air-borne pollutants | 319 | ||
| Key messages – Excess energy | 319 | ||
| Industrial pollution | 320 | ||
| 13.1. Clean birds following oil spills | 320 | ||
| 13.2. Relocate birds following oil spills | 322 | ||
| 13.3. Deter or prevent birds from landing on toxic pools | 323 | ||
| 13.4. Use repellents to deter birds from landing on pools polluted by mining | 325 | ||
| Agricultural pollution | 325 | ||
| 13.5. Reduce pesticide or herbicide use generally | 325 | ||
| 13.6. Restrict certain pesticides or other agricultural chemicals | 327 | ||
| 13.7. Provide food for vultures to reduce mortality from diclofenac | 328 | ||
| 13.8. Make selective use of spring herbicides | 329 | ||
| 13.9. Use organic rather than mineral fertilisers | 329 | ||
| 13.10. Reduce chemical inputs in permanent grassland management | 329 | ||
| 13.11. Leave headlands in fields unsprayed (conservation headlands) | 330 | ||
| 13.12. Provide unfertilised cereal headlands in arable fields | 332 | ||
| 13.13. Plant riparian buffer strips | 332 | ||
| 13.14. Provide buffer strips around in-field ponds | 333 | ||
| Air-borne pollutants | 333 | ||
| 13.15. Use lime to reduce acidification in lakes | 333 | ||
| Excess energy | 333 | ||
| 13.16. Reduce incidental mortality from birds being attracted to artificial lights | 333 | ||
| 13.17. Turn off lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights | 334 | ||
| 13.18. Reduce the intensity of lighthouse beams | 334 | ||
| 13.19. Shield lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights | 334 | ||
| 13.20. Use flashing lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights | 335 | ||
| 13.21. Use lights low in spectral red to reduce mortality from artificial lights | 335 | ||
| 13.22. Use volunteers to collect downed birds and rehabilitate them | 336 | ||
| 14. Threat: Climate change,extreme weather and geological events | 337 | ||
| Key messages | 337 | ||
| 14.1. Water nesting mounds to increase incubation success in malleefowl | 337 | ||
| 14.2. Replace nesting substrate following severe weather | 338 | ||
| 15. General responses to small/declining populations | 339 | ||
| Key messages – inducing breeding, rehabituation and egg removal | 339 | ||
| Key messages – provide artificial nesting sites | 339 | ||
| Key messages – foster chicks in the wild | 340 | ||
| Key messages – provide supplementary food | 341 | ||
| Key messages – translocations | 342 | ||
| 15.1. Use artificial visual and auditory stimuli to induce breeding in wild populations | 343 | ||
| 15.2. Rehabilitate injured birds | 343 | ||
| 15.3. Remove eggs from wild nests to increase reproductive output | 344 | ||
| 15.4. Provide artificial nesting sites | 345 | ||
| 15.5. Clean nest boxes to increase occupancy or reproductive success | 390 | ||
| 15.6. Use differently-coloured artificial nests | 392 | ||
| 15.7. Provide nesting material for wild birds | 393 | ||
| 15.8. Repair/support nests to support breeding | 393 | ||
| 15.9. Artificially incubate eggs or warm nests | 394 | ||
| 15.10. Provide nesting habitat for birds that is safe from extreme weather | 394 | ||
| 15.11. Remove vegetation to create nesting areas | 395 | ||
| 15.12. Guard nests to increase nest success | 397 | ||
| Foster chicks in the wild | 398 | ||
| 15.13. Foster eggs or chicks with wild conspecifics | 398 | ||
| 15.14. Foster eggs or chicks with wild non-conspecifics (cross-fostering) | 404 | ||
| Provide supplementary food | 407 | ||
| 15.15. Provide supplementary food to increase reproductive success | 408 | ||
| 15.16. Provide supplementary food to allow the rescue of \ra second chick | 430 | ||
| 15.17. Provide supplementary food to increase adult survival | 431 | ||
| 15.18. Can supplementary feeding increase predation or parasitism? | 449 | ||
| 15.19. Provide supplementary food through the establishment of food populations | 450 | ||
| 15.20. Use perches to increase foraging success | 451 | ||
| 15.21. Place feeders close to windows to reduce collisions | 452 | ||
| 15.22. Provide supplementary water to increase survival or reproductive success | 453 | ||
| 15.23. Provide calcium supplements to increase survival or reproductive success | 453 | ||
| Translocations | 457 | ||
| 15.24. Translocate birds to re-establish populations or increase genetic variation | 457 | ||
| 15.25. Use techniques to increase the survival of species after capture | 474 | ||
| 15.26. Ensure translocated birds are familiar with each other before release | 475 | ||
| 15.27. Ensure genetic variation to increase translocation success | 475 | ||
| 15.28. Translocate nests to avoid disturbance | 476 | ||
| 15.29. Use vocalisations to attract birds to new sites | 477 | ||
| 15.30. Use decoys to attract birds to new sites | 479 | ||
| 15.31. Alter habitat to encourage birds to leave an area | 481 | ||
| 16. Captive breeding,rearing and releases (ex situ conservation) | 483 | ||
| Key messages – captive breeding | 483 | ||
| Key messages – release of captive--bred individuals | 484 | ||
| Captive breeding | 485 | ||
| 16.1. Use captive breeding to increase or maintain populations | 485 | ||
| 16.2. Can captive breeding have deleterious effects on individual fitness? | 490 | ||
| 16.3. Use artificial insemination in captive breeding | 491 | ||
| 16.4. Freeze semen for use in artificial insemination | 492 | ||
| 16.5. Wash contaminated semen and use it for artificial insemination | 493 | ||
| 16.6. Artificially incubate and hand-rear birds in captivity | 494 | ||
| 16.7. Use puppets to increase the success of hand-rearing | 504 | ||
| Release of captive-bred individuals | 505 | ||
| 16.8. Release captive-bred individuals into the wild to restore or augment wild populations | 505 | ||
| 16.9. Use appropriate populations to source released \rpopulations | 520 | ||
| 16.10. Use holding pens at release sites | 521 | ||
| 16.11. Clip birds’ wings on release | 523 | ||
| 16.12. Release birds in groups | 524 | ||
| 16.13. Release chicks and adults in 'coveys' | 524 | ||
| 16.14. Release birds as adults or sub-adults,not juveniles | 525 | ||
| 16.15. Use 'anti-predator training' to improve survival after release | 527 | ||
| 16.16. Use 'flying training' before release | 528 | ||
| 16.17. Provide supplementary food during and after release | 529 | ||
| 16.18. Use microlites to help birds migrate | 530 | ||
| Index | 531 |