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CCTV for Wildlife Monitoring

CCTV for Wildlife Monitoring

Susan Young

(2016)

Abstract

CCTV for Wildlife Monitoring is a handbook on the use of CCTV in nature watching, conservation and ecological research. CCTV offers a unique ability to monitor wildlife in real time, stream video to the web, capture imagery of fast-moving species or cold animals such as wet otters or fish and maintain monitoring over long periods of time in a diverse array of habitats. Wildlife watchers can take advantage of a huge range of CCTV cameras, recording devices and accessories developed for use in non-wildlife applications. CCTV allows intimate study of animal behaviour not possible with other technologies.

With expert experience in engineering, photography and wildlife, Susan Young describes CCTV equipment and techniques, giving readers the confidence to tackle what initially may seem technically challenging. The book enables the reader to navigate the technical aspects of recording: basic analogue, high definition HD-TVI and IP cameras, portable CCTV, digital video recorders (DVR) and video processing by focusing on practical applications. No prior knowledge of CCTV is required – step-by-step information is provided to get anyone started recording wildlife.

In-depth methods for recording foxes, badger, deer, otters, small mammals and fish are also included, and the book makes comparisons with trail cameras where appropriate. Examples of recorded footage illustrate the book along with detailed diagrams on camera set-ups and links to accompanying videos on YouTube. Case-studies show real projects, both the equipment used and the results.

This book will be of interest to amateur naturalists wishing to have a window into the private world of wildlife, ecological consultants monitoring protected species and research scientists studying animal behaviour.


Susan Young is a photographer and writer with a background in physics and engineering, and a passion for wildlife. Her previous writing has covered topics from wildlife photography to computer techniques for gardeners. She has used CCTV to monitor Barbastelle bats and developed portable CCTV monitoring protocols as part of pioneering on-going research with Natural England and the Woodland Trust.


This book tackles an area of interest for wildlife watchers which up until now seemed to be the province of TV professionals. Using high definition CCTV for wildlife monitoring now appears to be definitely within reach for both the interested wildlife amateur and professional scientist. The author is knowledgeable and unpretentious allowing us to share in her hard won expertise in a straightforward down to earth way avoiding unnecessary costs and effort. The illustrations and diagrams are very clear and emphasise that much can be done with simple DIY as well as over the counter kits. The Quick Start guides are especially good from that point of view. Pitfalls and trade-offs are highlighted and alternative technical set ups are discussed depending on the particular aims of the monitoring. Technical aspects of different types of camera are covered as well as dealing with the videos produced. The advantages and differences between HD-TVI and traditional alternatives such as trail cameras are also explored. The wildlife and scientific case studies are fascinating and fully engage the reader making it almost impossible to resist delving deeper. Whether interested in monitoring a garden bird box or monitoring wildlife in wilder areas or even under water, this book will provide you with the necessary practical information to achieve your aims and inspire you to go further.


Dr Katherine Begg, environmental chemist and academic

This book is a rare combination of two things: it is useful and it is interesting. It helps to open the door to CCTV monitoring for the amateur, an endeavour that will seem intimidating to anyone but an expert. The instructive sections are laid out logically with informative diagrams and photographs to assist you along the way (very useful). Instructions are straightforward and avoid jargon, making this an exceptionally accessible guide. 


Steph Maher

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
List of video references xii
Abbreviations xiii
CCTV for wildlife monitoring – an overview xv
1. Analogue CCTV 1
1.1 Analogue CCTV Quick Start 1
1.1.1 Bird box – a simple introduction to CCTV 1
1.2 Basics of analogue CCTV 4
1.2.1 Introduction 4
1.2.2 Basic analogue CCTV setup 7
1.3 Videos 14
2. Advanced CCTV details 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Digital and analogue 15
2.3 Wireless CCTV cameras 15
2.4 Power sources 16
2.4.1 Wired systems 16
2.4.2 Wireless systems 17
2.5 Image quality 18
2.5.1 Camera quality 18
2.6 Connections and wiring 20
2.6.1 Cable 21
2.6.2 Connectors 24
2.6.3 Adapters 25
2.7 Camera parameters 27
2.7.1 Range 27
2.7.2 Field of view 28
2.7.3 Other parameters 31
2.8 Recorder parameters 31
2.8.1 Motion detection 31
2.8.2 Pre-record 31
2.8.3 Sensitivity of motion detection 32
2.8.4 Masking 32
2.8.5 Scheduling 32
2.8.6 Recording after the event timing 32
2.8.7 Clip lengths 32
2.9 Setting up 33
2.9.1 Positioning the camera 33
2.10 Fixing details 36
2.10.1 Large cameras 36
2.10.2 Small cameras 36
2.11 Other considerations 36
2.11.1 Using a monitor for testing 36
2.11.2 Internet viewing 37
2.11.3 Maintenance 38
2.12 Bird and mammal boxes 39
2.12.1 Nest box plan 39
2.12.2 Mammal boxes/feeding stations 41
2.13 Advanced systems 42
2.13.1 Wireless 42
2.13.2 Event monitors 43
2.14 Videos 43
3. HD-TVI CCTV 45
3.1 HD-TVI Quick Start 45
3.2 HD-TVI CCTV 47
3.2.1 Introduction 47
3.2.2 HD-TVI setup 48
3.3 Videos 51
4. IP cameras 52
4.1 IP camera Quick Start 52
4.2 IP cameras (advanced CCTV) 52
4.2.1 Introduction 52
4.3 IP cameras in depth 55
4.3.1 Technical details 55
4.3.2 Setting up 60
4.3.3 Working with images 61
4.4 Videos 62
5. Portable CCTV 64
5.1 Portable CCTV Quick Start 64
5.2 Portable CCTV 64
5.2.1 Introduction 64
5.2.2 Technical details 64
5.2.3 Portable CCTV setup 73
6. Videos 75
6.1 Digital video recorders 75
6.1.1 Construction 75
6.1.2 Menus 76
6.1.3 Recording 76
6.1.4 Playback 77
6.1.5 Exporting 77
6.2 Portable DVRs 77
6.2.1 Genie SD-DVR software 78
6.2.2 iCatcher 78
6.2.3 Video-editing software 79
6.3 Dealing with videos 79
6.3.1 Project design 79
6.3.2 Reducing video numbers 79
6.4 Picture quality 81
6.4.1 Good-quality cameras 81
6.4.2 Good-quality cables 82
6.4.3 Image stability 82
6.5 Analysing videos 82
6.5.1 Exporting data 82
6.5.2 Data storage 82
6.5.3 Analysis frequency 82
6.6 Video enhancement 83
6.6.1 Low contrast 84
6.7 Videos 85
7. Technical case studies 86
7.1 In pursuit of image quality 87
7.1.1 Conclusions 91
7.2 Setting up portable CCTV 91
7.2.1 Equipment 92
7.2.2 Initial construction 92
7.2.3 Arriving at the site 93
7.3 Setting up an IP camera 96
7.3.1 Equipment 96
7.3.2 Setting up 96
7.3.3 Output 98
7.4 Making a lightweight mammal box 99
7.4.1 Steps to making the box 100
7.5 Connecting a lead-acid battery 103
7.5.1 The battery 103
7.5.2 The connectors 104
7.5.3 The terminal block 104
7.6 Videos 105
8. Wildlife case studies 107
8.1 Clean pond dipping 107
8.1.1 Introduction 107
8.1.2 Equipment 108
8.1.3 Method 1 – mobile system 108
8.1.4 Method 2 – fixed system 110
8.1.5 Conclusions 112
8.2 Catching the frog catchers 112
8.2.1 Introduction 112
8.2.2 Equipment 113
8.2.3 Method 114
8.2.4 Results 116
8.3 Rock pool surveying 117
8.3.1 Introduction 117
8.3.2 Equipment 118
8.3.3 Method 119
8.3.4 Results 120
8.3.5 Conclusions 121
8.4 Badger activity – a life story 121
8.4.1 Introduction 121
8.4.2 Equipment 122
8.4.3 Method 123
8.4.4 Stages to look out for 124
8.5 Bird feeders and bird baths 125
8.5.1 Introduction 125
8.5.2 Equipment 126
8.5.3 Method 127
8.5.4 Bird bath action 129
8.5.5 Conclusions 129
8.6 Tawny owl 130
8.6.1 Introduction 130
8.6.2 Equipment 130
8.6.3 Method 131
8.6.4 Results 132
8.6.5 Conclusions 132
8.7 Videos 132
9. Scientific case studies 137
9.1 Fish monitoring using a submersible camera – a pilot study 138
9.1.1 Introduction 138
9.1.2 Aims of the project 138
9.1.3 Developing the equipment 138
9.1.4 Factors affecting image clarity 142
9.1.5 Field of view 146
9.1.6 Determination of fish size 148
9.1.7 General issues to consider 149
9.1.8 Video analysis 149
9.1.9 A selection of trial results 150
9.1.10 Suggestions for further study 151
9.1.11 Conclusions of the case study 152
9.2 Monitoring bats in woodland – a pilot study 152
9.2.1 Introduction 152
9.2.2 Equipment 153
9.2.3 Method 155
9.2.4 Initial results 156
9.2.5 Conclusions 159
9.3 Videos 160
10. Suggestions for CCTV monitoring subjects 162
10.1 Birds 162
10.1.1 Nest box birds 162
10.1.2 Ground nesting birds 163
10.1.3 Tree nesting birds 164
10.2 Reptiles 165
10.2.1 Adders 166
10.2.2 Grass snakes 166
10.3 Insects 167
10.4 Aquatic mammals 168
11. Comparison of portable CCTV with trail cameras 169
11.1 Introduction 169
11.1.1 What are trail cameras? 169
11.1.2 What do they look like? 169
11.2 Trail camera details 170
11.2.1 Structure 170
11.2.2 Usage 172
11.2.3 Setting up 175
11.2.4 Working with images 177
11.3 Summary 178
12. Comparison of CCTV with remote triggered DSLR 179
12.1 Introduction 179
12.1.1 What are triggered cameras? 180
12.1.2 What do they look like? 180
12.1.3 Examples of use 181
12.2 Triggered camera system details 181
12.2.1 Structure 181
12.2.2 Usage 182
12.2.3 Triggering method 183
12.2.4 Uses of triggered cameras 184
12.3 Summary 187
Appendix 188
References 192
Index 194