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The Birth of Capitalism

The Birth of Capitalism

Henry Heller

(2011)

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Book Details

Abstract

In the light of the deepening crisis of capitalism and continued non-Western capitalist accumulation, Henry Heller re-examines the debates surrounding the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe and elsewhere.

Focusing on arguments about the origin, nature and sustainability of capitalism, Heller offers a new reading of the historical evidence and a critical interrogation of the transition debate. He advances the idea that capitalism must be understood as a political as well as an economic entity. This book breathes new life into the scholarship, taking issue with the excessively economistic approach of Robert Brenner, which has gained increasing support over the last ten years. It concludes that the future of capitalism is more threatened than ever before.

The new insights in this book make it essential reading for engaged students and scholars of political economy and history.
'Sets a new standard in the study of the transition from feudalism to capitalism. A must for anybody interested in the transition debates'
Michael Perelman, author of The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation
'While many fantasise about an 'Empire' unified on a planetary level, this is a brilliant analysis of the role of national states in the forming and functioning of capitalism'
Domenico Losurdo, University of Urbino, author of Liberalism: A Counter-History
'A comprehensive, critical but balanced account from a classical Marxist perspective of the entire debate and its various controversies'
Neil Davidson

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents vii
Preface and Acknowledgements xi
Introduction: Problems and Methods 1
Capitalist Origins and Crises 3
Economism and Eurocentrism 4
An Alternative Reading 5
Plan of the Book 7
The Argument 9
The Unity of the Marxist Method 11
Alternatives to Marxism 13
Marxism and History 15
Capitalism and World History 20
1. The Decline of Feudalism 23
Dobb's Opening Gambit 24
Dobb Versus Sweezy 27
Takahashi and Hilton 28
Class Struggle 30
The Role of Towns 31
Uneven Development 32
The New Left Takes Over 34
Japanese Feudalism 35
The Last Rampart of Feudalism 38
Brenner and the Late Medieval Crisis 40
The East-West Divide 41
The Logic of Accumulation 42
Bois Objects 43
Harman's Riposte 45
The Role of Social Differentiation 47
Dialectics of Social Relations 50
2. Experiments in Capitalism: Italy, Germany, France 52
Renaissance Italy 54
The Dominance of Merchant Capital 57
The Failure of Italian Capitalism 57
The Predatory City-State 59
German Capitalism 61
Engels and Early Bourgeois Revolution 62
History in the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR) 65
Revolution of the Common People 67
Tom Scott's Structural Adjustment 68
France 71
Brenner's Other 71
Capitalism in France 72
Conclusion 74
3. English Capitalism 76
Dobb Versus Sweezy 77
Primitive Accumulation 79
The Really Revolutionary Way 80
Wallerstein's World System 81
Brenner's Attack on 'Neo-Smithian Marxism' 83
The Problems with Brenner 87
The Non-European Contribution to European Capitalism 89
The Causes of Under-Development 91
Primitive Accumulation in the Periphery 92
Markets and History 94
The Capitalist Farmer 97
Salvaging Brenner? 99
The Birth of Value 102
Conclusion 103
4. Bourgeois Revolution 104
Holland 105
Dutch Merchant Capitalism 108
Agrarian Capitalism 111
The Political Marxists 115
England 118
The Capitalist Farmers in Marx 121
The Middle Sort 123
France 127
The Rise in Political Economy 129
Wage Labour in France 131
The Revolutionary Crisis 133
Conclusion 133
5. Political Capitalism 135
Lords in the Making of the Modern World 137
The American and Prussian Paths 141
Combined and Uneven Development in Scotland 145
Japanese Capitalism 149
The Mercantilism of Free Trade 152
Colonialism 162
Slavery 168
Conclusion 174
6. The Industrial Revolution: Marxist Perspectives 176
Hobsbawm and the Overseas Market 179
Marx on Manufacture and Industry 181
Dobb and the Proletariat 185
The Labour Process 186
Technological Determinism 188
Thompson and the Working Class Making its Own History... 190
...But Not in Circumstances of its Own Choosing 193
The Human Cost 196
Proto-Industrialization 199
The Industrious Revolution 202
The Scientific Revolution 206
The Effacement of the Bourgeoisie 210
Conclusion 213
7. Capitalism and World History 215
The Attack on Eurocentrism 217
Postcolonial Histories 221
The Great Divergence 228
The Asian Industrious Revolution 233
A Non-Eurocentric History 238
Harvey's Spatial Fix 239
Capitalism Versus Humanity and Nature 240
Conclusion 243
Notes 252
Bibliography 274
Index 297