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Language and Hegemony in Gramsci

Language and Hegemony in Gramsci

Peter Ives

(2004)

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Abstract

Language and Hegemony in Gramsci introduces Gramsci’s social and political thought through his writings on language. It shows how his focus on language illuminates his central ideas such as hegemony, organic and traditional intellectuals, passive revolution, civil society and subalternity. Peter Ives explores Gramsci’s concern with language from his university studies in linguistics to his last prison notebook. Hegemony has been seen as Gramsci’s most important contribution, but without knowledge of its linguistic roots, it is often misunderstood.

This book places Gramsci’s ideas within the linguistically influenced social theory of the twentieth century. It summarizes some of the major ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure, Ludwig Wittgenstein, language philosophy and post-structuralism in relation to Gramsci’s position. By paying great attention to the linguistic underpinnings of Gramsci's Marxism, Language and Hegemony in Gramsci shows how his theorization of power, language and politics address issues raised by post-modernism and the work of Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Chantal Mouffe, and Ernesto Laclau.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Contents v
Introduction 1
The pervasiveness of Gramsci’s hegemony 2
1. Language and Social Theory: The Many Linguistic Turns 12
Language, production and politics in the twentieth century 12
The many linguistic turns 15
Saussure's structural approach to language 16
The structuralist turn towards language 21
Philosophy's 'linguistic turn' 25
The many other 'linguistic turns' 29
Marxism and language 29
Conclusion 31
2. Linguistics and Politics in Gramsci's Italy 33
Gramsc's home, Sardinia 34
The Southern Question and the Risorgimento 35
The Language Question 36
Gramsci's youth 38
Beyond the Wide Waters 41
Gramsci's linguistics 43
Italian linguistics 44
Bartoli's polemic against the Neogrammarians 47
Summary of various approaches to Language 54
Gramsci and Esperanto 55
Conclusion 61
3. Language and Hegemony in the Prison Notebooks 63
Approaching the Prison Notebooks 64
Non- linguistic understandings of hegemony 67
Two broad themes in hegemony 70
Gramsci's expansion of 'politics' 72
Language, philosophy and intellectuals 72
Subalternity and fragmented 'common sense' 77
Language, nation, collective popular will 82
Language and metaphor 84
The structures of language 89
Two grammars of hegemony 90
Spontaneous grammar 90
Normative grammar 92
Normative history in spontaneous grammar 96
Normative grammar and progressive hegemony 98
Conclusion 101
4. Gramsci's Key Concepts, with Linguistic Enrichment 102
Passive revolution and ineffective national language 102
War of manoeuvre and war of position 107
War of position as passive revolution 109
National-popular collective will 110
War of position and new social movement alliances 112
Language as a model for the national Πpopular collective will 113
Hegemony, political alliances and the united front against Fascism 114
State and civil society 116
The history of state and civil society 117
The state 119
Conclusion 125
5. Postmodernism, New Social Movements and Globalization: Implications for Social and Political Theory 126
Postmodernism, language and relativism: is all the world a text? 128
Nietzsche, Saussure and Derrida on language 131
Language and relativism in Gramsci 135
Foucault, language and power 138
Power in Gramsci and Foucault 141
New social movements and discourse: Laclau and Mouffe 144
Laclau and Mouffe's linguistically informed 'Hegemony' 153
Globalization 160
Notes 166
Bibliography 187
Index 195