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Abstract
Piracy, international disputes over undersea oil and gas, and chronic overfishing have left our oceans in turmoil. How can we resolve these issues?
International law states that a coastal country has territorial rights for 12 miles into the sea, yet, in practice many countries have virtually no control over their own waters. Denise Russell provides a thorough examination of the politics of the sea, from environmental issues, to water economics and governance of the waters. She reveals how we need to radically rethink ocean governance, calling for the establishment of an international agency powerful enough to settle disputes at sea, or else risk ever-accelerating climate change and the continued overuse of the sea's resources.
'It is rare to find such a holistic, interdisciplinary, and comprehensive view of the marine environment presented in such as interesting and accessible way'
Professor Sharon Beder, author of Environmental Principles and Policies and Global Spin
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Who Rules The Waves? | cover | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| List of Figures and Tables | 9 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 10 | ||
| Introduction | 11 | ||
| 1. Freedom of the Seas | 16 | ||
| Early attempts to close off the seas | 16 | ||
| Pirates, privateers and the domination of the seas | 17 | ||
| Grotius' arguments for freedom of the seas | 24 | ||
| Replies to Grotius defending closure of the seas | 27 | ||
| Limits to freedom of the seas | 31 | ||
| Grotius' principles in the current law of the sea | 33 | ||
| Climate change, rising sea levels and the displacement of island communities | 36 | ||
| 2. Underwater Non-living Resources | 39 | ||
| Who has a claim? | 39 | ||
| Anarctic and the Southern Ocean | 42 | ||
| The Arctic Ocean | 43 | ||
| Ecological threats from oil and gas activities in the Arctic | 45 | ||
| Stresses on the Arctic from climate change | 50 | ||
| Ocean acidification | 52 | ||
| Different ways of valuing the polar regions | 54 | ||
| 3. Underwater Cultural Heritage | 57 | ||
| What is underwater cultural heritage? | 58 | ||
| Salvage laws | 59 | ||
| Treasure salvors and ownership | 61 | ||
| National ownership | 62 | ||
| Common heritage | 65 | ||
| 4. Modern Piracy and Terrorism on the Sea | 69 | ||
| The Alondra Rainbow | 70 | ||
| The Law of the sea and contemporary piracy | 71 | ||
| Why piracy now? | 77 | ||
| The rise of piracy in Somalia | 80 | ||
| Pirate attacks on private boats | 85 | ||
| Terrorism on the sea | 86 | ||
| 5. The Fishing Wars | 93 | ||
| The cod wars | 94 | ||
| The turbot war | 97 | ||
| Fish piracy | 101 | ||
| Threats to fish populations from climate change and ocean acidification | 109 | ||
| The war on fish | 110 | ||
| 6. Cetaceans and the Sea | 115 | ||
| Whales and dolphins | 115 | ||
| Cetaceans and morality | 116 | ||
| Threats facing cetaceans | 118 | ||
| Protection agencies | 127 | ||
| 7. Sea Gypsies | 130 | ||
| Sea gypsies: people without an address or 'names that can be found in books' | 131 | ||
| The sea as home | 139 | ||
| Threats to sea-gypsy cultures | 142 | ||
| Sea borders, shark fishing and cultural survival | 144 | ||
| 8. Indigenous Sea Claims | 146 | ||
| Ownership as belonging | 147 | ||
| Contemporary attempts to assert ownership of the oceans by indigenous groups | 150 | ||
| Australian High Court decisions on Sea Rights | 152 | ||
| Indigenous sea rights and envirinmental threats | 158 | ||
| 9. Protection of the Oceans | 160 | ||
| Ownership of coastal areas | 160 | ||
| Ownership of international waters | 162 | ||
| International ocean governance | 168 | ||
| Implementation of a new ocean management regime | 173 | ||
| Notes | 175 | ||
| Index | 195 |