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Book Details
Abstract
For courses in fluid mechanics.
Introduces engineering students to the principles of fluid mechanics.
Written and conceived by an author with decades of relevant experience in the fields of fluid mechanics, engineering, and related disciplines, this First Edition of Fluid Mechanics for Engineers effectively introduces engineering students to the principles of fluid mechanics. With the understanding that fluid mechanics is a required core course for most engineering students, the author focuses first and foremost on the most essential topics of the field. Practical applications for several engineering disciplines are considered, with a special focus on civil engineering. Elective topics are also included for instructors’ consideration with regard to specific courses. Written in a stimulating style, Fluid Mechanics for Engineers fulfills the requirements of a core course while keeping students engaged.
Pearson Mastering Engineering™ not included. Students, if Pearson Mastering Engineering is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Pearson Mastering Engineering should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
Pearson Mastering Engineering is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed to work with this text to engage students and improve results. Interactive, self-paced tutorials provide individualized coaching to help students stay on track. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | 1 | ||
| Title page | 2 | ||
| Copyright page | 3 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Chapter 1 Properties of Fluids 17 | 18 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction 17 | 18 | ||
| 1.1.1 Nomenclature 19 | 20 | ||
| 1.1.2 Dimensions and Units 20 | 21 | ||
| 1.1.3 Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow 26 | 27 | ||
| 1.2 Density 27 | 28 | ||
| 1.3 Compressibility 32 | 33 | ||
| 1.4 Ideal Gases 36 | 37 | ||
| 1.4.1 Equation of State 36 | 37 | ||
| 1.4.2 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 37 | 38 | ||
| 1.4.3 Thermodynamic Properties 39 | 40 | ||
| 1.4.4 Speed of Sound in an Ideal Gas 44 | 45 | ||
| 1.5 Standard Atmosphere 44 | 45 | ||
| 1.6 Viscosity 46 | 47 | ||
| 1.6.1 Newtonian Fluids 46 | 47 | ||
| 1.6.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids 53 | 54 | ||
| 1.7 Surface Tension 55 | 56 | ||
| 1.8 Vapor Pressure 61 | 62 | ||
| 1.8.1 Evaporation, Transpiration, and Relative Humidity 63 | 64 | ||
| 1.8.2 Cavitation and Boiling 64 | 65 | ||
| 1.9 Thermodynamic Properties of Liquids 67 | 68 | ||
| 1.9.1 Specific Heat 67 | 68 | ||
| 1.9.2 Latent Heat 68 | 69 | ||
| 1.10 Summary of Properties of Water and Air 69 | 70 | ||
| Key Equations in Properties of Fluids 70 | 71 | ||
| Problems 72 | 73 | ||
| Chapter 2 Fluid Statics 87 | 88 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction 87 | 88 | ||
| 2.2 Pressure Distribution in Static Fluids 88 | 89 | ||
| 2.2.1 Characteristics of Pressure 88 | 89 | ||
| 2.2.2 Spatial Variation in Pressure 89 | 90 | ||
| 2.2.3 Practical Applications 92 | 93 | ||
| 2.3 Pressure Measurements 101 | 102 | ||
| 2.3.1 Barometer 101 | 102 | ||
| 2.3.2 Bourdon Gauge 103 | 104 | ||
| 2.3.3 Pressure Transducer 104 | 105 | ||
| 2.3.4 Manometer 105 | 106 | ||
| 2.4 Forces on Plane Surfaces 110 | 111 | ||
| 2.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces 120 | 121 | ||
| 2.6 Buoyancy 127 | 128 | ||
| 2.6.1 Fully Submerged Bodies 127 | 128 | ||
| 2.6.2 Partially Submerged Bodies 132 | 133 | ||
| 2.6.3 Buoyancy Effects Within Fluids 138 | 139 | ||
| 2.7 Rigid-Body Motion of Fluids 139 | 140 | ||
| 2.7.1 Liquid with Constant Acceleration 141 | 142 | ||
| 2.7.2 Liquid in a Rotating Container 145 | 146 | ||
| Key Equations in Fluid Statics 148 | 149 | ||
| Problems 150 | 151 | ||
| Chapter 3 Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics 177 | 178 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction 177 | 178 | ||
| 3.2 Kinematics 178 | 179 | ||
| 3.2.1 Tracking the Movement of Fluid Particles 181 | 182 | ||
| 3.2.2 The Material Derivative 188 | 189 | ||
| 3.2.3 Flow Rates 190 | 191 | ||
| 3.3 Dynamics of Flow along a Streamline 192 | 193 | ||
| 3.4 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 202 | 203 | ||
| 3.4.1 Flow through Orifices 203 | 204 | ||
| 3.4.2 Flow Measurement 209 | 210 | ||
| 3.4.3 Trajectory of a Liquid Jet 214 | 215 | ||
| 3.4.4 Compressibility Effects 216 | 217 | ||
| 3.4.5 Viscous Effects 218 | 219 | ||
| 3.4.6 Branching Conduits 220 | 221 | ||
| 3.5 Curved Flows and Vortices 222 | 223 | ||
| 3.5.1 Forced Vortices 223 | 224 | ||
| 3.5.2 Free Vortices 226 | 227 | ||
| Key Equations in Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics 229 | 230 | ||
| Problems 232 | 233 | ||
| Chapter 4 Finite Control Volume Analysis 256 | 257 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction 256 | 257 | ||
| 4.2 Reynolds Transport Theorem 257 | 258 | ||
| 4.3 Conservation of Mass 259 | 260 | ||
| 4.3.1 Closed Conduits 263 | 264 | ||
| 4.3.2 Free Discharges from Reservoirs 265 | 266 | ||
| 4.3.3 Moving Control Volumes 267 | 268 | ||
| 4.4 Conservation of Linear Momentum 268 | 269 | ||
| 4.4.1 General Momentum Equations 269 | 270 | ||
| 4.4.2 Forces on Pressure Conduits 273 | 274 | ||
| 4.4.3 Forces on Deflectors and Blades 281 | 282 | ||
| 4.4.4 Forces on Moving Control Volumes 282 | 283 | ||
| 4.4.5 Wind Turbines 288 | 289 | ||
| 4.4.6 Reaction of a Jet 293 | 294 | ||
| 4.4.7 Jet Engines and Rockets 296 | 297 | ||
| 4.5 Angular Momentum Principle 298 | 299 | ||
| 4.6 Conservation of Energy 307 | 308 | ||
| 4.6.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 308 | 309 | ||
| 4.6.2 Steady-State Energy Equation 309 | 310 | ||
| 4.6.3 Unsteady-State Energy Equation 320 | 321 | ||
| Key Equations in Finite Control Volume Analysis 323 | 324 | ||
| Problems 327 | 328 | ||
| Chapter 5 Differential Analysis 357 | 358 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction 357 | 358 | ||
| 5.2 Kinematics 358 | 359 | ||
| 5.2.1 Translation 358 | 359 | ||
| 5.2.2 Rotation 360 | 361 | ||
| 5.2.3 Angular Deformation 363 | 364 | ||
| 5.2.4 Linear Deformation 363 | 364 | ||
| 5.3 Conservation of Mass 365 | 366 | ||
| 5.3.1 Continuity Equation 365 | 366 | ||
| 5.3.2 The Stream Function 372 | 373 | ||
| 5.4 Conservation of Momentum 375 | 376 | ||
| 5.4.1 General Equation 376 | 377 | ||
| 5.4.2 Navier–Stokes Equation 379 | 380 | ||
| 5.4.3 Nondimensional Navier–Stokes Equation 381 | 382 | ||
| 5.5 Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equation 385 | 386 | ||
| 5.5.1 Steady Laminar Flow Between Stationary Parallel Plates 385 | 386 | ||
| 5.5.2 Steady Laminar Flow Between Moving Parallel Plates 388 | 389 | ||
| 5.5.3 Steady Laminar Flow Adjacent to Moving Vertical Plate 391 | 392 | ||
| 5.5.4 Steady Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube 394 | 395 | ||
| 5.5.5 Steady Laminar Flow Through an Annulus 396 | 397 | ||
| 5.5.6 Steady Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders 399 | 400 | ||
| 5.6 Inviscid Flow 402 | 403 | ||
| 5.6.1 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Inviscid Flow 404 | 405 | ||
| 5.6.2 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Irrotational Inviscid Flow 407 | 408 | ||
| 5.6.3 Velocity Potential 409 | 410 | ||
| 5.6.4 Two-Dimensional Potential Flows 411 | 412 | ||
| 5.7 Fundamental and Composite Potential Flows 415 | 416 | ||
| 5.7.1 Principle of Superposition 415 | 416 | ||
| 5.7.2 Uniform Flow 417 | 418 | ||
| 5.7.3 Line Source/Sink Flow 418 | 419 | ||
| 5.7.4 Line Vortex Flow 421 | 422 | ||
| 5.7.5 Spiral Flow Toward a Sink 424 | 425 | ||
| 5.7.6 Doublet Flow 426 | 427 | ||
| 5.7.7 Flow Around a Half-Body 428 | 429 | ||
| 5.7.8 Rankine Oval 433 | 434 | ||
| 5.7.9 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 437 | 438 | ||
| 5.8 Turbulent Flow 441 | 442 | ||
| 5.8.1 Occurrence of Turbulence 443 | 444 | ||
| 5.8.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 443 | 444 | ||
| 5.8.3 Mean Steady Turbulent Flow 445 | 446 | ||
| 5.9 Conservation of Energy 446 | 447 | ||
| Key Equations in Differential Analysis of Fluid Flows 449 | 450 | ||
| Problems 455 | 456 | ||
| Chapter 6 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 477 | 478 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction 477 | 478 | ||
| 6.2 Dimensions in Equations 477 | 478 | ||
| 6.3 Dimensional Analysis 481 | 482 | ||
| 6.3.1 Conventional Method of Repeating Variables 483 | 484 | ||
| 6.3.2 Alternative Method of Repeating Variables 486 | 487 | ||
| 6.3.3 Method of Inspection 487 | 488 | ||
| 6.4 Dimensionless Groups as Force Ratios 488 | 489 | ||
| 6.5 Dimensionless Groups in Other Applications 493 | 494 | ||
| 6.6 Modeling and Similitude 494 | 495 | ||
| Key Equations for Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 506 | 507 | ||
| Problems 507 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 7 Flow in Closed Conduits 525 | 526 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction 525 | 526 | ||
| 7.2 Steady Incompressible Flow 526 | 527 | ||
| 7.3 Friction Effects in Laminar Flow 532 | 533 | ||
| 7.4 Friction Effects in Turbulent Flow 536 | 537 | ||
| 7.5 Practical Applications 544 | 545 | ||
| 7.5.1 Estimation of Pressure Changes 544 | 545 | ||
| 7.5.2 Estimation of Flow Rate for a Given Head Loss 546 | 547 | ||
| 7.5.3 Estimation of Diameter for a Given Flow Rate and Head Loss 547 | 548 | ||
| 7.5.4 Head Losses in Noncircular Conduits 548 | 549 | ||
| 7.5.5 Empirical Friction Loss Formulas 549 | 550 | ||
| 7.5.6 Local Head Losses 552 | 553 | ||
| 7.5.7 Pipelines with Pumps or Turbines 559 | 560 | ||
| 7.6 Water Hammer 560 | 561 | ||
| 7.7 Pipe Networks 565 | 566 | ||
| 7.7.1 Nodal Method 566 | 567 | ||
| 7.7.2 Loop Method 568 | 569 | ||
| 7.8 Building Water Supply Systems 573 | 574 | ||
| 7.8.1 Specification of Design Flows 574 | 575 | ||
| 7.8.2 Specification of Minimum Pressures 574 | 575 | ||
| 7.8.3 Determination of Pipe Diameters 576 | 577 | ||
| Key Equations for Flow in Closed Conduits 583 | 584 | ||
| Problems 587 | 588 | ||
| Chapter 8 Turbomachines 608 | 609 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction 608 | 609 | ||
| 8.2 Mechanics of Turbomachines 609 | 610 | ||
| 8.3 Hydraulic Pumps and Pumped Systems 614 | 615 | ||
| 8.3.1 Flow Through Centrifugal Pumps 616 | 617 | ||
| 8.3.2 Efficiency 621 | 622 | ||
| 8.3.3 Dimensional Analysis 622 | 623 | ||
| 8.3.4 Specific Speed 626 | 627 | ||
| 8.3.5 Performance Curves 630 | 631 | ||
| 8.3.6 System Characteristics 632 | 633 | ||
| 8.3.7 Limits on Pump Location 635 | 636 | ||
| 8.3.8 Multiple Pump Systems 640 | 641 | ||
| 8.3.9 Variable-Speed Pumps 642 | 643 | ||
| 8.4 Fans 644 | 645 | ||
| 8.4.1 Performance Characteristics of Fans 644 | 645 | ||
| 8.4.2 Affinity Laws of Fans 645 | 646 | ||
| 8.4.3 Specific Speed 646 | 647 | ||
| 8.5 Hydraulic Turbines and Hydropower 648 | 649 | ||
| 8.5.1 Impulse Turbines 648 | 649 | ||
| 8.5.2 Reaction Turbines 654 | 655 | ||
| 8.5.3 Practical Considerations 658 | 659 | ||
| Key Equations for Turbomachines 664 | 665 | ||
| Problems 668 | 669 | ||
| Chapter 9 Flow in Open Channels 693 | 694 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction 693 | 694 | ||
| 9.2 Basic Principles 694 | 695 | ||
| 9.2.1 Steady-State Continuity Equation 694 | 695 | ||
| 9.2.2 Steady-State Momentum Equation 694 | 695 | ||
| 9.2.3 Steady-State Energy Equation 711 | 712 | ||
| 9.3 Water Surface Profiles 724 | 725 | ||
| 9.3.1 Profile Equation 724 | 725 | ||
| 9.3.2 Classification of Water Surface Profiles 725 | 726 | ||
| 9.3.3 Hydraulic Jump 731 | 732 | ||
| 9.3.4 Computation of Water Surface Profiles 737 | 738 | ||
| Key Equations in Open-Channel Flow 746 | 747 | ||
| Problems 749 | 750 | ||
| Chapter 10 Drag and Lift 759 | 760 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction 759 | 760 | ||
| 10.2 Fundamentals 760 | 761 | ||
| 10.2.1 Friction and Pressure Drag 762 | 763 | ||
| 10.2.2 Drag and Lift Coefficients 762 | 763 | ||
| 10.2.3 Flow over Flat Surfaces 765 | 766 | ||
| 10.2.4 Flow over Curved Surfaces 767 | 768 | ||
| 10.3 Estimation of Drag Coefficients 770 | 771 | ||
| 10.3.1 Drag on Flat Surfaces 770 | 771 | ||
| 10.3.2 Drag on Spheres and Cylinders 774 | 775 | ||
| 10.3.3 Drag on Vehicles 781 | 782 | ||
| 10.3.4 Drag on Ships 784 | 785 | ||
| 10.3.5 Drag on Two-Dimensional Bodies 785 | 786 | ||
| 10.3.6 Drag on Three-Dimensional Bodies 786 | 787 | ||
| 10.3.7 Drag on Composite Bodies 786 | 787 | ||
| 10.3.8 Drag on Miscellaneous Bodies 789 | 790 | ||
| 10.3.9 Added Mass 790 | 791 | ||
| 10.4 Estimation of Lift Coefficients 791 | 792 | ||
| 10.4.1 Lift on Airfoils 791 | 792 | ||
| 10.4.2 Lift on Airplanes 794 | 795 | ||
| 10.4.3 Lift on Hydrofoils 799 | 800 | ||
| 10.4.4 Lift on a Spinning Sphere in Uniform Flow 800 | 801 | ||
| Key Equations for Drag and Lift 803 | 804 | ||
| Problems 806 | 807 | ||
| Chapter 11 Boundary-Layer Flow 827 | 828 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction 827 | 828 | ||
| 11.2 Laminar Boundary Layers 829 | 830 | ||
| 11.2.1 Blasius Solution for Plane Surfaces 829 | 830 | ||
| 11.2.2 Blasius Equations for Curved Surfaces 834 | 835 | ||
| 11.3 Turbulent Boundary Layers 836 | 837 | ||
| 11.3.1 Analytic Formulation 836 | 837 | ||
| 11.3.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Surface 837 | 838 | ||
| 11.3.3 Boundary-Layer Thickness and Shear Stress 844 | 845 | ||
| 11.4 Applications 845 | 846 | ||
| 11.4.1 Displacement Thickness 845 | 846 | ||
| 11.4.2 Momentum Thickness 849 | 850 | ||
| 11.4.3 Momentum Integral Equation 850 | 851 | ||
| 11.4.4 General Formulations for Self-Similar Velocity Profiles 854 | 855 | ||
| 11.5 Mixing-Length Theory of Turbulent Boundary Layers 856 | 857 | ||
| 11.5.1 Smooth Flow 856 | 857 | ||
| 11.5.2 Rough Flow 857 | 858 | ||
| 11.5.3 Velocity-Defect Law 858 | 859 | ||
| 11.5.4 One-Seventh Power Law Distribution 859 | 860 | ||
| 11.6 Boundary Layers in Closed Conduits 859 | 860 | ||
| 11.6.1 Smooth Flow in Pipes 860 | 861 | ||
| 11.6.2 Rough Flow in Pipes 861 | 862 | ||
| 11.6.3 Notable Contributors to Understanding Flow in Pipes 862 | 863 | ||
| Key Equations for Boundary-Layer Flow 863 | 864 | ||
| Problems 867 | 868 | ||
| Chapter 12 Compressible Flow 884 | 885 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction 884 | 885 | ||
| 12.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 885 | 886 | ||
| 12.3 The Speed of Sound 891 | 892 | ||
| 12.4 Thermodynamic Reference Conditions 898 | 899 | ||
| 12.4.1 Isentropic Stagnation Condition 898 | 899 | ||
| 12.4.2 Isentropic Critical Condition 903 | 904 | ||
| 12.5 Basic Equations of One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 905 | 906 | ||
| 12.6 Steady One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 907 | 908 | ||
| 12.6.1 Effect of Area Variation 907 | 908 | ||
| 12.6.2 Choked Condition 908 | 909 | ||
| 12.6.3 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 910 | 911 | ||
| 12.7 Normal Shocks 923 | 924 | ||
| 12.8 Steady One-Dimensional Non-Isentropic Flow 935 | 936 | ||
| 12.8.1 Adiabatic Flow with Friction 936 | 937 | ||
| 12.8.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction 949 | 950 | ||
| 12.8.3 Diabatic Frictionless Flow 951 | 952 | ||
| 12.8.4 Application of Fanno and Rayleigh Relations to Normal Shocks 957 | 958 | ||
| 12.9 Oblique Shocks, Bow Shocks, and Expansion Waves 962 | 963 | ||
| 12.9.1 Oblique Shocks 962 | 963 | ||
| 12.9.2 Bow Shocks and Detached Shocks 970 | 971 | ||
| 12.9.3 Isentropic Expansion Waves 972 | 973 | ||
| Key Equations in Compressible Flow 977 | 978 | ||
| Problems 984 | 985 | ||
| Appendix A Units and Conversion Factors 999 | 1000 | ||
| A.1 Units 999 | 1000 | ||
| A.2 Conversion Factors 1000 | 1001 | ||
| Appendix B Fluid Properties 1003 | 1004 | ||
| B.1 Water 1003 | 1004 | ||
| B.2 Air 1004 | 1005 | ||
| B.3 The Standard Atmosphere 1005 | 1006 | ||
| B.4 Common Liquids 1006 | 1007 | ||
| B.5 Common Gases 1007 | 1008 | ||
| B.6 Nitrogen 1008 | 1008 | ||
| Appendix C Properties of Areas and Volumes 1009 | 1010 | ||
| C.1 Areas 1009 | 1010 | ||
| C.2 Properties of Circles and Spheres 1011 | 1012 | ||
| C.2.1 Circles 1011 | 1012 | ||
| C.2.2 Spheres 1012 | 1013 | ||
| C.3 Volumes 1012 | 1013 | ||
| Appendix D Pipe Specifications 1013 | 1014 | ||
| D.1 PVC Pipe 1013 | 1014 | ||
| D.2 Ductile Iron Pipe 1014 | 1015 | ||
| D.3 Concrete Pipe 1014 | 1015 | ||
| D.4 Physical Properties of Common Pipe Materials 1014 | 1015 | ||
| Bibliography 1015 | 1016 | ||
| Index 1026 | 1027 |