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War and Empire

War and Empire

Paul L. Atwood

(2010)

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Abstract

American history is not often truthfully told. Dispelling the myths that have bolstered national myth making, Paul Atwood attempts to show Americans that their history is one of constant wars of aggression and imperial expansion.

From the declaration of Independence to present day, War and Empire takes a panoramic view of US military history, explaining US actions in every major war, from early combat with aboriginal nations, imperialist conflicts with Spain, to the war on terror. The book shows that, far from being dragged reluctantly into foreign entanglements, America's leaders have always picked its battles in order to increase their influence and power, with little regard for the American soldiers and 'enemy' civilians killed or made to suffer in the process.

This book is an eye-opening introduction to the American way of life for undergraduate students of American history, politics and international relations.
Masterful ... gives us a panoramic view of American expansion, beginning with the first invasions of the continent and continuing to the present wars in the Middle East'
Howard Zinn, Professor Emeritus, Boston University, author of A People's History of the United States
'In this myth-busting book, Paul Atwood offers an impassioned and provocative challenge to all that Americans think they know about how the United States became a great power'
Andrew J. Bacevich, author of The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism
'A clear-headed and compelling account of the development of the American empire, an invaluable corrective to standard myth-making accounts'
Marilyn Young, professor of History at New York University, author of Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History (NY, the New press, 2009) and The Vietnam Wars 1945-1990 (NY, Harper, 1991).

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents vii
Acknowledgements xi
Preface xii
1. Introduction: American Ideology versus American Realities 1
2. By the Sword We Seek Peace 17
MICROBES: THE ALLY OF RAPE, TORTURE AND CONQUEST? 18
SPANIARDS DISCOVER CIVILIZATIONS FAR MORE ADVANCED THAN THEIR OWN – EXCEPT FOR ‘GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL’ 22
FACED WITH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISRUPTION AT HOME, THE BRITISH JOIN THE GAME OF EMPIRE 26
THE VIRGIN QUEEN’S COLONY 30
A BLOOD-SOAKED CITY ON A HILL 34
PROPERTY AND PROFIT AS THE SIGN OF GOD’S FAVOR 36
THE ‘SPAWN OF SATAN’ 38
THE FIRST ALL-OUT WAR 39
3. French, Indians, Rebellion and Repression 43
THE FIRST GLOBAL WAR PREFIGURES MORE GLOBAL WAR 43
AMERICANS WHO WANTED WAR NOW REFUSE TO PAY FOR IT 49
THOSE WHO MADE THE GREATEST SACRIFICES ARE BETRAYED 52
THE NEW AMERICAN ELITE TAXES AND FORECLOSES ON THOSE WITHOUTREPRESENTATION 54
4. An Empire for Liberty? 59
CREATING AN ENEMY TO THWART THE BILL OF RIGHTS 59
MANY TRAILS OF TEARS 62
LAND HUNGER PROVOKES AN UNNECESSARY WAR 64
LAYING CLAIM TO THE HEMISPHERE 66
‘ANGLO-SAXONISM’ AND THE MARCH TO THE PACIFIC 69
TO THE HALLS OF MONTEZUMA 71
5. From Ashes to Empire 75
NOT FIGHTING TO FREE SLAVES 75
THE COMPROMISE OF 1877: SELLING THE FREEDMEN OUT 78
MASSACRES IN THE WEST 79
INDUSTRIALISM RENEWED AND THE ASCENSION OF FINANCE 81
CYCLES OF BOOM AND BUST PRODUCE POLITICAL INSTABILITY 83
CLASS WAR INTENSIFIES 84
TO CONTAIN THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES AND RESTORE PROFITABILITY, THE PLUTOCRATS OPT FOR EMPIRE 86
THE MONROE DOCTRINE ENFORCED 89
THE IDEOLOGY OF EXPANSION 91
6. War with Spain, then Another and Another 97
AS A PRETEXT FOR WAR, SPAIN IS DECLARED A THREAT TO AMERICAN SECURITY 97
THE PRESS REVEALS ITS RACISM AND LUST FOR EMPIRE 100
CUBANS ON VERGE OF WINNING INDEPENDENCE ON THEIR OWN ALARM WASHINGTON 101
7. World War I: Making the World Safe for American Capital Investment 104
GERMANY’S POTENTIAL DOMINANCE IN EUROPE A THREAT TO THEOPEN DOOR 106
THE STANDARD INTERPRETATION OF AMERICAN ENTRY IS SUPERFICIAL 107
BRITAIN VIOLATES AMERICAN NEUTRALITY BUT WILSON DOES NOTHING 110
THOUGH ITS BLOCKADE DAMAGES THE AMERICAN ECONOMY THE HOUSE OF MORGAN INVESTS IN BRITAIN 111
WILSON’S NEUTRALITY A CHARADE 112
WILSON POSITIONS HIMSELF TO BE GLOBAL MESSIAH 114
BOLSHEVIKS TAKE RUSSIA OUT OF THE WAR AND POSE A NEW THREAT TOTHE OPEN DOOR 116
AMERICAN ENTRY TIPS THE BALANCE THOUGH GERMANY IS NOT MILITARILY DEFEATED 117
WILSON’S PEACE PLAN FAILS BUT THE US BECOMES THE GLOBAL FINANCE CAPITAL 119
A WORLD MADE SAFE ONLY FOR MORE WAR 121
8. Pearl Harbor: The Spark but not the Cause 124
DAY OF INFAMY – OR DECEPTION? 126
JAPAN’S EMPIRE THREATENS WESTERN COLONIALISM 127
ADMIRAL RICHARDSON WARNS FDR THAT HIS MEASURES THREATEN WAR 128
AMERICAN MILITARY OFFICIALS LONG UNDERSTOOD THAT PEARL HARBOR WAS VULNERABLE TO SURPRISE ATTACK 129
ELECTRONIC INTERCEPTS AND RADIO DIRECTION FINDERS INDICATE JAPAN’S INTENT 130
PHILIPPINES LEFT VULNERABLE BY GENERAL MACARTHUR 133
NEITHER GERMANY NOR JAPAN CAPABLE OF ATTACKING THE CONTINENTAL US 134
IF THE AXIS POSED NO MILITARY THREAT TO THE US WHAT WAS THE REAL WORRY? 138
AMERICA AND THE HOLOCAUST: NOT RESCUING JEWS 143
THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS: TO SAVE LIVES OR TO INTIMIDATE COMMUNISTS? 145
DOWNFALL 147
9. Cold War: The Clash of Ideology or of Empires? 151
SOVIETS INDISPENSABLE TO DEFEAT OF HITLER 152
YESTERDAY’S ESSENTIAL ALLY BECOMES THE NEW THREAT 154
THE ATOMIC ARMS RACE BEGINS 157
SOVIETS WITHDRAW VOLUNTARILY FROM CONQUERED AREAS 157
CAPITALISM AND COMMUNISM VIE FOR THE LOYALTIES OFTHE DEFEATED EMPIRES’ COLONIES 159
THE THREAT OF A CLOSED WORLD REMAINS: GERMANY BECOMES A NEW AXIS 161
CONTROL OF OIL BECOMES THE LINCHPIN OF AMERICAN POLICY 163
THE ‘MARTIAL PLAN’ 165
THE FUTURE OF GERMANY FURTHER POLARIZES THE COLD WAR 168
BUILDING THE PERMANENT WAR ECONOMY 169
LOSING CHINA TO THE CHINESE 171
10. Cold War/Hot War: Savage Wars of Peace? 174
CREATING THE WARFARE STATE 175
KOREA 178
VIETNAM 188
THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE COLD WAR 200
11. War on Terror 215
A NEW AMERICAN CENTURY? 215
GIVING THE SOVIET UNION ITS VIETNAM WAR 216
TERRORISTS AS ‘FREEDOM FIGHTERS’ 218
TERRORIZING IRAQI CIVILIANS 219
ABANDONING AFGHANISTAN TO WARLORDS AND THE RISE OF THE TALIBAN AND AL QAEDA 220
DEMONIZING IRAQ FOR THE EVENTS OF 9/11 TO FOSTER HYSTERIA AT HOME 221
THE REAL REASONS THE US INVADED IRAQ 223
THE PRIZE 224
CO-OPTING THE RUSSIAN AND CHINESE BACKYARDS 225
12. Conclusion 229
Notes 240
Bibliography 257
Index 265