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Abstract
Although many countries in Africa are devastated by poverty and famine, and are desperately in need of aid, it is generally recognised that programmes of aid and development in Africa are imposed upon local communities with little regard for their traditional values and way of life.
This book provides a fresh look at these intricate issues, and explores the way in which farming and traditional pastoral livelihoods have strengthened rather than weakened in the face of government reforms.
It reveals how traditional institutions and resource management strategies within local African communities continue to endure, in spite of the enormous pressure that development programs assert, as pastoralists resolve to confront coercive state policies designed to privilege the interests of the wealthy and powerful elite.
The book introduces thirteen case studies from Botswana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda and various other parts of the African continent.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | v | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| STRUCTUREOF THIS BOOK | 7 | ||
| PASTORALIST PERSPECTIVES | 14 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 17 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 22 | ||
| 1. Towards Security, Stability and Sustainability Oriented Strategies of Development in Eastern Africa | 23 | ||
| RESOURCE CONFLICTS AND PASTORAL MARGINALISATION | 24 | ||
| RESOURCE CONFLICTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | 25 | ||
| INSTITUTIONAL FAILURES | 28 | ||
| CAUSES OF INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE | 30 | ||
| ADDRESSING INSTITUTIONAL FAILURE | 34 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 37 | ||
| NOTES | 38 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 38 | ||
| 2. Sustainable Development and Resource Conflicts in Botswana | 39 | ||
| A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK | 39 | ||
| STAKEHOLDERS AND LAND-USE CONFLICTS:\r A CASE STUDY OF EAST NGAMILAND DISTRICT | 41 | ||
| POLICIES,INSTITUTIONS AND RESOURCE CONFLICTS | 41 | ||
| Tribal Grazing Land Policy ( TGLP) | 41 | ||
| The new Agricultural Development Policy ( ADP) | 43 | ||
| Veterinary fences in Botswana and wildlife management | 44 | ||
| Arable Lands Development Programme (ALDEP) | 46 | ||
| The Accelerated Rain-fed Agricultural Programme (ARAP) | 46 | ||
| DEPLETION OF WOOD AND FOREST RESOURCES | 47 | ||
| PRESSURE AND CONFLICT OVER WATER RESOURCES | 48 | ||
| CONFLICT BETWEEN WILDLIFE RESOURCE UTILISATION AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES | 49 | ||
| CONFLICT BETWEEN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND THE WILDLIFE TOURIST INDUSTRY | 50 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 51 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 53 | ||
| 3. Participation and Governance in the Development of Borana: Southern Ethiopia | 56 | ||
| PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT | 57 | ||
| THE BORANA | 60 | ||
| A CRITICAL JUNCTURE IN HISTORY | 61 | ||
| Land | 61 | ||
| Administrative structures | 62 | ||
| Peasant/Pastoralist Associations | 64 | ||
| Contemporary developments | 65 | ||
| Communications | 67 | ||
| Development interventions | 68 | ||
| Famine relief | 70 | ||
| 4. Conflict Management, Resolution and Institutions among the Karrayu and their Neighbours | 81 | ||
| The People | 83 | ||
| CONFLICTS WITH THE ARSI OROMO | 84 | ||
| CONFLICTS WITH THE AFAR | 86 | ||
| CONFLICTS WITH THE ARGOBA | 88 | ||
| CONFLICTS WITH THE ITTU | 90 | ||
| THECASEOF THE GEBELLA | 91 | ||
| Arrarra –the traditional conflict-redressing institution of the Karrayu | 92 | ||
| NOTES | 98 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 98 | ||
| 5. Ranchers and Pastoralists: The Restructuring of Government Ranching, Uganda | 100 | ||
| CIVIL WARS AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION | 101 | ||
| LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE\r NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOVEMENT (NRM) | 102 | ||
| THE RESETTLEMENT OF LANDLESS CATTLE KEEPERS | 104 | ||
| THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE GOVERNMENT RANCHING SCHEMES | 105 | ||
| THE REPOSSESSION OF RANCHES IN GOVERNMENT RANCHING SCHEMES | 106 | ||
| THERESTRUCTURING OF THE GOVERNMENT RANCHING SCHEMES | 108 | ||
| THE BENEFICIARIES OF RANCH RESTRUCTURING | 109 | ||
| THE RATIONALISATION OF PRIVATE OWNERSHIP | 111 | ||
| LAND ALLOCATION TO SQUATTERS | 111 | ||
| IMPROVEMENT OF ALLOCATED LAND | 112 | ||
| THE POLITICISATION OF RANCH RESTRUCTURING | 114 | ||
| CURRENT PROSPECTS AND FUTURE CONSTRAINTS | 116 | ||
| PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT OF WATER FACILITIES | 117 | ||
| THE INCREASE IN CULTIVATION ON THE RESTRUCTURED RANCHES | 118 | ||
| CURRENT MANIFESTATIONS OF PASTORALISM | 120 | ||
| SOME CRITICAL POLICY ISSUES | 121 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 124 | ||
| NOTES | 126 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 129 | ||
| 6. Resource Competition and Conflict: Herder/ Farmer or Pastoralism/ Agriculture? | 134 | ||
| THE HERDER/FARMER DICHOTOMY | 135 | ||
| PASTORALISM/AGRICULTURE: A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP | 136 | ||
| THE CASE OF DAR HAMAR | 138 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 141 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 142 | ||
| 7. Resource Conflicts Among the Afar of North-East Ethiopia | 145 | ||
| THE AFAR’S RESOURCE USE, TENURE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES | 146 | ||
| PASTORAL LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE TENURE, USE AND MANAGEMENT | 147 | ||
| CUSTOMARY CLAN- AND LINEAGE-BASED LAND-USE RIGHTS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 148 | ||
| AN EXAMPLE OF ISSO FROM THE HASSOBA CLAN LAND | 149 | ||
| STATE POLICIES,TRENDS OF CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN PASTORAL LAND USE,TENURE AND MANAGEMENT | 150 | ||
| RESOURCE COMPETITION AND CONFLICT BETWEEN AFAR CLANS | 151 | ||
| COMPETITION AND CONFLICT BETWEEN CLAN MEMBERS | 152 | ||
| TRANSFORMATION OF LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF THE SHEKEK-HASSOBA CLAN | 153 | ||
| THE PATTERN OF INDIVIDUATION OF THE COMMONS AMONG THE SHEKEK-HASSOBA | 153 | ||
| THE IMPLICATIONS OF INCREASING TRENDS OF LAND ENCLOSURE AND ENGAGEMENT OF PASTORAL HOUSEHOLDS IN AGRICULTURE FARMING | 155 | ||
| LAND-USE CONFLICTS BETWEEN A CLAN HEAD AND CLAN MEMBERS | 156 | ||
| THE RESISTANCE OF THE SHEKEK-HASSOBA PEOPLE AGAINST THE PRACTICES OF LAND ENCLOSURE | 158 | ||
| POST-1991: CONFLICT OVER LAND BETWEEN DIFFERENT AFAR INTEREST GROUPS | 159 | ||
| INCREASING TENURE INSECURITY AND RESOURCE CONFLICTS BETWEEN AFAR CLANS | 160 | ||
| BACKGROUND TO THE OPPOSITION TO HASSAN GURRA BY THE HASSOBA CLAN MEMBERS AND OTHER INTEREST GROUPS | 161 | ||
| CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | 162 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 164 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 166 | ||
| 8. Livelihood and Resource Competition, Sudan | 172 | ||
| A PASTORAL PREDICAMENT | 173 | ||
| AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION AND ECOLOGICAL STRESS | 175 | ||
| SURVIVAL UNDER STRESS: A CASE FROM SUDAN | 178 | ||
| THE RUFA ’A AL HOI HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY | 179 | ||
| RECENT TRENDS IN THE LARGE-SCALE SEDENTARISATION OF THE RUFA ’A AL HOI | 180 | ||
| THE PASTORALIST MOVEMENT AND THE RAIN-FED AGRICULTURAL SCHEMES IN THE SOUTHERN FUNJ AREA | 183 | ||
| LOCAL GOVERNANCE: THE NATIVE ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM REINSTATED | 186 | ||
| THE COST OF THE CIVIL WAR ON THE RUFA ’A AL HOI | 188 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 189 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 192 | ||
| 9. Pastoral Commercialisation: On Caloric Terms of Trade and Related Issues | 194 | ||
| CONCEPTS | 194 | ||
| Commoditisation, commercialisation, off-take rates and sustainable land use | 194 | ||
| 10. Immediate Problems: A View From a Distance | 235 | ||
| THE KENYAN BORANA CASE | 240 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 244 | ||
| NOTES | 245 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 245 | ||
| 11. Changing Gender Roles and Pastoral Adaptations to Market Opportunity in Omdurman, Sudan | 247 | ||
| THE CHANGING PASTORAL CONTEXT | 248 | ||
| ECONOMIC ADAPTATIONS BY PASTORALISTS IN OMDURMAN | 253 | ||
| Survival of the destitute | 253 | ||
| Successful survivors | 259 | ||
| COMPETITION OVER RESOURCES | 265 | ||
| CULTURAL ADAPTATION: ACCOMMODATION AND RESISTANCE | 267 | ||
| ISSUES AND PREDICAMENTS | 269 | ||
| THE WAY FORWARD | 272 | ||
| NOTES | 274 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 274 | ||
| 12. Research-Led Policy Deliberation in Eritrea and Somalia: Searching to Overcome Institutional Gaps | 278 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 279 | ||
| NEW AREAS OF ACTION AND ANALYSIS | 280 | ||
| THE WAR-TORN SOCIETIES PROJECT IN ERITREA AND SOMALIA | 283 | ||
| ERITREA | 286 | ||
| SOMALIA | 287 | ||
| PARTICIPATORY POLICY DIALOGUE AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE | 288 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 290 | ||
| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 291 | ||
| Contributors | 293 | ||
| Index | 296 |