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Witchcraft, Power and Politics

Witchcraft, Power and Politics

Isak Niehaus | Eliazaar Mohlala | Kally Shokaneo

(2001)

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Book Details

Abstract

This is an extraordinary account of witchcraft and witch-hunting in the modern world. A powerful ethnographic study of witch-hunting in 1980s South Africa - a period of rapid social change - this book demonstrates the extent to which witchcraft must be seen, not as a residue of 'traditional' culture but as part of a complex social drama which is deeply embedded in contemporary political and economic processes.

Isak Niehaus provides the context for this fascinating study of witchcraft practices. He shows how witchcraft was politicised against the backdrop of the apartheid state, the liberation struggle and the establishment of the first post-apartheid regime, which all affected conceptions of witchcraft. Niehaus demonstrates how the ANC and other political groups used witchcraft beliefs to further their own agenda. He explores the increasingly conservative role of the chiefs and the Christian church. In the process, he reveals the fraught nature of intergenerational and gender relations.

The result is a truly insightful and theoretically engaged account of a much-studied but frequently misunderstood practice.
'An important contribution to the study of contemporary witchcraft in South America.'
Anthropology in Action
'Profound and often painful insights into the transformations that have taken place in South Africa'
Times Literary Supplement
'Demonstrates that the recent changes in witchcraft beliefs and persecutions are closely related to those conditions which have exacerbated the misery and poverty of rural Africans in this region'
Anthrops - International review of anthropology and linguistics.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY xi
ACRONYMS xiv
Maps xv
1 INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING WITCHCRAFT, POWER AND POLITICS 1
CHANGING WITCHCRAFT 2
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 7
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 12
ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY 14
2 SOCIETY, COSMOLOGY AND THE MAKING OF WITCHCRAFT: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE HISTORY OF GREEN VALLEY, 1864 1995 16
AGRICULTURE,ANCESTORS,AND THE AMBIGUITY OF POWER, 1864 –1959 17
AGRICULTURE,ANCESTORS,AND THE AMBIGUITY OF POWER, 1864 –1959 29
CONCLUSIONS 43
3 WITCHES OF THE LOWVELD AND THEIR FAMILIARS: CONCEPTIONS OF DUALITY, POWER AND DESIRE 45
NATURE,CULTURE,WITCHES AND FAMILIARS 47
FAMILIARS OF THE LOWVELD AND THEIR SYMBOLISM 50
CONCLUSIONS 61
4 WITCHCRAFT AND WHITES: FURTHER NOTES ON THE SYMBOLIC CONSTITUTION OF OCCULT POWER 63
WHITE DOMINATION AND THE MORAL GEOGRAPHY OF WITCHCRAFT 65
WHITES AS AN INSTRUMENT AND A METAPHOR FOR WITCHCRAFT 68
WITCHES AND THE APPROPRIATION OF SEKGOWA TECHNOLOGY 71
THE 1994 ELECTION AND THE WITCHCRAFT OF WHITES 76
CONCLUSIONS 81
5 WITCHES, COGNATES, AFFINES AND NEIGHBOURS: THE CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS 83
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS,1943 –1960 84
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS,1960 –1995 87
THE CO-OPERATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN COGNATES 90
AFFINAL RELATIONS AND WITCHCRAFT 97
SPOUSES AND ILLICIT LOVERS AS WITCHES 100
POLYGYNY AND RELATIONS BETWEEN CO-WIVES 105
NEIGHBOURS,TENSIONS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY 106
CONCLUSIONS 111
6 'A WITCH HAS NO HORN' : SOCIAL TENSIONS IN THE SUBJECTIVE REALITY OF WITCHCRAFT 113
WITCHCRAFT AND THE RELATIVITY OF REALITY 114
CASE STUDIES ON SOCIAL TENSIONS AND EVIDENCE FOR WITCHCRAFT 116
CONCLUSIONS 128
7 WITCH-HUNTING AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY: CHIEFS, COMRADES AND THE ELIMINATION OF EVIL, 1930-1989 130
WITCHCRAFT AND POLITICS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY 131
CHIEFLY INTERVENTIONS IN WITCHCRAFT,1930 –1955 133
BANTU AUTHORITIES,RELOCATION AND WITCHCRAFT,1956 –1986 139
COMRADES AND WITCHES,1986 –1990 146
CONCLUSIONS 154
8 THE ANC'S DILEMMA: THE SYMBOLIC POLITICS OF FOUR WITCH-HUNTS IN THE 1990s 156
TOWARDS PLURALISTIC POLITICAL STRUCTURES,1990 –1995 158
THE GREEN VALLEY WITCH-HUNTS,CHRISTMAS 1990 161
THE EXPULSION OF MALULEKE,AUGUST 1992 167
THE NEW LINES WITCH-HUNT,OCTOBER 1993 169
THE ROOIBOKLAAGTE WITCH-HUNT,NOVEMBER 1994 174
CONCLUSIONS 181
9 CONCLUSION: WITCHCRAFT AND THE POSTCOLONIAL STAT 183
COLONIALISM ’S CIVILISATION,APARTHEID AND WITCHCRAFT 184
REGULATING WITCHCRAFT IN POSTCOLONIAL SOUTH AFRICA 187
CONCLUSIONS 192
APPENDICES 194
APPENDIX A: FIELDWORK REVISITED 194
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC PERCEPTION MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA 199
APPENDIX C: THE WITCHCRAFT SUPPRESSION ACT NO. 3 OF 1957 200
APPENDIX D: DETAILS OF THE ALLEGED WITCHES VIOLENTLY ATTACKED, GREEN VALLEY, 1971 1985 202
APPENDIX E: DETAILS PERTAINING TO THE VICTIMS OF WITCH- HUNTS ORGANISED BY THE COMRADES, GREEN VALLEY, 1986 1989 203
APPENDIX F: DETAILS OF THOSE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, GREEN VALLEY, THE CHRISTMAS WITCH- HUNTS, 1990 204
APPENDIX G: DETAILS OF THOSE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, NEW LINES, ARTHUR S SEAT, OCTOBER 1993 206
APPENDIX H: DETAILS OF THOSE PERSONS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, ROOIBOK- LAAGTE, NOVEMBER 1994 207
APPENDIX I: THE WITCHCRAFT CONTROL ACT AS PROPOSED BY THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO WITCHCRAFT VIOLENCE AND RITUAL MURDERS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 208
NOTES 210
CHAPTER 1 210
CHAPTER 2. 211
CHAPTER 3. 214
CHAPTER 4. 216
CHAPTER 5. 218
CHAPTER 6. 219
CHAPTER 7. 221
CHAPTER 8. 224
CHAPTER 9. 226
REFERENCES 228
Index 241
Abortion [s] 54