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Abstract
This is an extraordinary account of witchcraft and witch-hunting in the modern world. A powerful ethnographic study of witch-hunting in 1980s South Africa - a period of rapid social change - this book demonstrates the extent to which witchcraft must be seen, not as a residue of 'traditional' culture but as part of a complex social drama which is deeply embedded in contemporary political and economic processes.
Isak Niehaus provides the context for this fascinating study of witchcraft practices. He shows how witchcraft was politicised against the backdrop of the apartheid state, the liberation struggle and the establishment of the first post-apartheid regime, which all affected conceptions of witchcraft. Niehaus demonstrates how the ANC and other political groups used witchcraft beliefs to further their own agenda. He explores the increasingly conservative role of the chiefs and the Christian church. In the process, he reveals the fraught nature of intergenerational and gender relations.
The result is a truly insightful and theoretically engaged account of a much-studied but frequently misunderstood practice.
'An important contribution to the study of contemporary witchcraft in South America.'
Anthropology in Action
'Profound and often painful insights into the transformations that have taken place in South Africa'
Times Literary Supplement
'Demonstrates that the recent changes in witchcraft beliefs and persecutions are closely related to those conditions which have exacerbated the misery and poverty of rural Africans in this region'
Anthrops - International review of anthropology and linguistics.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
CONTENTS | v | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | viii | ||
NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY | xi | ||
ACRONYMS | xiv | ||
Maps | xv | ||
1 INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING WITCHCRAFT, POWER AND POLITICS | 1 | ||
CHANGING WITCHCRAFT | 2 | ||
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 7 | ||
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 12 | ||
ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY | 14 | ||
2 SOCIETY, COSMOLOGY AND THE MAKING OF WITCHCRAFT: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE HISTORY OF GREEN VALLEY, 1864 1995 | 16 | ||
AGRICULTURE,ANCESTORS,AND THE AMBIGUITY OF POWER, 1864 –1959 | 17 | ||
AGRICULTURE,ANCESTORS,AND THE AMBIGUITY OF POWER, 1864 –1959 | 29 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 43 | ||
3 WITCHES OF THE LOWVELD AND THEIR FAMILIARS: CONCEPTIONS OF DUALITY, POWER AND DESIRE | 45 | ||
NATURE,CULTURE,WITCHES AND FAMILIARS | 47 | ||
FAMILIARS OF THE LOWVELD AND THEIR SYMBOLISM | 50 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 61 | ||
4 WITCHCRAFT AND WHITES: FURTHER NOTES ON THE SYMBOLIC CONSTITUTION OF OCCULT POWER | 63 | ||
WHITE DOMINATION AND THE MORAL GEOGRAPHY OF WITCHCRAFT | 65 | ||
WHITES AS AN INSTRUMENT AND A METAPHOR FOR WITCHCRAFT | 68 | ||
WITCHES AND THE APPROPRIATION OF SEKGOWA TECHNOLOGY | 71 | ||
THE 1994 ELECTION AND THE WITCHCRAFT OF WHITES | 76 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 81 | ||
5 WITCHES, COGNATES, AFFINES AND NEIGHBOURS: THE CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS | 83 | ||
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS,1943 –1960 | 84 | ||
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS,1960 –1995 | 87 | ||
THE CO-OPERATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN COGNATES | 90 | ||
AFFINAL RELATIONS AND WITCHCRAFT | 97 | ||
SPOUSES AND ILLICIT LOVERS AS WITCHES | 100 | ||
POLYGYNY AND RELATIONS BETWEEN CO-WIVES | 105 | ||
NEIGHBOURS,TENSIONS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY | 106 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 111 | ||
6 'A WITCH HAS NO HORN' : SOCIAL TENSIONS IN THE SUBJECTIVE REALITY OF WITCHCRAFT | 113 | ||
WITCHCRAFT AND THE RELATIVITY OF REALITY | 114 | ||
CASE STUDIES ON SOCIAL TENSIONS AND EVIDENCE FOR WITCHCRAFT | 116 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 128 | ||
7 WITCH-HUNTING AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY: CHIEFS, COMRADES AND THE ELIMINATION OF EVIL, 1930-1989 | 130 | ||
WITCHCRAFT AND POLITICS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY | 131 | ||
CHIEFLY INTERVENTIONS IN WITCHCRAFT,1930 –1955 | 133 | ||
BANTU AUTHORITIES,RELOCATION AND WITCHCRAFT,1956 –1986 | 139 | ||
COMRADES AND WITCHES,1986 –1990 | 146 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 154 | ||
8 THE ANC'S DILEMMA: THE SYMBOLIC POLITICS OF FOUR WITCH-HUNTS IN THE 1990s | 156 | ||
TOWARDS PLURALISTIC POLITICAL STRUCTURES,1990 –1995 | 158 | ||
THE GREEN VALLEY WITCH-HUNTS,CHRISTMAS 1990 | 161 | ||
THE EXPULSION OF MALULEKE,AUGUST 1992 | 167 | ||
THE NEW LINES WITCH-HUNT,OCTOBER 1993 | 169 | ||
THE ROOIBOKLAAGTE WITCH-HUNT,NOVEMBER 1994 | 174 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 181 | ||
9 CONCLUSION: WITCHCRAFT AND THE POSTCOLONIAL STAT | 183 | ||
COLONIALISM ’S CIVILISATION,APARTHEID AND WITCHCRAFT | 184 | ||
REGULATING WITCHCRAFT IN POSTCOLONIAL SOUTH AFRICA | 187 | ||
CONCLUSIONS | 192 | ||
APPENDICES | 194 | ||
APPENDIX A: FIELDWORK REVISITED | 194 | ||
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC PERCEPTION MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA | 199 | ||
APPENDIX C: THE WITCHCRAFT SUPPRESSION ACT NO. 3 OF 1957 | 200 | ||
APPENDIX D: DETAILS OF THE ALLEGED WITCHES VIOLENTLY ATTACKED, GREEN VALLEY, 1971 1985 | 202 | ||
APPENDIX E: DETAILS PERTAINING TO THE VICTIMS OF WITCH- HUNTS ORGANISED BY THE COMRADES, GREEN VALLEY, 1986 1989 | 203 | ||
APPENDIX F: DETAILS OF THOSE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, GREEN VALLEY, THE CHRISTMAS WITCH- HUNTS, 1990 | 204 | ||
APPENDIX G: DETAILS OF THOSE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, NEW LINES, ARTHUR S SEAT, OCTOBER 1993 | 206 | ||
APPENDIX H: DETAILS OF THOSE PERSONS ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT, ROOIBOK- LAAGTE, NOVEMBER 1994 | 207 | ||
APPENDIX I: THE WITCHCRAFT CONTROL ACT AS PROPOSED BY THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO WITCHCRAFT VIOLENCE AND RITUAL MURDERS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA | 208 | ||
NOTES | 210 | ||
CHAPTER 1 | 210 | ||
CHAPTER 2. | 211 | ||
CHAPTER 3. | 214 | ||
CHAPTER 4. | 216 | ||
CHAPTER 5. | 218 | ||
CHAPTER 6. | 219 | ||
CHAPTER 7. | 221 | ||
CHAPTER 8. | 224 | ||
CHAPTER 9. | 226 | ||
REFERENCES | 228 | ||
Index | 241 | ||
Abortion [s] | 54 |