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Book Details
Abstract
The eighth edition of this lively introduction places social psychology in a contemporary, real-world context and explores new, cutting-edge research as well as bringing classic theories to life. Thoroughly revised to enhance accessibility, and updated to include over 250 new references, this trusted, market-leading, cutting edged textbook remains as comprehensive as ever.
Key features:
· In-depth scientific coverage of social psychological theory and research
· Combines UK, European and North American perspectives effectively to provide coverage with a unique global take
· Updated and expanded coverage of morality, affect and emotion, rumour and gossip, trust and leadership, social media-based communication, multiculturalism, radicalization, deviance, and sexual minorities
· Thoroughly revised and rewritten chapters and sections on aggression, prosocial behaviour, close relationships, and attitude-behaviour relations particularly in the context of health
Social Psychology 8th edition includes a range of pedagogically developed features to aid independent study:
· Research Classic and Research highlight sections focus on either seminal or contemporary areas of research to help you to refine your understanding of these key areas.
· Your Life sections explore everyday social psychological and encourage you to apply the ideas within your own life.
· Our World boxes consider examples of social psychology or social issues within the wider world to help you gain a deeper and applied understanding of concepts and issues.
· A range of photos, reflective questions and the film/literature and TV section in each chapter further help to bring alive this fascinating subject for everyone.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Advisory Editorial Board | ii | ||
| Brief Contents | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| About the Authors | xxi | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxiii | ||
| Guided Tour | xxv | ||
| 1 Introducing social psychology | 2 | ||
| What is social psychology? | 4 | ||
| Social psychology and its close neighbours | 5 | ||
| Topics of social psychology | 7 | ||
| Research methods | 8 | ||
| Scientific method | 8 | ||
| Experiments | 9 | ||
| Non-experimental methods | 12 | ||
| Data and analysis | 14 | ||
| Research ethics | 18 | ||
| Physical welfare of participants | 18 | ||
| Respect for privacy | 19 | ||
| Use of deception | 19 | ||
| Informed consent | 19 | ||
| Debriefing | 20 | ||
| Theories and theorising | 20 | ||
| Theories in social psychology | 21 | ||
| Social psychology in crisis | 24 | ||
| Reductionism and levels of explanation | 24 | ||
| Positivism and post-positivism | 25 | ||
| Historical context | 26 | ||
| Social psychology in the nineteenth century | 26 | ||
| The rise of experimentation | 27 | ||
| Later influences | 29 | ||
| The journals | 33 | ||
| Social psychology in Europe | 33 | ||
| About this text | 36 | ||
| Summary | 38 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 39 | ||
| Learn more | 40 | ||
| 2 Social cognition and social thinking | 42 | ||
| Social psychology and cognition | 44 | ||
| A short history of cognition in social psychology | 44 | ||
| Forming impressions of other people | 46 | ||
| What information is important? | 46 | ||
| Biases in forming impressions | 47 | ||
| Cognitive algebra | 49 | ||
| Social schemas and categories | 51 | ||
| Types of schemas | 52 | ||
| Categories and prototypes | 53 | ||
| Categorization and stereotyping | 56 | ||
| How we use, acquire and change schemas | 59 | ||
| Using schemas | 59 | ||
| Acquiring schemas | 61 | ||
| Changing schemas | 62 | ||
| Social encoding | 63 | ||
| Salience | 63 | ||
| Vividness | 64 | ||
| Accessibility | 65 | ||
| Memory for people | 65 | ||
| Contents of person memory | 66 | ||
| Organisation of person memory | 68 | ||
| Using person memory | 68 | ||
| Social inference | 70 | ||
| Departures from normality | 70 | ||
| Heuristics | 73 | ||
| Improving social inference | 74 | ||
| Affect and emotion | 74 | ||
| Antecedents of affect | 75 | ||
| Consequences of affect | 76 | ||
| Emotion regulation | 77 | ||
| Beyond cognition and neuroscience | 77 | ||
| Where is the ‘social’ in social cognition? | 77 | ||
| Summary | 78 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 80 | ||
| Learn more | 80 | ||
| 3 Attribution and social explanation | 82 | ||
| Seeking the causes of behaviour | 84 | ||
| How people attribute causality | 85 | ||
| People as naive psychologists | 85 | ||
| From acts to dispositions | 86 | ||
| People as everyday scientists | 87 | ||
| Extensions of attribution theory | 89 | ||
| Explaining our emotions | 89 | ||
| Attributions for our own behaviour | 91 | ||
| Task performance attributions | 91 | ||
| Applications of attribution theory | 92 | ||
| Individual differences and attributional styles | 92 | ||
| Interpersonal relationships | 93 | ||
| Attributional biases | 94 | ||
| Correspondence bias and the fundamental attribution error | 95 | ||
| The actor–observer effect | 97 | ||
| The false consensus effect | 98 | ||
| Self-serving biases | 99 | ||
| Intergroup attribution | 101 | ||
| Attribution and stereotyping | 104 | ||
| Social knowledge and societal attributions | 105 | ||
| Social representations | 105 | ||
| Rumour and gossip | 107 | ||
| Conspiracy theories | 108 | ||
| Societal attributions | 108 | ||
| Culture’s contribution | 110 | ||
| Summary | 112 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 113 | ||
| Learn more | 114 | ||
| 4 Self and identity | 116 | ||
| Who are you? | 118 | ||
| Self and identity in historical context | 118 | ||
| Psychodynamic self | 119 | ||
| Individual versus collective self | 119 | ||
| Collective self | 119 | ||
| Symbolic interactionist self | 120 | ||
| Self-awareness | 122 | ||
| Self-knowledge | 123 | ||
| Self-schemas | 123 | ||
| Regulatory focus theory | 125 | ||
| Inferences from our behaviour | 127 | ||
| Social comparison and self-knowledge | 128 | ||
| Many selves, multiple identities | 129 | ||
| Types of self and identity | 129 | ||
| Contextual sensitivity of self and identity | 130 | ||
| In search of self-coherence | 131 | ||
| Social identity theory | 132 | ||
| Personal identity and social identity | 132 | ||
| Processes of social identity salience | 132 | ||
| Consequences of social identity salience | 134 | ||
| Self-motives | 134 | ||
| Self-assessment and self-verification | 135 | ||
| Self-enhancement | 135 | ||
| Self-esteem | 137 | ||
| Self-esteem and social identity | 140 | ||
| Individual differences | 142 | ||
| In pursuit of self-esteem | 143 | ||
| Self-presentation and impression management | 145 | ||
| Strategic self-presentation | 145 | ||
| Expressive self-presentation | 146 | ||
| Cultural differences in self and identity | 147 | ||
| Summary | 149 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 150 | ||
| Learn more | 151 | ||
| 5 Attitudes | 152 | ||
| Structure and function of attitudes | 154 | ||
| A short history of attitudes | 154 | ||
| Attitude structure | 155 | ||
| Attitude functions | 156 | ||
| Cognitive consistency | 156 | ||
| Cognition and evaluation | 157 | ||
| Decision-making and attitudes | 159 | ||
| Can attitudes predict behaviour? | 160 | ||
| Beliefs, intentions and behaviour | 161 | ||
| Attitude accessibility | 169 | ||
| Attitude strength and direct experience | 171 | ||
| Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link | 172 | ||
| Moderator variables | 172 | ||
| Forming attitudes | 175 | ||
| Behavioural approaches | 175 | ||
| Cognitive development | 178 | ||
| Sources of learning | 178 | ||
| Concepts related to attitudes | 179 | ||
| Values | 179 | ||
| Ideology | 180 | ||
| Social representations | 181 | ||
| Measuring attitudes | 182 | ||
| Attitude scales | 182 | ||
| Using attitude scales today | 182 | ||
| Physiological measures | 184 | ||
| Measures of overt behaviour | 186 | ||
| Measuring covert attitudes | 187 | ||
| Concluding thoughts | 189 | ||
| Summary | 190 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 191 | ||
| Learn more | 192 | ||
| 6 Persuasion and attitude change | 194 | ||
| Attitudes, arguments and behaviour | 196 | ||
| Persuasive communication | 196 | ||
| The communicator | 200 | ||
| The message | 202 | ||
| The audience | 208 | ||
| Dual-process models of persuasion | 210 | ||
| Elaboration–likelihood model | 211 | ||
| Heuristic–systematic model | 212 | ||
| Compliance | 214 | ||
| Tactics for enhancing compliance | 214 | ||
| Action research | 219 | ||
| Cognitive dissonance and attitude change | 221 | ||
| Effort justification | 223 | ||
| Induced compliance | 225 | ||
| Free choice | 228 | ||
| The role of self | 228 | ||
| Vicarious dissonance | 230 | ||
| Alternative views to dissonance | 230 | ||
| A new look at cognitive dissonance | 231 | ||
| Resistance to persuasion | 231 | ||
| Reactance | 232 | ||
| Forewarning | 232 | ||
| Inoculation | 232 | ||
| Attitude accessibility and strength | 234 | ||
| Summary | 235 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 236 | ||
| Learn more | 237 | ||
| 7 Social influence | 238 | ||
| Types of social influence | 240 | ||
| Compliance, obedience, conformity | 240 | ||
| Power and influence | 241 | ||
| Obedience to authority | 244 | ||
| Factors influencing obedience | 245 | ||
| The ethical legacy of Milgram’s experiments | 249 | ||
| Conformity | 250 | ||
| The formation and influence of norms | 250 | ||
| Yielding to majority group pressure | 251 | ||
| Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics | 254 | ||
| Situational factors in conformity | 256 | ||
| Processes of conformity | 257 | ||
| Minority influence and social change | 260 | ||
| Beyond conformity | 261 | ||
| Behavioural style and the genetic model | 262 | ||
| Conversion theory | 264 | ||
| Convergent–divergent theory | 267 | ||
| Social identity and self-categorization | 268 | ||
| Vested interest and the leniency contract | 269 | ||
| Attribution and social impact | 270 | ||
| Two processes or one? | 270 | ||
| Summary | 271 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 272 | ||
| Learn more | 273 | ||
| 8 People in groups | 274 | ||
| What is a group? | 276 | ||
| Categories and group entitativity | 276 | ||
| Common-bond and common-identity groups | 277 | ||
| Groups and aggregates | 277 | ||
| Definitions | 278 | ||
| Group effects on individual performance | 278 | ||
| Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation | 278 | ||
| Classification of group tasks | 285 | ||
| Social loafing and social impact | 287 | ||
| Group cohesiveness | 293 | ||
| Group socialisation | 296 | ||
| Norms | 300 | ||
| Morality | 304 | ||
| Group structure | 304 | ||
| Roles | 305 | ||
| Status | 306 | ||
| Communication networks | 308 | ||
| Subgroups and crosscutting categories | 310 | ||
| Deviants and marginal members | 311 | ||
| Why do people join groups? | 313 | ||
| Reasons for joining groups | 313 | ||
| Motivations for affiliation and group formation | 314 | ||
| Why not join groups? | 315 | ||
| Summary | 316 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 317 | ||
| Learn more | 318 | ||
| 9 Leadership and group decision-making | 320 | ||
| Leaders and group decisions | 322 | ||
| Leadership | 322 | ||
| Defining leadership | 323 | ||
| Personality traits and individual differences | 324 | ||
| Situational perspectives | 326 | ||
| What leaders do | 327 | ||
| Contingency theories | 330 | ||
| Transactional leadership | 333 | ||
| Transformational leadership | 336 | ||
| Charisma and charismatic leadership | 337 | ||
| Leader perceptions and leadership schemas | 338 | ||
| Social identity and leadership | 339 | ||
| Trust and leadership | 342 | ||
| Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs | 343 | ||
| Intergroup leadership | 345 | ||
| Group decision-making | 347 | ||
| Rules governing group decisions | 347 | ||
| Brainstorming | 348 | ||
| Group memory | 351 | ||
| Groupthink | 354 | ||
| Group polarisation | 356 | ||
| Jury verdicts | 359 | ||
| Summary | 361 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 363 | ||
| Learn more | 364 | ||
| 10 Prejudice and discrimination | 366 | ||
| Nature and dimensions of prejudice | 368 | ||
| Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour | 369 | ||
| Targets of prejudice and discrimination | 371 | ||
| Sexism | 371 | ||
| Racism | 379 | ||
| Ageism | 383 | ||
| Discrimination against sexual minorities | 384 | ||
| Discrimination on the basis of physical or mental handicap | 385 | ||
| Forms of discrimination | 387 | ||
| Reluctance to help | 387 | ||
| Tokenism | 387 | ||
| Reverse discrimination | 388 | ||
| Stigma and other effects of prejudice | 389 | ||
| Stigma | 389 | ||
| Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological well-being | 390 | ||
| Stereotype threat | 392 | ||
| Failure and disadvantage | 393 | ||
| Attributional ambiguity | 393 | ||
| Self-fulfilling prophecies | 394 | ||
| Dehumanisation, violence and genocide | 396 | ||
| Explanations of prejudice and discrimination | 399 | ||
| Frustration–aggression | 399 | ||
| The authoritarian personality | 402 | ||
| Dogmatism and closed-mindedness | 404 | ||
| Right-wing authoritarianism | 404 | ||
| Social dominance theory | 405 | ||
| Belief congruence | 406 | ||
| Other explanations | 408 | ||
| Summary | 408 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 409 | ||
| Learn more | 410 | ||
| 11 Intergroup behaviour | 412 | ||
| What is intergroup behaviour? | 414 | ||
| Relative deprivation and social unrest | 414 | ||
| Relative deprivation | 415 | ||
| Social protest and collective action | 419 | ||
| Realistic conflict | 420 | ||
| Realistic conflict theory | 422 | ||
| Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas | 423 | ||
| Social identity | 428 | ||
| Minimal groups | 428 | ||
| Social identity theory | 430 | ||
| Social cognition | 439 | ||
| Categorization and relative homogeneity | 439 | ||
| Memory | 440 | ||
| Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation | 441 | ||
| Optimal distinctiveness | 442 | ||
| Intergroup emotions | 443 | ||
| Collective behaviour and the crowd | 444 | ||
| Early theories | 445 | ||
| Deindividuation and self-awareness | 446 | ||
| Emergent norm theory | 449 | ||
| Social identity theory | 451 | ||
| Improving intergroup relations | 452 | ||
| Propaganda and education | 453 | ||
| Intergroup contact | 454 | ||
| Superordinate goals | 460 | ||
| Pluralism and diversity | 460 | ||
| Communication and negotiation | 461 | ||
| Summary | 464 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 465 | ||
| Learn more | 466 | ||
| 12 Aggression | 468 | ||
| Aggression in our community | 470 | ||
| Definitions and measurement | 471 | ||
| Defining aggression | 471 | ||
| Measuring aggression | 472 | ||
| Theoretical perspectives | 473 | ||
| Biological explanations | 473 | ||
| Social and biosocial explanations | 476 | ||
| Personal and situational variations | 482 | ||
| Personality and individual differences | 482 | ||
| Situational variables | 488 | ||
| General aggression model | 492 | ||
| Societal influences | 493 | ||
| Disadvantaged groups | 493 | ||
| Criminality and demographics | 494 | ||
| Subculture of violence | 496 | ||
| Mass media | 497 | ||
| A cognitive analysis | 498 | ||
| Rape myths, erotica and aggression | 500 | ||
| Domestic and intimate partner violence | 503 | ||
| Gender asymmetry? | 505 | ||
| Hurting the one we ‘love’ | 505 | ||
| Institutionalised aggression | 506 | ||
| Role of society | 506 | ||
| War | 507 | ||
| Role of the state | 507 | ||
| Role of the person | 509 | ||
| Levels of explanation | 509 | ||
| Reducing aggression | 511 | ||
| Summary | 512 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 513 | ||
| Learn more | 514 | ||
| 13 Prosocial behaviour | 516 | ||
| Now for something completely different | 518 | ||
| Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour and altruism | 518 | ||
| The Kitty Genovese murder | 519 | ||
| Why and when people help | 520 | ||
| Biology and evolution | 520 | ||
| Empathy and arousal | 522 | ||
| Calculating whether to help | 522 | ||
| Empathy and altruism | 524 | ||
| Learning to be helpful | 526 | ||
| The bystander effect | 529 | ||
| Latané and Darley’s cognitive model | 530 | ||
| The person in the equation | 535 | ||
| Mood states | 535 | ||
| Attributes of the person | 537 | ||
| Helping to prevent crime | 543 | ||
| Shoplifting | 544 | ||
| Exam cheating | 544 | ||
| Health support networks | 545 | ||
| Receiving help | 546 | ||
| Norms, motives and self-sacrifice | 547 | ||
| Norms for helping | 547 | ||
| Motives and goals | 548 | ||
| Volunteers and martyrs | 549 | ||
| Summary | 551 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 552 | ||
| Learn more | 553 | ||
| 14 Attraction and close relationships | 554 | ||
| Liking, loving and affiliating | 556 | ||
| Attractive people | 556 | ||
| Evolution and attraction | 557 | ||
| The role of our genes | 557 | ||
| Attractive faces | 558 | ||
| The search for ideals | 559 | ||
| What increases liking? | 560 | ||
| Proximity | 560 | ||
| Familiarity | 561 | ||
| Attitude similarity | 562 | ||
| Social matching | 563 | ||
| Assortative mating | 563 | ||
| Personal characteristics | 566 | ||
| Cultural stereotypes | 567 | ||
| Attraction and rewards | 568 | ||
| A reinforcement approach | 568 | ||
| Relationships as a social exchange | 570 | ||
| Costs and benefits | 571 | ||
| Comparison levels | 571 | ||
| Social exchange, equity and justice | 572 | ||
| The role of norms | 574 | ||
| Attachment | 574 | ||
| Social isolation and the need to affiliate | 574 | ||
| Isolation and anxiety | 575 | ||
| Effects of social deprivation | 575 | ||
| Attachment styles | 577 | ||
| Close relationships | 580 | ||
| What is love? | 580 | ||
| Love and romance | 581 | ||
| Labels and illusions | 582 | ||
| No greater love | 584 | ||
| Marriage | 585 | ||
| Same-sex romantic relationships | 586 | ||
| Relationships that work (and those that don’t) | 587 | ||
| Maintaining relationships | 587 | ||
| For better or for worse | 588 | ||
| Relationship breakdown | 590 | ||
| Summary | 593 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 594 | ||
| Learn more | 595 | ||
| 15 Language and communication | 596 | ||
| Communication | 598 | ||
| Language | 598 | ||
| Language, thought and cognition | 599 | ||
| Paralanguage and speech style | 601 | ||
| Social markers in speech | 602 | ||
| Language, identity and ethnicity | 603 | ||
| Speech accommodation | 606 | ||
| Bilingualism and second-language acquisition | 607 | ||
| Intergroup language and communication | 610 | ||
| Communicating without words | 613 | ||
| Functions of non-verbal communication | 613 | ||
| Variations in non-verbal behaviour | 613 | ||
| Using the face to express emotions | 614 | ||
| Facial display rules | 616 | ||
| Gaze and eye contact | 620 | ||
| Postures and gestures | 622 | ||
| Touch | 624 | ||
| Up close and personal | 626 | ||
| Impression management and deception | 628 | ||
| Conversation and discourse | 630 | ||
| Conversation | 630 | ||
| Discourse | 632 | ||
| Computer-mediated communication | 633 | ||
| Summary | 635 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 636 | ||
| Learn more | 636 | ||
| 16 Culture | 638 | ||
| The cultural context | 640 | ||
| Locating culture in social psychology | 641 | ||
| Has social psychology neglected culture? | 641 | ||
| Defining culture | 642 | ||
| Culture, history and social psychology | 643 | ||
| Origins in cultural anthropology | 643 | ||
| Rise of cross-cultural psychology | 644 | ||
| Culture, thought and behaviour | 645 | ||
| Culture, cognition and attribution | 645 | ||
| Culture, conformity and obedience | 647 | ||
| Culture and socialisation | 648 | ||
| Two psyches: East meets West | 650 | ||
| Two kinds of self | 651 | ||
| Dimensions for comparing cultures | 653 | ||
| Values | 653 | ||
| Individualism and collectivism | 655 | ||
| Tightness–looseness | 656 | ||
| Cooperation, competition and social identity | 656 | ||
| Collectivism and prosocial behaviour | 657 | ||
| Relationships | 658 | ||
| Culture through the lens of norms and identity | 660 | ||
| Contact between cultures | 661 | ||
| Communication, language and speech style | 662 | ||
| Language and understanding | 664 | ||
| Acculturation and culture change | 665 | ||
| Testing social psychology cross-culturally | 667 | ||
| The cross-cultural challenge | 668 | ||
| Indigenous social psychologies | 668 | ||
| The search for universals | 669 | ||
| The multicultural challenge | 670 | ||
| Where to from here? | 672 | ||
| Summary | 672 | ||
| Literature, film and TV | 673 | ||
| Learn more | 674 | ||
| Glossary | 676 | ||
| A | 676 | ||
| B | 676 | ||
| C | 677 | ||
| D | 678 | ||
| E | 679 | ||
| F | 679 | ||
| G | 680 | ||
| H | 680 | ||
| I | 680 | ||
| J | 681 | ||
| K | 681 | ||
| L | 681 | ||
| M | 681 | ||
| N | 682 | ||
| O | 682 | ||
| P | 682 | ||
| R | 683 | ||
| S | 683 | ||
| T | 685 | ||
| U | 685 | ||
| V | 686 | ||
| W | 686 | ||
| References | 687 | ||
| Author index | 759 | ||
| A | 759 | ||
| B | 759 | ||
| C | 759 | ||
| D | 760 | ||
| E | 760 | ||
| F | 760 | ||
| G | 760 | ||
| H | 761 | ||
| I | 761 | ||
| J | 761 | ||
| K | 761 | ||
| L | 762 | ||
| M | 762 | ||
| N | 762 | ||
| O | 762 | ||
| P | 763 | ||
| Q | 763 | ||
| R | 763 | ||
| S | 763 | ||
| T | 764 | ||
| V | 764 | ||
| W | 764 | ||
| Y | 764 | ||
| Z | 764 | ||
| Subject index | 765 | ||
| A | 765 | ||
| B | 766 | ||
| C | 767 | ||
| D | 768 | ||
| E | 768 | ||
| F | 769 | ||
| G | 769 | ||
| H | 770 | ||
| I | 770 | ||
| J | 771 | ||
| K | 771 | ||
| L | 771 | ||
| M | 772 | ||
| N | 772 | ||
| O | 772 | ||
| P | 773 | ||
| Q | 774 | ||
| R | 774 | ||
| S | 774 | ||
| T | 776 | ||
| U | 777 | ||
| V | 777 | ||
| W | 777 | ||
| Y | 777 | ||
| Z | 777 |