BOOK
Chemistry: The Central Science in SI Units
Theodore E. Brown | H. Eugene LeMay | Bruce E. Bursten | Catherine Murphy | Patrick Woodward | Author
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in two-semester general chemistry.
Accurate, data-driven authorship with expanded interactivity leads to greater student engagement
Unrivaled problem sets, notable scientific accuracy and currency, and remarkable clarity have made Chemistry: The Central Science the leading general chemistry text for more than a decade. Trusted, innovative, and calibrated, the text increases conceptual understanding and leads to greater student success in general chemistry by building on the expertise of the dynamic author team of leading researchers and award-winning teachers.
Pearson Mastering Chemistry is not included. Students, if Mastering is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.
Mastering is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Useful Conversion Factors and Relationships | Inside Front Cover | ||
| Title Page | 5 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Brief Contents | 9 | ||
| Contents | 11 | ||
| Preface | 25 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 29 | ||
| About the Author | 35 | ||
| 1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement | 46 | ||
| 1.1. The Study of Chemistry | 48 | ||
| The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry | 48 | ||
| Why Study Chemistry? | 49 | ||
| 1.2. Classifications of Matter | 51 | ||
| States of Matter | 51 | ||
| Pure Substances | 51 | ||
| Elements | 52 | ||
| Compounds | 53 | ||
| Mixtures | 54 | ||
| 1.3. Properties of Matter | 56 | ||
| Physical and Chemical Changes | 56 | ||
| Separation of Mixtures | 57 | ||
| 1.4. The Nature of Energy | 59 | ||
| Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy | 59 | ||
| 1.5. Units of Measurement | 61 | ||
| SI Units | 61 | ||
| Length and Mass | 63 | ||
| Temperature | 63 | ||
| Derived SI Units | 64 | ||
| Volume | 64 | ||
| Density | 65 | ||
| Units of Energy | 65 | ||
| 1.6. Uncertainty in Measurement | 68 | ||
| Precision and Accuracy | 68 | ||
| Significant Figures | 69 | ||
| Significant Figures in Calculations | 70 | ||
| 1.7. Dimensional Analysis | 72 | ||
| Conversion Factors | 72 | ||
| Using Two or More Conversion Factors | 74 | ||
| Conversions Involving Volume | 75 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 77 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 78 | ||
| Key Equations | 78 | ||
| Exercises | 79 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 83 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Chemistry and the Chemical Industry | 50 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Scientific Method | 61 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Chemistry in the News | 67 | ||
| Strategies for Success: Estimating Answers | 74 | ||
| Strategies for Success: The Importance of Practice | 76 | ||
| Strategies for Success: The Features of This Book | 76 | ||
| 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions | 86 | ||
| 2.1. The Atomic Theory of Matter | 88 | ||
| 2.2. The Discovery of Atomic Structure | 89 | ||
| Cathode Rays and Electrons | 89 | ||
| Radioactivity | 91 | ||
| The Nuclear Model of the Atom | 92 | ||
| 2.3. The Modern View of Atomic Structure | 93 | ||
| Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes | 95 | ||
| 2.4. Atomic Weights | 97 | ||
| The Atomic Mass Scale | 97 | ||
| Atomic Weight | 97 | ||
| 2.5. The Periodic Table | 99 | ||
| 2.6. Molecules and Molecular Compounds | 102 | ||
| Molecules and Chemical Formulas | 102 | ||
| Molecular and Empirical Formulas | 102 | ||
| Picturing Molecules | 103 | ||
| 2.7. Ions and Ionic Compounds | 104 | ||
| Predicting Ionic Charges | 105 | ||
| Ionic Compounds | 106 | ||
| 2.8. Naming Inorganic Compounds | 109 | ||
| Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds | 109 | ||
| Names and Formulas of Acids | 113 | ||
| Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds | 114 | ||
| 2.9. Some Simple Organic Compounds | 115 | ||
| Alkanes | 115 | ||
| Some Derivatives of Alkanes | 116 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 118 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 118 | ||
| Key Equations | 119 | ||
| Exercises | 119 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 124 | ||
| A Closer Look: Basic Forces | 95 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Mass Spectrometer | 98 | ||
| A Closer Look: What Are Coins Made Of? | 101 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Elements Required by Living Organisms | 108 | ||
| Strategies for Success: How to Take a Test | 117 | ||
| 3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry | 126 | ||
| 3.1. Chemical Equations | 128 | ||
| Balancing Equations | 128 | ||
| A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation | 129 | ||
| Indicating the States of Reactants and Products | 131 | ||
| 3.2. Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity | 132 | ||
| Combination and Decomposition Reactions | 132 | ||
| Combustion Reactions | 134 | ||
| 3.3. Formula Weights | 134 | ||
| Formula and Molecular Weights | 135 | ||
| Percentage Composition from Chemical Formulas | 136 | ||
| 3.4. Avogadro’s Number and the Mole | 137 | ||
| Molar Mass | 138 | ||
| Interconverting Masses and Moles | 140 | ||
| Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles | 141 | ||
| 3.5. Empirical Formulas from Analyses | 142 | ||
| Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas | 144 | ||
| Combustion Analysis | 145 | ||
| 3.6. Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations | 146 | ||
| 3.7. Limiting Reactants | 150 | ||
| Theoretical and Percent Yields | 152 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 154 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 154 | ||
| Key Equations | 154 | ||
| Exercises | 155 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 161 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 162 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 163 | ||
| Strategies for Success: Problem Solving | 136 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Glucose Monitoring | 140 | ||
| Strategies for Success: Design an Experiment | 153 | ||
| 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution | 164 | ||
| 4.1. General Properties of Aqueous Solutions | 166 | ||
| Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes | 166 | ||
| How Compounds Dissolve in Water | 167 | ||
| Strong and Weak Electrolytes | 168 | ||
| 4.2. Precipitation Reactions | 170 | ||
| Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds | 170 | ||
| Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions | 171 | ||
| Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions | 173 | ||
| 4.3. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions | 174 | ||
| Acids | 174 | ||
| Bases | 175 | ||
| Strong and Weak Acids and Bases | 176 | ||
| Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes | 176 | ||
| Neutralization Reactions and Salts | 178 | ||
| Neutralization Reactions with Gas Formation | 180 | ||
| 4.4. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | 181 | ||
| Oxidation and Reduction | 181 | ||
| Oxidation Numbers | 182 | ||
| Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts | 184 | ||
| The Activity Series | 185 | ||
| 4.5. Concentrations of Solutions | 188 | ||
| Molarity | 188 | ||
| Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte | 189 | ||
| Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume | 190 | ||
| Dilution | 191 | ||
| 4.6. Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis | 192 | ||
| Titrations | 194 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 197 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 198 | ||
| Key Equations | 198 | ||
| Exercises | 198 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 203 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 204 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 205 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Antacids | 180 | ||
| Strategies for Success: Analyzing Chemical Reactions | 188 | ||
| 5. Thermochemistry | 206 | ||
| 5.1. The Nature of Chemical Energy | 208 | ||
| 5.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics | 210 | ||
| System and Surroundings | 210 | ||
| Internal Energy | 211 | ||
| Relating E to Heat and Work | 212 | ||
| Endothermic and Exothermic Processes | 214 | ||
| State Functions | 214 | ||
| 5.3. Enthalpy | 216 | ||
| Pressure–Volume Work | 216 | ||
| Enthalpy Change | 218 | ||
| 5.4. Enthalpies of Reaction | 220 | ||
| 5.5. Calorimetry | 222 | ||
| Heat Capacity and Specific Heat | 223 | ||
| Constant-Pressure Calorimetry | 224 | ||
| Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry) | 226 | ||
| 5.6. Hess’s Law | 227 | ||
| 5.7. Enthalpies of Formation | 230 | ||
| Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction | 232 | ||
| 5.8. Bond Enthalpies | 234 | ||
| Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions | 236 | ||
| 5.9. Foods and Fuels | 238 | ||
| Foods | 238 | ||
| Fuels | 240 | ||
| Other Energy Sources | 241 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 244 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 245 | ||
| Key Equations | 245 | ||
| Exercises | 246 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 252 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 254 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 255 | ||
| A Closer Look: Energy, Enthalpy, and P-V Work | 219 | ||
| A Closer Look: Using Enthalpy as a Guide | 222 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: The Regulation of Body Temperature | 227 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: The Scientific and Political Challenges of Biofuels | 242 | ||
| 6. Electronic Structure of Atoms | 256 | ||
| 6.1. The Wave Nature of Light | 258 | ||
| 6.2. Quantized Energy and Photons | 260 | ||
| Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy | 260 | ||
| The Photoelectric Effect and Photons | 261 | ||
| 6.3. Line Spectra and the Bohr Model | 263 | ||
| Line Spectra | 263 | ||
| Bohr’s Model | 264 | ||
| The Energy States of the Hydrogen Atom | 265 | ||
| Limitations of the Bohr Model | 268 | ||
| 6.4. The Wave Behavior of Matter | 268 | ||
| The Uncertainty Principle | 270 | ||
| 6.5. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals | 271 | ||
| Orbitals and Quantum Numbers | 272 | ||
| 6.6. Representations of Orbitals | 275 | ||
| The s Orbitals | 275 | ||
| The p Orbitals | 277 | ||
| The d and f Orbitals | 278 | ||
| 6.7. Many-Electron Atoms | 278 | ||
| Orbitals and Their Energies | 279 | ||
| Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle | 280 | ||
| 6.8. Electron Configurations | 280 | ||
| Hund’s Rule | 282 | ||
| Condensed Electron Configurations | 284 | ||
| Transition Metals | 284 | ||
| The Lanthanides and Actinides | 285 | ||
| 6.9. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table | 285 | ||
| Anomalous Electron Configurations | 288 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 290 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 291 | ||
| Key Equations | 292 | ||
| Exercises | 292 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 297 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 299 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 299 | ||
| A Closer Look: Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle | 270 | ||
| A Closer Look: Thought Experiments and Schrödinger’s Cat | 273 | ||
| A Closer Look: Probability Density and Radial Probability Functions | 277 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 281 | ||
| 7. Periodic Properties of the Elements | 300 | ||
| 7.1. Development of the Periodic Table | 302 | ||
| 7.2. Effective Nuclear Charge | 303 | ||
| 7.3. Sizes of Atoms and Ions | 306 | ||
| Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii | 308 | ||
| Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii | 308 | ||
| 7.4. Ionization Energy | 312 | ||
| Variations in Successive Ionization Energies | 312 | ||
| Periodic Trends in First Ionization Energies | 313 | ||
| Electron Configurations of Ions | 314 | ||
| 7.5. Electron Affinity | 316 | ||
| Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity | 317 | ||
| 7.6. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids | 317 | ||
| Metals | 318 | ||
| Nonmetals | 320 | ||
| Metalloids | 322 | ||
| 7.7. Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A Metals | 322 | ||
| Group 1A: The Alkali Metals | 322 | ||
| Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals | 326 | ||
| 7.8. Trends for Selected Nonmetals | 327 | ||
| Hydrogen | 327 | ||
| Group 6A: The Oxygen Group | 328 | ||
| Group 7A: The Halogens | 329 | ||
| Group 8A: The Noble Gases | 331 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 332 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 333 | ||
| Key Equations | 333 | ||
| Exercises | 334 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 338 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 340 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 341 | ||
| A Closer Look: Effective Nuclear Charge | 306 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Ionic Size and Lithium-Ion Batteries | 311 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs | 325 | ||
| 8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding | 342 | ||
| 8.1. Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule | 344 | ||
| The Octet Rule | 344 | ||
| 8.2. Ionic Bonding | 345 | ||
| Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation | 346 | ||
| Electron Configurations of Ions of the s- and p-Block Elements | 348 | ||
| Transition Metal Ions | 349 | ||
| 8.3. Covalent Bonding | 350 | ||
| Lewis Structures | 351 | ||
| Multiple Bonds | 352 | ||
| 8.4. Bond Polarity and Electronegativity | 353 | ||
| Electronegativity | 353 | ||
| Electronegativity and Bond Polarity | 354 | ||
| Dipole Moments | 355 | ||
| Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonding | 358 | ||
| 8.5. Drawing Lewis Structures | 359 | ||
| Formal Charge and Alternative Lewis Structures | 361 | ||
| 8.6. Resonance Structures | 363 | ||
| Resonance in Benzene | 365 | ||
| 8.7. Exceptions to the Octet Rule | 366 | ||
| Odd Number of Electrons | 367 | ||
| Less Than an Octet of Valence Electrons | 367 | ||
| More Than an Octet of Valence Electrons | 368 | ||
| 8.8. Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds | 369 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 372 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 373 | ||
| Key Equations | 373 | ||
| Exercises | 373 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 378 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 379 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 381 | ||
| A Closer Look: Calculation of Lattice Energies: The Born–Haber Cycle | 349 | ||
| A Closer Look: Oxidation Numbers, Formal Charges, and Actual Partial Charges | 363 | ||
| 9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories | 382 | ||
| 9.1. Molecular Shapes | 384 | ||
| 9.2. The VSEPR Model | 386 | ||
| Applying the VSEPR Model to Determine Molecular Shapes | 387 | ||
| Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles | 391 | ||
| Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells | 391 | ||
| Shapes of Larger Molecules | 394 | ||
| 9.3. Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity | 396 | ||
| 9.4. Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap | 398 | ||
| 9.5. Hybrid Orbitals | 399 | ||
| sp Hybrid Orbitals | 399 | ||
| sp2 and sp3 Hybrid Orbitals | 401 | ||
| Hypervalent Molecules | 403 | ||
| Hybrid Orbital Summary | 403 | ||
| 9.6. Multiple Bonds | 405 | ||
| Resonance Structures, Delocalization, and p Bonding | 409 | ||
| General Conclusions about s and p Bonding | 411 | ||
| 9.7. Molecular Orbitals | 412 | ||
| Molecular Orbitals of the Hydrogen Molecule | 412 | ||
| Bond Order | 414 | ||
| 9.8. Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules | 415 | ||
| Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2 | 416 | ||
| Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals | 417 | ||
| Electron Configurations for B2 through Ne2 | 420 | ||
| Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties | 421 | ||
| Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules | 424 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 426 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 427 | ||
| Key Equations | 428 | ||
| Exercises | 428 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 433 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 436 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 437 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: The Chemistry of Vision | 411 | ||
| A Closer Look: Phases in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals | 418 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Orbitals and Energy | 425 | ||
| 10. Gases | 438 | ||
| 10.1. Characteristics of Gases | 440 | ||
| 10.2. Pressure | 441 | ||
| Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer | 441 | ||
| 10.3. The Gas Laws | 444 | ||
| The Pressure–Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law | 444 | ||
| The Temperature–Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law | 445 | ||
| The Quantity–Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law | 446 | ||
| 10.4. The Ideal-Gas Equation | 447 | ||
| Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws | 450 | ||
| 10.5. Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation | 451 | ||
| Gas Densities and Molar Mass | 451 | ||
| Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions | 453 | ||
| 10.6. Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures | 454 | ||
| Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions | 455 | ||
| 10.7. The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases | 456 | ||
| Distributions of Molecular Speed | 457 | ||
| Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws | 458 | ||
| 10.8. Molecular Effusion and Diffusion | 459 | ||
| Graham’s Law of Effusion | 460 | ||
| Diffusion and Mean Free Path | 461 | ||
| 10.9. Real Gases: Deviations from Ideal Behavior | 463 | ||
| The van der Waals Equation | 465 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 467 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 468 | ||
| Key Equations | 468 | ||
| Exercises | 468 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 474 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 476 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 477 | ||
| Strategies for Success: Calculations Involving Many Variables | 449 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Ideal-Gas Equation | 458 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Gas Separations | 462 | ||
| 11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces | 478 | ||
| 11.1. A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids | 480 | ||
| 11.2. Intermolecular Forces | 482 | ||
| Dispersion Forces | 483 | ||
| Dipole–Dipole Interactions | 484 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonding | 485 | ||
| Ion–Dipole Forces | 488 | ||
| Comparing Intermolecular Forces | 488 | ||
| 11.3. Select Properties of Liquids | 489 | ||
| Viscosity | 490 | ||
| Surface Tension | 491 | ||
| Capillary Action | 492 | ||
| 11.4. Phase Changes | 493 | ||
| Energy Changes Accompany Phase Changes | 493 | ||
| Heating Curves | 494 | ||
| Critical Temperature and Pressure | 495 | ||
| 11.5. Vapor Pressure | 497 | ||
| Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature | 498 | ||
| Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point | 499 | ||
| 11.6. Phase Diagrams | 500 | ||
| The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2 | 501 | ||
| 11.7. Liquid Crystals | 503 | ||
| Types of Liquid Crystals | 503 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 506 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 507 | ||
| Exercises | 507 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 512 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 514 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 515 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Ionic Liquids | 491 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation | 499 | ||
| 12. Solids and Modern Materials | 516 | ||
| 12.1. Classification of Solids | 518 | ||
| 12.2. Structures of Solids | 519 | ||
| Crystalline and Amorphous Solids | 519 | ||
| Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices | 519 | ||
| Filling the Unit Cell | 521 | ||
| 12.3. Metallic Solids | 522 | ||
| The Structures of Metallic Solids | 523 | ||
| Close Packing | 524 | ||
| Alloys | 527 | ||
| 12.4. Metallic Bonding | 530 | ||
| Electron-Sea Model | 530 | ||
| Molecular Orbital Model | 531 | ||
| 12.5. Ionic Solids | 533 | ||
| Structures of Ionic Solids | 534 | ||
| 12.6. Molecular Solids | 538 | ||
| 12.7. Covalent-Network Solids | 538 | ||
| Semiconductors | 539 | ||
| Semiconductor Doping | 541 | ||
| 12.8. Polymers | 544 | ||
| Making Polymers | 545 | ||
| Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers | 548 | ||
| 12.9. Nanomaterials | 550 | ||
| Semiconductors on the Nanoscale | 550 | ||
| Metals on the Nanoscale | 551 | ||
| Carbon on the Nanoscale | 553 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 556 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 557 | ||
| Key Equations | 557 | ||
| Exercises | 558 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 565 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 566 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 567 | ||
| A Closer Look: X-ray Diffraction | 522 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Alloys of Gold | 529 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Solid-State Lighting | 543 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Modern Materials in the Automobile | 547 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Microporous and Mesoporous Materials | 552 | ||
| 13. Properties of Solutions | 568 | ||
| 13.1. The Solution Process | 570 | ||
| The Natural Tendency toward Mixing | 570 | ||
| The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Solution Formation | 571 | ||
| Energetics of Solution Formation | 572 | ||
| Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions | 574 | ||
| 13.2. Saturated Solutions and Solubility | 574 | ||
| 13.3. Factors Affecting Solubility | 576 | ||
| Solute–Solvent Interactions | 576 | ||
| Pressure Effects | 578 | ||
| Temperature Effects | 581 | ||
| 13.4. Expressing Solution Concentration | 582 | ||
| Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb | 582 | ||
| Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality | 583 | ||
| Converting Concentration Units | 584 | ||
| 13.5. Colligative Properties | 586 | ||
| Vapor–Pressure Lowering | 586 | ||
| Boiling-Point Elevation | 588 | ||
| Freezing-Point Depression | 589 | ||
| Osmosis | 591 | ||
| Determination of Molar Mass from Colligative Properties | 594 | ||
| 13.6. Colloids | 596 | ||
| Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids | 597 | ||
| Colloidal Motion in Liquids | 599 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 600 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 601 | ||
| Key Equations | 602 | ||
| Exercises | 602 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 608 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 609 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 611 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins | 577 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving | 581 | ||
| A Closer Look: Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components | 588 | ||
| A Closer Look: The van’t Hoff Factor | 595 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Sickle-Cell Anemia | 599 | ||
| 14. Chemical Kinetics | 612 | ||
| 14.1. Factors That Affect Reaction Rates | 614 | ||
| 14.2. Reaction Rates | 615 | ||
| Change of Rate with Time | 616 | ||
| Instantaneous Rate | 617 | ||
| Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry | 618 | ||
| 14.3. Concentration and Rate Laws | 619 | ||
| Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law | 621 | ||
| Magnitudes and Units of Rate Constants | 623 | ||
| Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws | 624 | ||
| 14.4. The Change of Concentration with Time | 625 | ||
| First-Order Reactions | 625 | ||
| Second-Order Reactions | 627 | ||
| Zero-Order Reactions | 629 | ||
| Half-Life | 629 | ||
| 14.5. Temperature and Rate | 631 | ||
| The Collision Model | 631 | ||
| The Orientation Factor | 632 | ||
| Activation Energy | 632 | ||
| The Arrhenius Equation | 634 | ||
| Determining the Activation Energy | 635 | ||
| 14.6. Reaction Mechanisms | 637 | ||
| Elementary Reactions | 637 | ||
| Multistep Mechanisms | 637 | ||
| Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions | 639 | ||
| The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism | 640 | ||
| Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step | 641 | ||
| Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step | 642 | ||
| 14.7. Catalysis | 644 | ||
| Homogeneous Catalysis | 644 | ||
| Heterogeneous Catalysis | 646 | ||
| Enzymes | 647 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 652 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 652 | ||
| Key Equations | 653 | ||
| Exercises | 653 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 661 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 664 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 665 | ||
| A Closer Look: Using Spectroscopic Methods to Measure Reaction Rates: Beer’s Law | 620 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere | 630 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Catalytic Converters | 648 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase | 650 | ||
| 15. Chemical Equilibrium | 666 | ||
| 15.1. The Concept of Equilibrium | 669 | ||
| 15.2. The Equilibrium Constant | 671 | ||
| Evaluating Kc | 673 | ||
| Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure,Kp | 674 | ||
| Equilibrium Constants and Units | 675 | ||
| 15.3. Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants | 676 | ||
| The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants | 676 | ||
| The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K | 677 | ||
| Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants | 678 | ||
| 15.4. Heterogeneous Equilibria | 680 | ||
| 15.5. Calculating Equilibrium Constants | 682 | ||
| 15.6. Applications of Equilibrium Constants | 684 | ||
| Predicting the Direction of Reaction | 685 | ||
| Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations | 686 | ||
| 15.7. Le Châtelier’s Principle | 688 | ||
| Change in Reactant or Product Concentration | 690 | ||
| Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes | 691 | ||
| Effect of Temperature Changes | 693 | ||
| The Effect of Catalysts | 695 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 698 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 699 | ||
| Key Equations | 699 | ||
| Exercises | 700 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 705 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 706 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 707 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: The Haber Process | 672 | ||
| A Closer Look: Temperature Changes and Le Châtelier’s Principle | 695 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions | 698 | ||
| 16. Acid–Base Equilibria | 708 | ||
| 16.1. Arrhenius Acids and Bases | 710 | ||
| 16.2. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases | 711 | ||
| The H+ Ion in Water | 711 | ||
| Proton-Transfer Reactions | 711 | ||
| Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs | 712 | ||
| Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases | 714 | ||
| 16.3. The Autoionization of Water | 716 | ||
| The Ion Product of Water | 716 | ||
| 16.4. The pH Scale | 718 | ||
| pOH and Other “p” Scales | 720 | ||
| Measuring pH | 721 | ||
| 16.5. Strong Acids and Bases | 722 | ||
| Strong Acids | 722 | ||
| Strong Bases | 723 | ||
| 16.6. Weak Acids | 724 | ||
| Calculating Ka from pH | 725 | ||
| Percent Ionization | 726 | ||
| Using Ka to Calculate pH | 727 | ||
| Polyprotic Acids | 731 | ||
| 16.7. Weak Bases | 734 | ||
| Types of Weak Bases | 734 | ||
| 16.8. Relationship Between Ka and Kb | 737 | ||
| 16.9. Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions | 740 | ||
| An Anion’s Ability to React with Water | 740 | ||
| A Cation’s Ability to React with Water | 740 | ||
| Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution | 741 | ||
| 16.10. Acid–Base Behavior and Chemical Structure | 743 | ||
| Factors That Affect Acid Strength | 743 | ||
| Binary Acids | 744 | ||
| Oxyacids | 745 | ||
| Carboxylic Acids | 747 | ||
| 16.11. Lewis Acids and Bases | 748 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 751 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 751 | ||
| Key Equations | 752 | ||
| Exercises | 752 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 757 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 759 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 759 | ||
| A Closer Look: Polyprotic Acids | 733 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides | 739 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: The Amphiprotic Behavior of Amino Acids | 747 | ||
| 17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria | 760 | ||
| 17.1. The Common-Ion Effect | 762 | ||
| 17.2. Buffers | 765 | ||
| Composition and Action of Buffers | 765 | ||
| Calculating the pH of a Buffer | 767 | ||
| Buffer Capacity and pH Range | 770 | ||
| Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers | 770 | ||
| 17.3. Acid–Base Titrations | 773 | ||
| Strong Acid–Strong Base Titrations | 774 | ||
| Weak Acid–Strong Base Titrations | 776 | ||
| Titrating with an Acid–Base Indicator | 780 | ||
| Titrations of Polyprotic Acids | 782 | ||
| 17.4. Solubility Equilibria | 783 | ||
| The Solubility-Product Constant, Ksp | 784 | ||
| Solubility and Ksp | 785 | ||
| 17.5. Factors That Affect Solubility | 787 | ||
| The Common-Ion Effect | 787 | ||
| Solubility and pH | 788 | ||
| Formation of Complex Ions | 790 | ||
| Amphoterism | 793 | ||
| 17.6. Precipitation and Separation of Ions | 795 | ||
| Selective Precipitation of Ions | 796 | ||
| 17.7. Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements | 797 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 800 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 801 | ||
| Key Equations | 801 | ||
| Exercises | 802 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 807 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 808 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 809 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Blood as a Buffered Solution | 773 | ||
| A Closer Look: Limitations of Solubility Products | 787 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Tooth Decay and Fluoridation | 790 | ||
| A Closer Look: Lead Contamination in Drinking Water | 794 | ||
| 18. Chemistry of the Environment | 810 | ||
| 18.1. Earth’s Atmosphere | 812 | ||
| Composition of the Atmosphere | 813 | ||
| Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere | 814 | ||
| Ozone in the Stratosphere | 817 | ||
| 18.2. Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere | 818 | ||
| The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion | 818 | ||
| Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain | 820 | ||
| Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog | 823 | ||
| Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate | 824 | ||
| 18.3. Earth’s Water | 828 | ||
| The Global Water Cycle | 828 | ||
| Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas | 829 | ||
| Freshwater and Groundwater | 830 | ||
| 18.4. Human Activities and Water Quality | 831 | ||
| Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality | 832 | ||
| Water Purification: Desalination | 832 | ||
| Water Purification: Municipal Treatment | 833 | ||
| 18.5. Green Chemistry | 836 | ||
| Supercritical Solvents | 838 | ||
| Greener Reagents and Processes | 838 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 841 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 841 | ||
| Exercises | 842 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 847 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 848 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 849 | ||
| A Closer Look: Other Greenhouse Gases | 827 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Ogallala Aquifer—A Shrinking Resource | 831 | ||
| A Closer Look: Fracking and Water Quality | 834 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Ocean Acidification | 836 | ||
| 19. Chemical Thermodynamics | 850 | ||
| 19.1. Spontaneous Processes | 852 | ||
| Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity | 853 | ||
| Reversible and Irreversible Processes | 854 | ||
| 19.2. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | 856 | ||
| The Relationship between Entropy and Heat | 856 | ||
| S for Phase Changes | 857 | ||
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | 858 | ||
| 19.3. The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics | 859 | ||
| Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level | 859 | ||
| Boltzmann’s Equation and Microstates | 860 | ||
| Molecular Motions and Energy | 862 | ||
| Making Qualitative Predictions about S | 863 | ||
| The Third Law of Thermodynamics | 865 | ||
| 19.4. Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions | 866 | ||
| Temperature Variation of Entropy | 866 | ||
| Standard Molar Entropies | 867 | ||
| Calculating the Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction | 868 | ||
| Entropy Changes in the Surroundings | 868 | ||
| 19.5. Gibbs Free Energy | 869 | ||
| Standard Free Energy of Formation | 872 | ||
| 19.6. Free Energy and Temperature | 874 | ||
| 19.7. Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant | 876 | ||
| Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions | 876 | ||
| Relationship between G ° and K | 878 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 880 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 881 | ||
| Key Equations | 881 | ||
| Exercises | 882 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 888 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 890 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 891 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Entropy Change When a Gas Expands Isothermally | 858 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Entropy and Human Society | 866 | ||
| A Closer Look: What’s “Free” About Free Energy? | 873 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions: Coupling Reactions | 879 | ||
| 20. Electrochemistry | 892 | ||
| 20.1. Oxidation States and Oxidation– Reduction Reactions | 894 | ||
| 20.2. Balancing Redox Equations | 896 | ||
| Half-Reactions | 896 | ||
| Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions | 896 | ||
| Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution | 899 | ||
| 20.3. Voltaic Cells | 901 | ||
| 20.4. Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions | 904 | ||
| Standard Reduction Potentials | 905 | ||
| Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents | 910 | ||
| 20.5. Free Energy and Redox Reactions | 912 | ||
| Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant | 913 | ||
| 20.6. Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions | 915 | ||
| The Nernst Equation | 916 | ||
| Concentration Cells | 918 | ||
| 20.7. Batteries and Fuel Cells | 921 | ||
| Lead–Acid Battery | 922 | ||
| Alkaline Battery | 922 | ||
| Nickel–Cadmium and Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries | 922 | ||
| Lithium-Ion Batteries | 923 | ||
| Hydrogen Fuel Cells | 923 | ||
| 20.8. Corrosion | 926 | ||
| Corrosion of Iron (Rusting) | 926 | ||
| Preventing Corrosion of Iron | 927 | ||
| 20.9. Electrolysis | 928 | ||
| Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis | 930 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 933 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 934 | ||
| Key Equations | 934 | ||
| Exercises | 934 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 941 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 942 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 943 | ||
| A Closer Look: Electrical Work | 915 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Heartbeats and Electrocardiography | 920 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Batteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles | 924 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Electrometallurgy of Aluminum | 931 | ||
| 21. Nuclear Chemistry | 944 | ||
| 21.1. Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations | 946 | ||
| Nuclear Equations | 946 | ||
| Types of Radioactive Decay | 947 | ||
| 21.2. Patterns of Nuclear Stability | 949 | ||
| Neutron-to-Proton Ratio | 949 | ||
| Radioactive Decay Chains | 951 | ||
| Further Observations | 952 | ||
| 21.3. Nuclear Transmutations | 953 | ||
| Accelerating Charged Particles | 954 | ||
| Reactions Involving Neutrons | 955 | ||
| Transuranium Elements | 955 | ||
| 21.4. Rates of Radioactive Decay | 956 | ||
| Radiometric Dating | 957 | ||
| Calculations Based on Half-Life | 959 | ||
| 21.5. Detection of Radioactivity | 961 | ||
| Radiotracers | 961 | ||
| 21.6. Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions | 963 | ||
| Nuclear Binding Energies | 965 | ||
| 21.7. Nuclear Power: Fission | 966 | ||
| Nuclear Reactors | 969 | ||
| Nuclear Waste | 971 | ||
| 21.8. Nuclear Power: Fusion | 972 | ||
| 21.9. Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems | 974 | ||
| Radiation Doses | 975 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 977 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 978 | ||
| Key Equations | 979 | ||
| Exercises | 979 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 983 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 984 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 985 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Medical Applications of Radiotracers | 962 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Dawning of the Nuclear Age | 969 | ||
| A Closer Look: Nuclear Synthesis of the Elements | 973 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Radiation Therapy | 976 | ||
| 22. Chemistry of the Nonmetals | 986 | ||
| 22.1. Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions | 988 | ||
| Chemical Reactions | 989 | ||
| 22.2. Hydrogen | 990 | ||
| Isotopes of Hydrogen | 990 | ||
| Properties of Hydrogen | 991 | ||
| Production of Hydrogen | 992 | ||
| Uses of Hydrogen | 993 | ||
| Binary Hydrogen Compounds | 993 | ||
| 22.3. Group 18: The Noble Gases | 994 | ||
| Noble-Gas Compounds | 995 | ||
| 22.4. Group 17: The Halogens | 996 | ||
| Properties and Production of the Halogens | 996 | ||
| Uses of the Halogens | 998 | ||
| The Hydrogen Halides | 998 | ||
| Interhalogen Compounds | 998 | ||
| Oxyacids and Oxyanions | 998 | ||
| 22.5. Oxygen | 999 | ||
| Properties of Oxygen | 999 | ||
| Production of Oxygen | 1000 | ||
| Uses of Oxygen | 1000 | ||
| Ozone | 20 | ||
| Oxides | 1000 | ||
| Peroxides and Superoxides | 1002 | ||
| 22.6. The Other Group 16 Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po | 1002 | ||
| Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te | 1003 | ||
| Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium | 1003 | ||
| Sulfides | 1003 | ||
| Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur | 1004 | ||
| 22.7. Nitrogen | 1006 | ||
| Properties of Nitrogen | 1006 | ||
| Production and Uses of Nitrogen | 1006 | ||
| Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen | 1006 | ||
| Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen | 1007 | ||
| 22.8. The Other Group 15 Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi | 1009 | ||
| Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus | 1010 | ||
| Phosphorus Halides | 1010 | ||
| Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus | 1011 | ||
| 22.9. Carbon | 1013 | ||
| Elemental Forms of Carbon | 1013 | ||
| Oxides of Carbon | 1014 | ||
| Carbonic Acid and Carbonates | 1015 | ||
| Carbides | 1016 | ||
| 22.10. The Other Group 14 Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb | 1016 | ||
| General Characteristics of the Group | 1016 | ||
| Elements | 20 | ||
| Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon | 1017 | ||
| Silicates | 1017 | ||
| Glass | 1019 | ||
| Silicones | 1020 | ||
| 22.11. Boron | 1020 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 1022 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1023 | ||
| Exercises | 1023 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 1027 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 1028 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 1029 | ||
| A Closer Look: The Hydrogen Economy | 992 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Nitroglycerin, Nitric Oxide, and Heart Disease | 1009 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: Arsenic in Drinking Water | 1012 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Carbon Fibers and Composites | 1014 | ||
| 23. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry | 1030 | ||
| 23.1. The Transition Metals | 1032 | ||
| Physical Properties | 1033 | ||
| Electron Configurations and Oxidation States | 1034 | ||
| Magnetism | 1035 | ||
| 23.2. Transition-Metal Complexes | 1036 | ||
| The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner’s Theory | 1037 | ||
| The Metal–Ligand Bond | 1039 | ||
| Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries | 1040 | ||
| 23.3. Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry | 1041 | ||
| Metals and Chelates in Living Systems | 1043 | ||
| 23.4. Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry | 1047 | ||
| Isomerism | 1049 | ||
| Structural Isomerism | 1049 | ||
| Stereoisomerism | 1050 | ||
| 23.5. Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry | 1053 | ||
| Color | 1053 | ||
| Magnetism of Coordination Compounds | 1055 | ||
| 23.6. Crystal-Field Theory | 1055 | ||
| Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes | 1059 | ||
| Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes | 1061 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 1065 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1065 | ||
| Exercises | 1066 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 1070 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 1072 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 1073 | ||
| A Closer Look: Entropy and the Chelate Effect | 1045 | ||
| Chemistry and Life: The Battle for Iron in Living Systems | 1046 | ||
| A Closer Look: Charge-Transfer Color | 1063 | ||
| 24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry | 1074 | ||
| 24.1. General Characteristics of Organic Molecules | 1076 | ||
| The Structures of Organic Molecules | 1076 | ||
| The Stability of Organic Compounds | 1077 | ||
| Solubility and Acid–Base Properties of Organic Compounds | 1077 | ||
| 24.2. Introduction to Hydrocarbons | 1078 | ||
| Structures of Alkanes | 1079 | ||
| Structural Isomers | 1079 | ||
| Nomenclature of Alkanes | 1080 | ||
| Cycloalkanes | 1083 | ||
| Reactions of Alkanes | 1083 | ||
| 24.3. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 1085 | ||
| Alkenes | 1085 | ||
| Alkynes | 1087 | ||
| Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes | 1088 | ||
| Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 1089 | ||
| Stabilization of p Electrons by Delocalization | 1090 | ||
| Substitution Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons | 1090 | ||
| 24.4. Organic Functional Groups | 1092 | ||
| Alcohols | 1092 | ||
| Ethers | 1094 | ||
| Aldehydes and Ketones | 1094 | ||
| Carboxylic Acids and Esters | 1095 | ||
| Amines and Amides | 1098 | ||
| 24.5. Chirality in Organic Chemistry | 1099 | ||
| 24.6. Introduction to Biochemistry | 1101 | ||
| 24.7. Proteins | 1101 | ||
| Amino Acids | 1101 | ||
| Polypeptides and Proteins | 1103 | ||
| Protein Structure | 1104 | ||
| 24.8. Carbohydrates | 1106 | ||
| Disaccharides | 1107 | ||
| Polysaccharides | 1108 | ||
| 24.9. Lipids | 1109 | ||
| Fats | 1109 | ||
| Phospholipids | 1110 | ||
| 24.10. Nucleic Acids | 1111 | ||
| Chapter Summary and Key Terms | 1115 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1116 | ||
| Exercise | 1116 | ||
| Additional Exercises | 1121 | ||
| Integrative Exercises | 1122 | ||
| Design an Experiment | 1123 | ||
| Chemistry Put to Work: Gasoline | 1084 | ||
| A Closer Look: Mechanism of Addition Reactions | 1089 | ||
| Strategies for Success: What Now? | 1114 | ||
| A: Mathematical Operations | 1124 | ||
| B: Properties of Water | 1131 | ||
| C: Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C) | 1132 | ||
| D: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants | 1136 | ||
| E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 °C | 1138 | ||
| Answers to Selected Exercises | 1139 | ||
| Answers to Give it Some Thought | 1169 | ||
| Answers to Go Figure | 1175 | ||
| Answers to Selected Practice Exercises | 1181 | ||
| Glossary | 1189 | ||
| Photo and Art Credits | 1207 | ||
| Index | 1211 | ||
| Common Ions | BEP-1 | ||
| Fundamental Constants | BEP-1 | ||
| Periodic Table of the Elements | Inside Back Cover | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |