BOOK
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Global Edition
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in Human Geography.
Strengthening readers’ connection to geography through active, discovery-based learning
Trusted for its timeliness, readability, and sound pedagogy, The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography emphasizes the relevance of geographic concepts to human challenges. The relationship between globalization and diversity is woven throughout; Rubenstein addresses these themes with a clear organization and presentation that engages students and appeals to instructors.
The Twelfth Edition challenges readers to apply geography tools and techniques to their local environments, bridging the global and the local, and getting students to interact with their local geography.New applied activities and debate features further strengthen readers’ ties to the geography all around them.
Pearson MasteringGeography™ not included. Students, if Pearson MasteringGeography is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Pearson MasteringGeography should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
Pearson MasteringGeography is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product proven to improve results by helping students quickly master human geography concepts. Interactive, self-paced coaching activities provide individualized coaching to help students stay on track. With a wide range of activities available, students can actively learn, understand, and retain even the most difficult concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Strengthens Students’ Connection to Geography through Active, Discovery-Based Learning | 1 | ||
| World States | 2 | ||
| Active, Discovery-Based Learning | 4 | ||
| A Focus on Sustainability | 5 | ||
| A Redined Learning Path | 6 | ||
| Visualizing Earth's People & Places | 7 | ||
| Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with Pearson Mastering Geography | 8 | ||
| Pearson Mastering Geography | 10 | ||
| www.MasteringGeography.com | 11 | ||
| Title Page | 13 | ||
| Copyright Page | 14 | ||
| Brief Contents | 15 | ||
| Contents | 16 | ||
| Preface | 23 | ||
| Digital & Print Resources | 28 | ||
| About the Author | 30 | ||
| About Our Sustainability Initiatives | 31 | ||
| 1. This Is Geography | 34 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Why Is Geography a Science? | 36 | ||
| Introducing Geography | 36 | ||
| Cartography: The Science of Mapmaking | 38 | ||
| Contemporary Geographic Tools | 40 | ||
| Doing Geography: Data Collection & Mental Mapping | 40 | ||
| What’s Your Geography? | 40 | ||
| Interpreting Maps | 42 | ||
| The Geographic Grid | 44 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique? | 46 | ||
| Place: A Unique Location | 46 | ||
| Region: A Unique Area | 48 | ||
| Culture Regions | 50 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Are Different Places Similar? | 52 | ||
| Scale: Global and Local | 52 | ||
| Space: Distribution of Features | 54 | ||
| Space: Cultural Identity | 56 | ||
| Space: Inequality | 58 | ||
| Connections: Diffusion | 60 | ||
| Connections: Spatial Interaction | 62 | ||
| Debate It! GPS location services: On or off? | 63 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable? | 64 | ||
| Geography, Sustainability, and Resources | 64 | ||
| Sustainability and Earth’s Physical Systems | 66 | ||
| Geography, Sustainability, and Ecology | 68 | ||
| Sustainable Environmental Change | 70 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: The Everglades | 72 | ||
| Summary & Review | 73 | ||
| Key Terms | 74 | ||
| 2. Population and Health | 76 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s People Distributed? | 78 | ||
| Introducing Population and Health | 78 | ||
| Population Concentrations | 80 | ||
| Population Density | 82 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Is World Population Increasing? | 84 | ||
| Natural Increase | 84 | ||
| Births and Deaths | 86 | ||
| Doing Geography: The Future Population of the World | 87 | ||
| What’s Your Population Geography? | 87 | ||
| The Demographic Transition | 88 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? | 90 | ||
| Health and Gender | 90 | ||
| Health and Aging | 92 | ||
| Medical Services | 94 | ||
| The Epidemiologic Transition | 96 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Might Population Increase in the Future? | 98 | ||
| Population and Resources | 98 | ||
| Debate It! Can Earth’s resources support our growing population? | 99 | ||
| Population Futures | 100 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Japan’s Population Decline | 101 | ||
| Epidemiologic Futures | 102 | ||
| Family Futures | 104 | ||
| Summary & Review | 106 | ||
| Key Terms | 107 | ||
| 3. Migration | 108 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s Migrants Distributed? | 110 | ||
| Introducing Migration | 110 | ||
| International Net Migration | 112 | ||
| International and Internal Migration | 114 | ||
| Changing U.S. Immigration | 116 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? | 118 | ||
| Interregional Migration in the United States | 118 | ||
| Interregional Migration in Other Large Countries | 120 | ||
| Intraregional Migration | 122 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do People Migrate? | 124 | ||
| Cultural Reasons for Migrating | 124 | ||
| Environmental Reasons for Migrating | 126 | ||
| Migrating to Find Work | 128 | ||
| Gender and Age of Migrants | 130 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Migrants Face Challenges? | 132 | ||
| Government Immigration Policies | 132 | ||
| U.S. Quota Laws | 134 | ||
| Doing Geography: Claiming Ellis Island | 134 | ||
| What’s Your Migration Geography? | 135 | ||
| U.S.–Mexico Border Issues | 136 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: The Immigration View from Mexico | 136 | ||
| Debate It! Immigration reform: Tougher controls or legal status? | 137 | ||
| Europe’s Immigration Crisis | 138 | ||
| Summary & Review | 140 | ||
| Key Terms | 141 | ||
| 4. Folk and Popular Culture | 142 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? | 144 | ||
| Introducing Folk and Popular Culture | 144 | ||
| Origin, Diffusion, and Distribution of Folk and Popular Culture | 146 | ||
| Geographic Differences Between Folk and Popular Culture | 148 | ||
| Doing Geography: Time Use Surveys | 148 | ||
| What’s Your Leisure Activity? | 148 | ||
| Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Music | 150 | ||
| Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Sports | 152 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? | 154 | ||
| Elements of Material Culture | 154 | ||
| Folk and Popular Clothing | 156 | ||
| Debate It! Should Europe accept face covers for women? | 157 | ||
| Folk Food Customs | 158 | ||
| Popular Food Preferences | 160 | ||
| Folk and Popular Housing | 162 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? | 164 | ||
| Diffusion of TV and Internet | 164 | ||
| Diffusion of Social Media | 166 | ||
| Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media | 168 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Challenges? | 170 | ||
| Sustainability Challenges for Folk Culture | 170 | ||
| Sustainability Challenges for Popular Culture | 172 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Golf Courses | 173 | ||
| Summary & Review | 174 | ||
| Key Terms | 175 | ||
| 5. Languages | 176 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s Languages Distributed? | 178 | ||
| Introducing Languages | 178 | ||
| Language Families | 180 | ||
| Two Largest Language Families | 182 | ||
| Other Large Language Families | 184 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Did English and Related Languages Originate and Diffuse? | 186 | ||
| Distribution of Indo-European Branches | 186 | ||
| Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European | 188 | ||
| Origin and Diffusion of English | 190 | ||
| Global Importance of English | 192 | ||
| Official Languages | 194 | ||
| Debate It! Should English be the official language of the United States? | 195 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Individual Languages Vary Among Places? | 196 | ||
| English Dialects | 196 | ||
| U.S. Dialects | 198 | ||
| Dialect or Language? | 200 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Gender Differences in Language | 201 | ||
| Multilingual Places | 202 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Local Languages Survive? | 204 | ||
| Endangered Languages | 204 | ||
| Preserving Languages | 206 | ||
| Isolated and Extinct Languages | 208 | ||
| New and Growing Languages | 210 | ||
| Doing Geography: Finding a New Language | 211 | ||
| What’s Your Language Geography? | 211 | ||
| Summary & Review | 212 | ||
| Key Terms | 213 | ||
| 6. Religions | 214 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are the World’s Religions Distributed? | 216 | ||
| Introducing Religions | 216 | ||
| Global Distribution of Religions | 218 | ||
| Distribution of Christians | 220 | ||
| Distribution of Muslims and Buddhists | 222 | ||
| Distribution of Ethnic Religions | 224 | ||
| Distribution of Other Religions | 226 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Do Religions Have Distinctive Distributions? | 228 | ||
| Origin of Christianity and Islam in Southwest Asia | 228 | ||
| Origin of Buddhism and Hinduism in South Asia | 230 | ||
| Historical Diffusion of Religions | 232 | ||
| Recent Migration of Christians | 234 | ||
| Migration of Muslims and Jews | 236 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? | 238 | ||
| Places of Worship | 238 | ||
| Religious Settlements and Toponyms | 240 | ||
| Doing Geography: Distribution of Religions | 241 | ||
| What’s Your Geography of Religions? | 241 | ||
| Administration of Space | 242 | ||
| Sacred Space in Universalizing Religions | 244 | ||
| The Landscape in Ethnic Religions | 246 | ||
| Religious Calendars | 248 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? | 250 | ||
| Challenges for Religions in South and East Asia | 250 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Communist China and the Dalai Lama | 251 | ||
| Challenges for Religions in Central and Southwest Asia | 252 | ||
| Geographic Perspectives in the Middle East | 254 | ||
| Jerusalem’s Challenging Geography | 256 | ||
| Debate It! How do perspectives on the separation barrier differ? | 257 | ||
| Summary & Review | 258 | ||
| Key Terms | 259 | ||
| 7. Ethnicities | 260 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? | 262 | ||
| Introducing Ethnicities | 262 | ||
| Ethnicity and Race | 264 | ||
| Doing Geography: Ethnicity and Race and the Census | 265 | ||
| What’s Your Ethnic Geography? | 265 | ||
| Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities | 266 | ||
| Ethnic Enclaves | 268 | ||
| Ethnically Complex Brazil | 270 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? | 272 | ||
| International Migration of Ethnicities | 272 | ||
| Internal Migration of African Americans | 274 | ||
| Segregation by Race | 276 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Might Ethnicities Face Conflicts? | 278 | ||
| Ethnicities and Nationalities | 278 | ||
| Dividing Ethnicities | 280 | ||
| Ethnic Diversity in Asia | 282 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide Occur? | 284 | ||
| Forced Migration in Europe | 284 | ||
| Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina | 286 | ||
| Ethnic Cleansing Elsewhere in the Balkans | 288 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Geographic Evidence of Ethnic Cleansing | 289 | ||
| Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Africa | 290 | ||
| Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa | 292 | ||
| Debate It! Should the United States intervene in ethnic conflicts? | 293 | ||
| Summary & Review | 294 | ||
| Key Terms | 295 | ||
| 8. Political Geography | 296 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are States Distributed? | 298 | ||
| Introducing Political Geography | 298 | ||
| Challenges in Defining States | 300 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Are Nation-States Difficult to Create? | 302 | ||
| Development of States | 302 | ||
| Nation-states and Multinational States | 304 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Rising Oceans and the Future of Nauru | 305 | ||
| Russia: The Largest Multiethnic State | 306 | ||
| Nation-States in the Former Soviet Union | 308 | ||
| Colonies | 310 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems? | 312 | ||
| Cultural Boundaries | 312 | ||
| Geometric Boundaries | 314 | ||
| Physical Boundaries | 316 | ||
| Shapes of States | 318 | ||
| Governing States | 320 | ||
| Electoral Geography | 322 | ||
| Debate It! Should independent commissions decide boundaries? | 323 | ||
| Geography of Gerrymandering | 324 | ||
| Doing Geography: Dueling Gerrymandering in Nevada | 325 | ||
| What’s Your Political Geography? | 325 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Where Do States Face Threats? | 326 | ||
| Global Cooperation and Competition | 326 | ||
| Competition and Cooperation in Europe | 328 | ||
| Terrorist Attacks Against the United States | 330 | ||
| Terrorist Organizations | 332 | ||
| State Support for Terrorism | 334 | ||
| Summary & Review | 336 | ||
| Key Terms | 337 | ||
| 9. Food and Agriculture | 338 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Did Agriculture Originate? | 340 | ||
| Introducing Food and Agriculture | 340 | ||
| Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture | 342 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Do People Consume Different Foods? | 344 | ||
| Diet and Nutrition | 344 | ||
| Source of Nutrients | 346 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Where Is Agriculture Distributed? | 348 | ||
| Agricultural Regions and Climate | 348 | ||
| Subsistence Agriculture in Dry Regions | 350 | ||
| Subsistence Agriculture in Tropical Regions | 352 | ||
| Subsistence Agriculture in Population Concentrations | 354 | ||
| Fishing | 356 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Asian Carp and Chicago’s Economy | 357 | ||
| Commercial Agriculture: Crop-based | 358 | ||
| Commercial Agriculture: Mixed Crop and Livestock | 360 | ||
| Commercial Agriculture: Animal-based | 362 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges? | 364 | ||
| Losing Agricultural Land | 364 | ||
| Improving Agricultural Productivity | 366 | ||
| Conserving Agricultural Resources | 368 | ||
| Doing Geography: California Agriculture and Water | 368 | ||
| What’s Your Food and Agriculture Geography? | 368 | ||
| Applying Biotechnology to Agriculture | 370 | ||
| Debate It! Should GMOs be labeled? | 371 | ||
| Global Food Trade | 372 | ||
| Global Agriculture and Undernourishment | 374 | ||
| Sustainable Agriculture | 376 | ||
| Summary & Review | 378 | ||
| Key Terms | 379 | ||
| 10. Development | 380 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? | 382 | ||
| Introducing Development | 382 | ||
| A Decent Standard of Living | 384 | ||
| Access to Knowledge | 386 | ||
| Health and Wealth | 388 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Are Inequalities in Development Found? | 390 | ||
| Unequal and Uneven Development | 390 | ||
| Gender Inequality | 392 | ||
| Gender Empowerment and Employment | 394 | ||
| Reproductive Health | 396 | ||
| HDI and Gender Inequality | 398 | ||
| Doing Geography: Comparing HDI and GII | 398 | ||
| What’s Your Development Geography? | 399 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Countries Face Challenges to Development? | 400 | ||
| Two Paths to Development | 400 | ||
| World Trade | 402 | ||
| Debate I! Should countries adopt the international trade approach? | 403 | ||
| Financing Development | 404 | ||
| Development Challenges During Hard Times | 406 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Are Countries Making Progress in Development? | 408 | ||
| Fair Trade Standards | 408 | ||
| Measuring Progress | 410 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Sustainable Development Goals | 411 | ||
| Summary & Review | 412 | ||
| Key Terms | 413 | ||
| 11. Industry and Energy | 414 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Is Industry Distributed? | 416 | ||
| Introducing Industry and Energy | 416 | ||
| Industrial Regions | 418 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? | 420 | ||
| Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs | 420 | ||
| Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets | 422 | ||
| Changing Situation Factors: Steel | 424 | ||
| Truck, Train, Ship, or Plane? | 426 | ||
| Site Factors in Industry | 428 | ||
| Changing Site Factors: Clothing | 430 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Industries Face Resource Challenges? | 432 | ||
| Energy Supply | 433 | ||
| Demand for Energy | 434 | ||
| Fossil Fuel Reserves | 436 | ||
| Petroleum Futures | 438 | ||
| Nuclear Energy | 440 | ||
| Energy Alternatives | 442 | ||
| Solar Energy | 444 | ||
| Air Pollution | 446 | ||
| Water Pollution | 448 | ||
| Solid Waste Pollution | 450 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Are Industries Changing Locations? | 452 | ||
| Emerging Industrial Regions | 452 | ||
| Industrial Change in Developed Countries | 454 | ||
| Skilled or Unskilled Labor | 456 | ||
| Debate It! Should the U.S. government buy domestic- or foreign-made clothes? | 456 | ||
| Doing Geography: National Origin of Clothing | 457 | ||
| What’s Your Industrial Geography? | 457 | ||
| Recycling and Remanufacturing | 458 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Remanufacturing | 459 | ||
| Summary & Review | 460 | ||
| Key Terms | 460 | ||
| 12. Services and Settlements | 462 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Where Are Services Distributed? | 464 | ||
| Introducing Services and Settlements | 464 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Are Consumer Services Distributed? | 466 | ||
| Central Place Theory | 466 | ||
| Hierarchy of Consumer Service | 468 | ||
| Market Area Analysis | 470 | ||
| Debate It! Is Walmart good or bad for a settlement? | 470 | ||
| Doing Geography: Locating Supermarkets and Food Deserts | 471 | ||
| What’s Your Retail Geography? | 471 | ||
| Periodic Markets | 472 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: What Types of Services Are Airbnb and Uber? | 473 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Where Are Business Services Distributed? | 474 | ||
| Hierarchy of Business Services | 474 | ||
| Business Services in Developing Countries | 476 | ||
| Economic Specialization of Settlements | 478 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements? | 480 | ||
| Services in Rural Settlements | 480 | ||
| Services in Early Urban Settlements | 482 | ||
| Percent Urban | 484 | ||
| Size of Urban Settlements | 486 | ||
| Summary & Review | 488 | ||
| Key Terms | 489 | ||
| 13. Urban Patterns | 490 | ||
| Key Issue 1: Why Are Downtowns Distinctive? | 492 | ||
| Introducing Urban Patterns | 492 | ||
| The Central Business District | 494 | ||
| Competition for Space in CBDs | 496 | ||
| Key Issue 2: Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? | 498 | ||
| Models of Urban Structure | 498 | ||
| Applying the Models in North America | 500 | ||
| Applying the Models in Europe | 502 | ||
| Pre-modern Cities in Developing Countries | 504 | ||
| Applying the Models in Developing Countries | 506 | ||
| Changing Urban Structure of Mexico City | 508 | ||
| Key Issue 3: Why Do Urban Areas Expand? | 510 | ||
| Origin and Growth of Suburbs | 510 | ||
| Suburban Sprawl | 512 | ||
| Suburban Segregation | 514 | ||
| Legacy of Public Transport | 516 | ||
| Reliance on Motor Vehicles | 518 | ||
| Key Issue 4: Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? | 520 | ||
| The City Challenged | 520 | ||
| The City Renewed | 522 | ||
| The City Contrasted | 524 | ||
| Doing Geography: Market Segmentation: You Are Where You Live | 524 | ||
| What’s Your Urban Geography? | 524 | ||
| Debate It! Can a declining city be stronger by shrinking? | 525 | ||
| The City Cleaned | 526 | ||
| Sustainability & Our Environment: Regional Variations in Electricity | 527 | ||
| The City Controlled | 528 | ||
| Summary & Review | 530 | ||
| Key Terms | 531 | ||
| Afterword | 532 | ||
| Appendix: Map Scale and Projections | 535 | ||
| Glossary | 542 | ||
| Text, Photo, and Illustration Credits | 549 | ||
| Map Index | 555 | ||
| Subject Index | 561 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |