BOOK
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
Frederic H. Martini | Judi L. Nath | Edwin F. Bartholomew
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in two-semester A&P.
Using Art Effectively to Teach the Toughest Topics in A&P
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology helps students succeed in the challenging A&P course with an easy-to-understand narrative, precise visuals, and steadfast accuracy. With the 11th Edition, the author team draws from recent research exploring how students use and digest visual information to help students use art more effectively to learn A&P. New book features encourage students to view and consider figures in the textbook, and new narrated videos guide students through complex physiology figures to help them deconstruct and better understand complicated processes. Instructors can also request a new handbook by Lori Garrett, entitled The Art of Teaching A&P: Six Easy Lessons to Improve Student Learning, which explores some of the most common challenges encountered when using art to teach A&P, alongside strategies to address these challenges.
Pearson Mastering™ Anatomy & Physiology not included. Students, if Pearson Mastering™ Anatomy & Physiology is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Pearson Mastering™ Anatomy & Physiology should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
Pearson Mastering™ Anatomy & Physiology is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to engage students and improve results by helping students stay on track in the course and quickly master challenging A&P concepts. Features in the text are supported Pearson Mastering™ Anatomy & Physiology assignments, including new SmartArt Videos, Interactive Physiology 2.0, Dynamic Study Modules, Learning Catalytics, Spotlight Figure Coaching Activities, lab study tools, Get Ready for A&P, plus a variety of Art Labeling Questions, Clinical Application Questions, and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 15 | ||
| Copyright Page | 16 | ||
| Preface | 19 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 27 | ||
| Contents | 29 | ||
| 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology | 47 | ||
| An Introduction to Studying the Human Body | 48 | ||
| 1-1. To Make the Most of your Learning, Read the Text and View the Art Together | 48 | ||
| Getting to Know Your Textbook | 48 | ||
| Anatomy of a Chapter | 49 | ||
| 1-2. Anatomy (Structure) and Physiology (Function) are Closely Integrated | 49 | ||
| Anatomy | 50 | ||
| Physiology | 51 | ||
| 1-3. Levels of Organization Progress from Chemicals to a Complete Organism | 52 | ||
| 1-4. Medical Terminology is Important to Understanding Anatomy and Physiology | 53 | ||
| 1-5. Anatomical Terms Describe Body Regions, Anatomical Positions and Directions, and Body Sections | 53 | ||
| Surface Anatomy | 53 | ||
| Sectional Anatomy | 59 | ||
| 1-6. Body Cavities of the Trunk Protect Internal Organs and Allow them to Change Shape | 60 | ||
| The Thoracic Cavity | 61 | ||
| The Abdominopelvic Cavity | 64 | ||
| 1-7. Homeostasis, the State of Internal Balance, is Continuously Regulated | 64 | ||
| Mechanisms of Homeostatic Regulation | 65 | ||
| An Overview of the Process of Homeostatic Regulation | 65 | ||
| 1-8. Negative Feedback Opposes Variations from Normal, Whereas Positive Feedback Enhances them | 65 | ||
| The Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis | 66 | ||
| The Role of Positive Feedback in Homeostasis | 68 | ||
| Systems Integration, Equilibrium, and Homeostasis | 69 | ||
| Chapter Review | 70 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 1–10 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting | 68 | ||
| Spotlights: Levels of Organization | 54 | ||
| Clinical Case: Using A&P to Save a Life | 48 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Habeas Corpus (“You Shall Have the Body”) | 51 | ||
| Clinical Notes: The Sounds of the Body | 59 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Diagnostic Imaging Techniques | 62 | ||
| 2. The Chemical Level of Organization | 73 | ||
| An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization | 74 | ||
| 2-1. Atoms are the Basic Particles of Matter | 74 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 74 | ||
| Elements and Isotopes | 75 | ||
| Atomic Weights | 76 | ||
| Electrons and Energy Levels | 77 | ||
| 2-2. Chemical Bonds are Forces Formed by Interactions between Atoms | 78 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 80 | ||
| Covalent Bonds | 81 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonds | 82 | ||
| States of Matter | 83 | ||
| 2-3. Decomposition, Synthesis, and Exchange Reactions are Important Types of Chemical Reactions in Physiology | 83 | ||
| Basic Energy Concepts | 83 | ||
| Types of Chemical Reactions | 84 | ||
| 2-4. Enzymes Speed up Reactions by Lowering the Energy Needed to Start them | 85 | ||
| 2-5. Inorganic Compounds Lack Carbon, and Organic Compounds Contain Carbon | 86 | ||
| 2-6. Physiological Systems Depend on Water | 86 | ||
| The Properties of Aqueous Solutions | 87 | ||
| Colloids and Suspensions | 88 | ||
| 2-7. Body Fluid pH is Vital for Homeostasis | 89 | ||
| 2-8. Acids, Bases, and Salts have Important Physiological Roles | 90 | ||
| Acids and Bases | 90 | ||
| Salts | 90 | ||
| Buffers and pH Control | 90 | ||
| 2-9. Living Things Contain Organic Compounds Made up of Monomers, Polymers, and Functional Groups | 91 | ||
| 2-10. Carbohydrates Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 Ratio | 91 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 91 | ||
| Disaccharides and Polysaccharides | 92 | ||
| 2-11. Lipids Often Contain a Carbon-to-Hydrogen Ratio of 1:2 | 93 | ||
| Fatty Acids | 94 | ||
| Eicosanoids | 94 | ||
| Glycerides | 95 | ||
| Steroids | 96 | ||
| Phospholipids and Glycolipids | 97 | ||
| 2-12. Proteins Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen and are Formed from Amino Acids | 97 | ||
| Protein Structure | 99 | ||
| Protein Shape | 100 | ||
| Enzyme Function | 101 | ||
| Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans | 103 | ||
| 2-13. DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids | 103 | ||
| Structure of Nucleic Acids | 103 | ||
| Comparison of RNA and DNA | 103 | ||
| 2-14. ATP is a High-Energy Compound used by Cells | 105 | ||
| Chapter Review | 107 | ||
| Spotlights: Chemical Notation | 79 | ||
| Clinical Case: What is Wrong With My Baby? | 74 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Radiation Sickness | 78 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Too Sweet on Sugar? | 95 | ||
| 3. The Cellular Level of Organization | 111 | ||
| An Introduction to Cells | 112 | ||
| 3-1. The Plasma Membrane Separates the Cell from its Surrounding Environment and Performs Various Functions | 112 | ||
| Membrane Lipids | 113 | ||
| Membrane Proteins | 113 | ||
| Membrane Carbohydrates | 117 | ||
| 3-2. Organelles Within the Cytoplasm Perform Particular Functions | 117 | ||
| The Cytosol | 118 | ||
| Nonmembranous Organelles | 118 | ||
| Membranous Organelles | 122 | ||
| 3-3. The Nucleus Contains DNA and Enzymes Essential for Controlling Cellular Activities | 129 | ||
| Structure of the Nucleus | 129 | ||
| Information Storage in the Nucleus | 130 | ||
| 3-4. DNA Controls Protein Synthesis, Cell Structure, and Cell Function | 131 | ||
| Regulation of Transcription by Gene Activation | 131 | ||
| Transcription of DNA into mRNA | 131 | ||
| Translation from mRNA into a Polypeptide | 133 | ||
| How DNA Controls Cell Structure and Function | 135 | ||
| 3-5. Diffusion is a Passive Transport Mechanism that Assists Membrane Passage of Solutes and Water | 136 | ||
| Diffusion | 136 | ||
| Osmosis: Diffusion of Water across Selectively Permeable Membranes | 139 | ||
| 3-6. Carrier-Mediated and Vesicular Transport Assist Membrane Passage of Specific Substances | 140 | ||
| Carrier-Mediated Transport | 141 | ||
| Vesicular Transport | 143 | ||
| 3-7. The Membrane Potential of a Cell Results from the Unequal Distribution of Positive and Negative Charges Across the Plasma Membrane | 145 | ||
| 3-8. Stages of the Cell Life Cycle Include Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis | 148 | ||
| The Cell Life Cycle | 148 | ||
| The Mitotic Rate and Energy Use | 149 | ||
| 3-9. Several Factors Regulate the Cell Life Cycle | 149 | ||
| 3-10. Abnormal Cell Growth and Division Characterize Tumors and Cancers | 153 | ||
| 3-11. Cellular Differentiation is Cellular Specialization as a Result of Gene Activation or Repression | 155 | ||
| Chapter Review | 156 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 3–12 mRNA Transcription | 132 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 3–13 the Process of Translation | 134 | ||
| Spotlights: Anatomy of a Model Cell | 114 | ||
| Spotlights: Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging | 124 | ||
| Spotlights: Overview of Membrane Transport | 146 | ||
| Spotlights: Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle | 150 | ||
| Spotlights: DNA Replication | 152 | ||
| Clinical Case: The Beat Must Go On! | 112 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 126 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Free Radicals | 128 | ||
| DNA Fingerprinting | 131 | ||
| Mutations | 133 | ||
| Drugs and the Plasma Membrane | 137 | ||
| Telomerase, Aging, and Cancer | 154 | ||
| Breakthroughs with Stem Cells | 155 | ||
| 4. The Tissue Level of Organization | 160 | ||
| An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization | 161 | ||
| 4-1. The Four Tissue Types are Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous | 161 | ||
| 4-2. Epithelial Tissue Covers Body Surfaces, Lines Internal Surfaces, and Serves Other Essential Functions | 161 | ||
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue | 162 | ||
| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | 163 | ||
| Specializations of Epithelial Cells | 163 | ||
| Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia | 164 | ||
| 4-3. Cell Shape and Number of Layers Determine the Classification of Epithelia | 166 | ||
| Classification of Epithelia | 166 | ||
| Glandular Epithelia | 168 | ||
| 4-4. Connective Tissue has Varied Roles in the Body that Reflect the Physical Properties of its Three Main Types | 172 | ||
| 4-5. Connective Tissue Proper Includes Loose Connective Tissues that Fill Internal Spaces and Dense Connective Tissues that Contribute to the Internal Framework of the Body | 174 | ||
| Structure of Connective Tissue Proper | 174 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissues | 176 | ||
| Dense Connective Tissues | 179 | ||
| Fasciae: Layers of Connective Tissue Proper | 179 | ||
| 4-6. Blood and Lymph are Fluid Connective Tissues that Transport Cells and Dissolved Materials | 181 | ||
| 4-7. The Supporting Connective Tissues Cartilage and Bone Provide a Strong Framework | 182 | ||
| Cartilage | 182 | ||
| Bone | 183 | ||
| 4-8. Tissue Membranes Made from Epithelia and Connective Tissue Make up Four Types of Physical Barriers | 186 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 186 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 186 | ||
| The Cutaneous Membrane | 187 | ||
| Synovial Membranes | 188 | ||
| 4-9. The Three Types of Muscle Tissue are Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth | 188 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 188 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 190 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | 190 | ||
| 4-10. Nervous Tissue Responds to Stimuli and Propagates Electrical Impulses Throughout the Body | 190 | ||
| 4-11. The Response to Tissue Injury Involves Inflammation and Regeneration | 191 | ||
| Inflammation | 191 | ||
| Regeneration | 192 | ||
| 4-12. With Advancing Age, Tissue Regeneration Decreases and Cancer Rates Increase | 192 | ||
| Aging and Tissue Structure | 192 | ||
| Aging and Cancer Incidence | 192 | ||
| Chapter Review | 194 | ||
| Spotlights: Inflammation and Regeneration | 193 | ||
| Clinical Case: The Rubber Girl | 161 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Exfoliative Cytology | 172 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Marfan Syndrome | 177 | ||
| 5. The Integumentary System | 198 | ||
| An Introduction to the Integumentary System | 199 | ||
| 5-1. The Epidermis is a Protective Covering Composed of Layers with Various Functions | 199 | ||
| Cells of the Epidermis: Keratinocytes | 200 | ||
| Layers of the Epidermis | 200 | ||
| Epidermal Growth Factor | 203 | ||
| 5-2. The Dermis is the Tissue Layer that Supports the Epidermis | 204 | ||
| Layers of the Dermis | 204 | ||
| Dermal Strength and Elasticity | 204 | ||
| Tension Lines | 205 | ||
| The Dermal Blood Supply | 205 | ||
| Innervation of the Skin | 206 | ||
| 5-3. The Subcutaneous Layer Connects the Dermis to Underlying Tissues | 206 | ||
| 5-4. Epidermal Pigmentation and Dermal Circulation Influence Skin Color | 207 | ||
| The Role of Epidermal Pigmentation | 207 | ||
| The Role of Dermal Circulation: Hemoglobin | 209 | ||
| Disease-Related Changes in Skin Color | 209 | ||
| 5-5. Sunlight Causes Epidermal Cells to Convert a Steroid into Vitamin D3 | 209 | ||
| 5-6. Hair is Made of Keratinized Dead Cells Pushed to the Skin Surface Where it has Protecting and Insulating Roles | 211 | ||
| Hair and Hair Follicle Structure | 211 | ||
| Hair Production | 212 | ||
| The Hair Growth Cycle | 212 | ||
| Types of Hairs | 214 | ||
| Hair Color | 214 | ||
| 5-7. Sebaceous Glands and Sweat Glands are Exocrine Glands Found in the Skin | 214 | ||
| Sebaceous Glands | 214 | ||
| Sweat Glands | 215 | ||
| Other Integumentary Glands | 216 | ||
| Control of Glandular Secretions and Thermoregulation | 216 | ||
| 5-8. Nails are Keratinized Epidermal Cells that Protect the Tips of Fingers and Toes | 217 | ||
| 5-9. After an Injury, the Integument is Repaired in Several Phases | 218 | ||
| 5-10. Effects of Aging on the Skin Include Thinning, Wrinkling, and Reduced Melanocyte Activity | 221 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Integumentary System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 222 | ||
| Chapter Review | 223 | ||
| Spotlights: The Epidermis | 202 | ||
| Clinical Case: He Has Fish Skin! | 199 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Nips, Tucks, and Shots | 207 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Skin Cancer | 210 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Decubitus Ulcers | 212 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Your Skin, A Mirror of Your Health | 219 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Burns and Grafts | 220 | ||
| 6. Bones and Bone Structure | 226 | ||
| An Introduction to Bones and Bone Tissue | 227 | ||
| 6-1. The Skeletal System has Several Major Functions | 227 | ||
| 6-2. Bones are Classified According to Shape and Structure, and they have a Variety of Bone Markings | 228 | ||
| Bone Shapes | 228 | ||
| Bone Markings | 229 | ||
| Bone Structure | 229 | ||
| 6-3. Bone is Composed of Matrix and Several Types of Cells: Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts | 229 | ||
| Bone Matrix | 229 | ||
| Bone Cells | 231 | ||
| 6-4. Compact Bone Contains Parallel Osteons, and Spongy Bone Contains Trabeculae | 233 | ||
| Compact Bone Structure | 233 | ||
| Spongy Bone Structure | 234 | ||
| Coordinated Functions of Compact and Spongy Bone | 235 | ||
| Surface Coverings of Bone | 235 | ||
| 6-5. Bones form Through Ossification and Enlarge Through Interstitial and Appositional Growth | 236 | ||
| Endochondral Ossification | 237 | ||
| Intramembranous Ossification | 237 | ||
| Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone | 240 | ||
| 6-6. Bone Growth and Development Depend on Bone Remodeling, which is a Balance between Bone Formation and Bone Resorption | 240 | ||
| 6-7. Exercise, Nutrition, and Hormones Affect Bone Development and the Skeletal System | 242 | ||
| The Effects of Exercise on Bone | 242 | ||
| Nutritional and Hormonal Effects on Bone | 243 | ||
| 6-8. Calcium Plays a Critical Role in Bone Physiology | 244 | ||
| The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve | 244 | ||
| Hormones and Calcium Ion Balance | 245 | ||
| 6-9. A Fracture is a Crack or Break in a Bone | 247 | ||
| 6-10. Osteopenia has Widespread Effects on Aging Bones | 250 | ||
| Chapter Review | 251 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 6-11 Endochondral Ossification | 238 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 6–16 Factors That Increase the Blood Calcium Ion Level | 246 | ||
| Spotlights: Endochondral Ossification | 238 | ||
| Spotlights: Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair | 248 | ||
| Clinical Case: A Case of Child Abuse? | 227 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Heterotopic Bone Formation | 237 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Abnormal Bone Development | 244 | ||
| 7. The Axial Skeleton | 254 | ||
| An Introduction to the Divisions of the Skeleton | 255 | ||
| 7-1. The 80 Bones of the Head and Trunk make up the Axial Skeleton | 255 | ||
| 7-2. The Skull’s 8 Cranial Bones Protect the Brain, and its 14 Facial Bones Form the Mouth, Nose, and Orbits | 255 | ||
| Cranial, Facial, and Associated Bones | 255 | ||
| Sutures | 257 | ||
| Sinuses, Foramina, and Fissures | 271 | ||
| 7-3. Each Orbital Complex Contains and Protects an Eye, and the Nasal Complex Encloses the Nasal Cavities | 271 | ||
| The Orbital Complexes | 271 | ||
| The Nasal Complex | 272 | ||
| 7-4. Fontanelles are Non-Ossified Fibrous Areas Between Cranial Bones that Ease Birth and Allow for Rapid Brain Growth in Infants and Children | 272 | ||
| 7-5. The Vertebral Column has Four Flexible and Supportive Spinal Curves | 274 | ||
| 7-6. The Five Vertebral Regions—Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal—Each have Characteristic Vertebrae | 275 | ||
| Vertebral Anatomy | 275 | ||
| Characteristics of Regional Vertebrae | 276 | ||
| 7-7. The Thoracic Cage Protects Organs in the Chest and Provides Sites for Muscle Attachment | 283 | ||
| The Ribs | 284 | ||
| The Sternum | 285 | ||
| Chapter Review | 285 | ||
| Spotlight: Sectional Anatomy of the Skull | 260 | ||
| Clinical Case: Knocked Out | 255 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome | 270 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Sinusitis | 273 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Craniostenosis | 274 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis | 282 | ||
| 8. The Appendicular Skeleton | 289 | ||
| An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton | 290 | ||
| 8-1. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles Attach the Upper Limbs to the Axial Skeleton | 290 | ||
| The Clavicles | 290 | ||
| The Scapulae | 292 | ||
| 8-2. The Bones of the Upper Limbs are Adapted for Free Movement | 293 | ||
| Arm Bone: The Humerus | 293 | ||
| Bones of the Forearm | 295 | ||
| Bones of the Wrist and Hand | 296 | ||
| 8-3. The Pelvic Girdle (Hips) Attaches the Lower Limbs to the Axial Skeleton | 298 | ||
| The Pelvic Girdle (Hip Bones) | 298 | ||
| The Pelvis (Pelvic Girdle, Sacrum, and Coccyx) | 298 | ||
| 8-4. The Bones of the Lower Limbs are Adapted for Movement and Support | 300 | ||
| The Femur (Thighbone) | 300 | ||
| The Patella (Kneecap) | 301 | ||
| Bones of the Leg | 303 | ||
| Bones of the Ankle and Foot | 303 | ||
| 8-5. Differences in Sex and Age Account for Individual Skeletal Variation | 306 | ||
| Chapter Review | 308 | ||
| Spotlights: Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton | 307 | ||
| Clinical Case: Timber!! | 290 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 297 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Hip Fracture | 301 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Shin Splints | 303 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Stress Fractures | 305 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Club Foot | 306 | ||
| 9. Joints | 311 | ||
| An Introduction to Joints | 312 | ||
| 9-1. Joints are Categorized According to their Structure or Range of Motion | 312 | ||
| 9-2. Diarthroses: Synovial Joints Contain Synovial Fluid and are Surrounded by a Joint Capsule and Stabilizing Accessory Structures | 314 | ||
| Articular Cartilage | 314 | ||
| Synovial Fluid | 315 | ||
| Accessory Structures | 315 | ||
| Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints | 316 | ||
| 9-3. Diarthroses: The Different Types of Synovial Joints Allow a Wide Range of Skeletal Movements | 316 | ||
| Types of Movements at Synovial Joints | 316 | ||
| Classification of Synovial Joints | 322 | ||
| 9-4. Intervertebral Joints Contain Intervertebral Discs and Ligaments that Allow for Vertebral Movements | 322 | ||
| Structure of Intervertebral Joints | 322 | ||
| Vertebral Movements | 323 | ||
| 9-5. The Elbow and Knee are both Hinge Joints | 324 | ||
| The Elbow Joint | 324 | ||
| The Knee Joint | 325 | ||
| 9-6. The Shoulder and Hip are Both Ball-and-Socket Joints | 327 | ||
| The Shoulder Joint | 328 | ||
| The Hip Joint | 329 | ||
| 9-7. With Advancing Age, Arthritis and Other Degenerative Changes Often Impair Joint Mobility | 331 | ||
| 9-8. The Skeletal System Supports and Stores Energy and Minerals for Other Body Systems | 332 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Skeletal System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 333 | ||
| Chapter Review | 334 | ||
| Spotlights: Joint Movement | 318 | ||
| Clinical Case: What’s the Matter with the Birthday Girl? | 312 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Bursitis and Bunions | 316 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Dislocation | 316 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Damage to Intervertebral Discs | 327 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Knee Injuries | 328 | ||
| 10. Muscle Tissue | 337 | ||
| An Introduction to Muscle Tissue | 338 | ||
| 10-1. The Primary Function of Muscle Tissue is to Produce Movement | 338 | ||
| Common Properties of Muscle Tissue | 338 | ||
| Functions of Skeletal Muscle | 338 | ||
| 10-2. Skeletal Muscle Contains Muscle Tissue, Connective Tissues, Blood Vessels, and Nerves | 339 | ||
| Organization of Connective Tissues and Muscle Tissue | 339 | ||
| Function of Skeletal Muscle Components | 339 | ||
| 10-3. Skeletal Muscle Fibers are Organized into Repeating Functional Units that Contain Sliding Filaments | 340 | ||
| The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules | 341 | ||
| The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | 342 | ||
| Myofibrils | 342 | ||
| Sarcomeres | 343 | ||
| The Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction | 347 | ||
| 10-4. Motor Neurons Stimulate Skeletal Muscle Fibers to Contract at the Neuromuscular Junction | 348 | ||
| Electrical Impulses and Excitable Membranes | 348 | ||
| The Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity | 349 | ||
| 10-5. Muscle Fibers Produce Different Amounts of Tension Depending on Sarcomere Length and Frequency of Stimulation | 357 | ||
| Length–Tension Relationships | 357 | ||
| Frequency of Stimulation | 358 | ||
| 10-6. Skeletal Muscles Produce Increased Tension by Recruiting Additional Motor Units | 361 | ||
| Motor Units | 361 | ||
| Types of Muscle Contractions | 362 | ||
| Load and Speed of Contraction | 364 | ||
| Muscle Relaxation and the Return to Resting Length | 365 | ||
| 10-7. To Maintain Regular Muscle Fiber Activity, Energy and Recovery are Required | 365 | ||
| ATP Generation and Muscle Fiber Contraction | 365 | ||
| Muscle Metabolism and Varying Activity Levels | 366 | ||
| The Recovery Period | 368 | ||
| Hormones and Muscle Metabolism | 369 | ||
| 10-8. Muscle Performance Depends on Muscle Fiber Type and Physical Conditioning | 369 | ||
| Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | 369 | ||
| Muscle Performance and the Distribution of Muscle Fibers | 369 | ||
| Muscle Hypertrophy, Atrophy, and Effects of Aging | 371 | ||
| Muscle Fatigue | 371 | ||
| Physical Conditioning | 372 | ||
| 10-9. Cardiac Muscle Tissue, Found in the Heart, Produces Coordinated and Automatic Contractions | 373 | ||
| Structural Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 373 | ||
| Functional Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 374 | ||
| 10-10. Smooth Muscle Tissue Contracts to Move Substances Within Internal Passageways | 375 | ||
| Structural Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue | 375 | ||
| Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue | 375 | ||
| Chapter Review | 378 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 10–17 the Arrangement and Activity of Motor Units in a Skeletal Muscle | 361 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 10–20 Muscle Metabolism | 367 | ||
| Spotlights: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction | 350 | ||
| Spotlights: Excitation–Contraction Coupling | 352 | ||
| Spotlights: The Contraction Cycle and Cross-Bridge Formation | 354 | ||
| Clinical Case: Keep on Keepin’ on | 338 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Tetanus | 353 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Rigor Mortis | 353 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness | 372 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Electromyography | 376 | ||
| 11. The Muscular System | 382 | ||
| An Introduction to the Muscular System | 383 | ||
| 11-1. Fascicle Arrangement is Correlated with Muscle Power and Range of Motion | 383 | ||
| Parallel Muscles | 383 | ||
| Convergent Muscles | 383 | ||
| Pennate Muscles | 383 | ||
| Circular Muscles | 384 | ||
| 11-2. The Use of Bones as Levers Increases Muscle Efficiency | 385 | ||
| 11-3. The Origins and Insertions of Muscles Determine their Actions | 385 | ||
| Origins and Insertions | 385 | ||
| Actions | 387 | ||
| 11-4. Descriptive Terms are used to Name Skeletal Muscles | 389 | ||
| Region of the Body | 389 | ||
| Position, Direction, or Fascicle Arrangement | 392 | ||
| Structural Characteristics | 392 | ||
| Action | 392 | ||
| 11-5. Axial Muscles Position the Axial Skeleton, and Appendicular Muscles Support and Move the Appendicular Skeleton | 392 | ||
| 11-6. Axial Muscles are Muscles of the Head and Neck, Vertebral Column, Trunk, and Pelvic Floor | 393 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Neck | 393 | ||
| Muscles of the Vertebral Column | 400 | ||
| Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm | 404 | ||
| Muscles of the Pelvic Floor | 407 | ||
| 11-7. Appendicular Muscles are Muscles of the Shoulders, Upper Limbs, Pelvis, and Lower Limbs | 408 | ||
| Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs | 409 | ||
| Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs | 419 | ||
| 11-8. Exercise of the Muscular System Produces Responses in Multiple Body Systems | 429 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Muscular Systems with the other Body Systems Presented so Far | 430 | ||
| Chapter Review | 431 | ||
| Spotlights: Muscle Action | 388 | ||
| Clinical Case: Downward-Facing Dog | 383 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Intramuscular Injections | 399 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Signs of Stroke | 401 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Hernia | 426 | ||
| 12. Nervous Tissue | 435 | ||
| An Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue | 436 | ||
| 12-1. The Nervous System has Anatomical and Functional Divisions | 436 | ||
| The Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System | 436 | ||
| The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System | 437 | ||
| 12-2. Neurons are Nerve Cells Specialized for Intercellular Communication | 438 | ||
| Functional Characteristics of Neurons | 438 | ||
| The Structure of Neurons | 438 | ||
| The Classification of Neurons | 440 | ||
| 12-3. CNS and PNS Neuroglia Support and Protect Neurons | 441 | ||
| Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System | 441 | ||
| Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System | 445 | ||
| Neural Responses to Injuries | 445 | ||
| 12-4. The Membrane Potential of a Neuron is Determined by Differences in Ion Concentrations and Membrane Permeability | 448 | ||
| The Resting Membrane Potential | 448 | ||
| Changes in the Resting Membrane Potential: Membrane Channels | 451 | ||
| Graded Potentials | 453 | ||
| 12-5. An Action Potential is an All-or-None Electrical Event used for Long-Distance Communication | 455 | ||
| Threshold and the All-or-None Principle | 455 | ||
| Generation of Action Potentials | 455 | ||
| Propagation of Action Potentials | 458 | ||
| Axon Diameter and Propagation Speed | 462 | ||
| 12-6. Synapses Transmit Signals Among Neurons or between Neurons and Other Cells | 462 | ||
| Types of Synapses | 462 | ||
| Function of Chemical Synapses | 463 | ||
| 12-7. The Effects of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Depend on their Receptors | 466 | ||
| Classes of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators | 466 | ||
| The Functions of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators and their Receptors | 467 | ||
| 12-8. Individual Neurons Process Information by Integrating Excitatory and Inhibitory Stimuli | 470 | ||
| Postsynaptic Potentials | 471 | ||
| Presynaptic Regulation: Inhibition and Facilitation | 473 | ||
| The Rate of Action Potential Generation | 473 | ||
| Chapter Review | 474 | ||
| Spotlights: Processes That Produce the Resting Membrane Potential | 449 | ||
| Spotlights: Generation of an Action Potential | 456 | ||
| Spotlights: Propagation of an Action Potential | 460 | ||
| Clinical Case: Did President Franklin D. Roosevelt Really Have Polio? | 436 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Rabies | 439 | ||
| Clinical Notes: CNS Tumors | 444 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Demyelination | 445 | ||
| 13. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes | 479 | ||
| An Introduction to the Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes | 480 | ||
| 13-1. This Text’s Coverage of the Nervous System Parallels its Simple-to-Complex Levels of Organization | 480 | ||
| 13-2. The Spinal Cord is Surrounded by Three Meninges and has Spinal Nerve Roots | 481 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord | 481 | ||
| Protection of the Spinal Cord: Spinal Meninges | 484 | ||
| 13-3. Spinal Cord Gray Matter Integrates Information and Initiates Commands, and White Matter Carries Information from Place to Place | 486 | ||
| Functional Organization of Gray Matter | 486 | ||
| Functional Organization of White Matter | 486 | ||
| 13-4. Spinal Nerves Extend to Form Peripheral Nerves, Sometimes Forming Plexuses Along the Way; these Nerves Carry Sensory and Motor Information | 488 | ||
| Anatomy of Spinal Nerves | 488 | ||
| Peripheral Distribution and Function of Spinal Nerves | 488 | ||
| Nerve Plexuses | 493 | ||
| 13-5. Interneurons are Organized into Functional Groups Called Neuronal Pools | 498 | ||
| 13-6. The Different Types of Neural Reflexes are all Rapid, Automatic Responses to Stimuli | 499 | ||
| The Reflex Arc | 499 | ||
| Classification of Reflexes | 502 | ||
| 13-7. Monosynaptic Reflexes Produce Simple Responses, while Polysynaptic Reflexes can Produce Complex Behaviors | 503 | ||
| Monosynaptic Reflexes | 503 | ||
| Polysynaptic Reflexes | 505 | ||
| 13-8. The Brain can Affect Spinal Cord–Based Reflexes | 506 | ||
| Voluntary Movements and Reflex Motor Patterns | 506 | ||
| Reinforcement and Inhibition | 506 | ||
| Chapter Review | 507 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 13–1 An Overview of Chapters 13 and 14 | 481 | ||
| Spotlights: Structure, Function, and the Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves (T1–L2) | 490 | ||
| Spotlights: Spinal Reflexes | 500 | ||
| Clinical Case: Prom Night | 480 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Anesthesia | 485 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Shingles | 489 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Sensory Innervation in the Hand | 494 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Sensory Innervation in the Ankle and Foot | 497 | ||
| 14. The Brain and Cranial Nerves | 511 | ||
| An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves | 512 | ||
| 14-1. The Brain Develops Four Major Regions: The Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and Brainstem | 512 | ||
| Major Brain Regions and Landmarks | 512 | ||
| Embryology of the Brain | 514 | ||
| Ventricles of the Brain | 514 | ||
| 14-2. The Brain is Protected and Supported by the Cranial Meninges, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier | 515 | ||
| The Cranial Meninges | 515 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 517 | ||
| The Protective Function of the Cranial Meninges and CSF | 519 | ||
| The Blood Supply to the Brain | 519 | ||
| The Blood Brain Barrier | 519 | ||
| 14-3. Brainstem: The Medulla Oblongata Relays Signals between the Rest of the Brain and the Spinal Cord | 520 | ||
| 14-4. Brainstem: The Pons Contains Nuclei that Process and Tracts that Relay Sensory and Motor Information | 523 | ||
| 14-5. Brainstem: The Midbrain Regulates Visual and Auditory Reflexes and Controls Alertness | 524 | ||
| 14-6. The Cerebellum Coordinates Reflexive and Learned Patterns of Muscular Activity at the Subconscious Level | 524 | ||
| Structure of the Cerebellum | 524 | ||
| Functions of the Cerebellum | 524 | ||
| 14-7. The Diencephalon Integrates Sensory Information with Motor Output at the Subconscious Level | 527 | ||
| The Thalamus | 527 | ||
| The Hypothalamus | 528 | ||
| 14-8. The Limbic System is a Group of Nuclei and Tracts that Functions in Emotion, Motivation, and Memory | 530 | ||
| 14-9. The Cerebrum Contains Motor, Sensory, and Association Areas, Allowing for Higher Mental Functions | 532 | ||
| Structure of the Cerebral Cortex and Cerebral Hemispheres | 532 | ||
| The White Matter of the Cerebrum | 532 | ||
| The Basal Nuclei | 534 | ||
| Motor, Sensory, and Association Areas of the Cortex | 536 | ||
| Integrative Centers and Higher Mental Functions | 538 | ||
| Monitoring Brain Activity: The Electroencephalogram | 539 | ||
| 14-10. Cranial Reflexes are Rapid, Automatic Responses Involving Sensory and Motor Fibers of Cranial Nerves | 552 | ||
| Chapter Review | 553 | ||
| Spotlights: Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid | 518 | ||
| Clinical Case: The Neuroanatomist’s Stroke | 512 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages | 517 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Aphasia and Dyslexia | 539 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Concussion and Beyond | 552 | ||
| 15. Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System | 558 | ||
| An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System | 559 | ||
| 15-1. Sensory Stimuli Cause Signals to be Sent Along Sensory Pathways, and in Response Motor Commands are Sent Along Motor Pathways | 559 | ||
| 15-2. Sensory Receptors Connect Our Internal and External Environments with the Nervous System | 560 | ||
| The Detection of Stimuli | 561 | ||
| The Interpretation of Sensory Information | 561 | ||
| 15-3. General Sensory Receptors can be Classified by the Type of Stimulus that Excites them | 563 | ||
| Nociceptors and Pain | 563 | ||
| Thermoreceptors | 564 | ||
| Mechanoreceptors | 564 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 567 | ||
| 15-4. The Afferent Division is Made up of Separate Somatic Sensory and Visceral Sensory Pathways that Deliver Sensory Information to the CNS | 568 | ||
| Somatic Sensory Pathways | 568 | ||
| Visceral Sensory Pathways | 573 | ||
| 15-5. The Somatic Nervous System is an Efferent Division Made up of Somatic Motor Pathways that Control Skeletal Muscles | 573 | ||
| The Corticospinal Pathway | 574 | ||
| The Medial and Lateral Pathways | 576 | ||
| The Monitoring Role of the Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum | 576 | ||
| Chapter Review | 578 | ||
| Spotlights: Somatic Sensory Pathways | 570 | ||
| Clinical Case: Living with Cerebral Palsy | 559 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities | 569 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Phantom Limb Syndrome | 572 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 576 | ||
| 16. The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions | 581 | ||
| An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions | 582 | ||
| 16-1. The Autonomic Nervous System, which has Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions, is Involved in the Unconscious Regulation of Visceral Functions | 582 | ||
| Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems | 582 | ||
| Organization of the ANS | 583 | ||
| Divisions of the ANS | 584 | ||
| 16-2. The Sympathetic Division has Short Preganglionic Fibers and Long Postganglionic Fibers and is Involved in using Energy and Increasing Metabolic Rate | 584 | ||
| Functional Organization of the Sympathetic Division | 584 | ||
| Sympathetic Activation | 589 | ||
| 16-3. Different Types of Neurotransmitters and Receptors Lead to Different Sympathetic Effects | 589 | ||
| Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation of Adrenergic Synapses and Receptors | 590 | ||
| Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation on Other Types of Synapses | 591 | ||
| 16-4. The Parasympathetic Division has Long Preganglionic Fibers and Short Postganglionic Fibers and is Involved in Conserving Energy and Lowering Metabolic Rate | 591 | ||
| Functional Organization of the Parasympathetic Division | 591 | ||
| Parasympathetic Activation | 592 | ||
| 16-5. Different Types of Receptors Lead to Different Parasympathetic Effects | 592 | ||
| Effects of Parasympathetic Stimulation of Cholinergic Receptors | 592 | ||
| Effects of Toxins on Cholinergic Receptors | 592 | ||
| 16-6. The Differences in the Organization of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Structures Lead to Widespread Sympathetic Effects and Specific Parasympathetic Effects | 593 | ||
| Summary of the Sympathetic Division | 594 | ||
| Summary of the Parasympathetic Division | 594 | ||
| 16-7. Dual Innervation of Organs Allows the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions to Coordinate Vital Functions | 594 | ||
| Anatomy of Dual Innervation | 595 | ||
| Autonomic Tone | 597 | ||
| 16-8. Various Levels of Autonomic Regulation Allow for the Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions | 597 | ||
| Visceral Reflexes | 597 | ||
| Higher Levels of Autonomic Control | 598 | ||
| The Integration of ANS and SNS Activities | 598 | ||
| 16-9. Higher-Order Functions Include Memory and States of Consciousness, and Neurotransmitters Influence Behavior | 599 | ||
| Memory | 600 | ||
| States of Consciousness | 602 | ||
| Influence of Neurotransmitters on Brain Chemistry and Behavior | 604 | ||
| 16-10. Aging Produces Various Structural and Functional Changes in the Nervous System | 604 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Nervous System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 606 | ||
| Chapter Review | 607 | ||
| Spotlights: The Autonomic Nervous System | 586 | ||
| Clinical Case: Remember Me? | 582 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Insomnia | 602 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Summary of Nervous System Disorders | 604 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Fainting | 605 | ||
| 17. The Special Senses | 611 | ||
| An Introduction to the Special Senses | 612 | ||
| 17-1. Olfaction, the Sense of Smell, Involves Olfactory Receptors Responding to Airborne Chemical Stimuli | 612 | ||
| Anatomy of the Olfactory Organs | 612 | ||
| Olfactory Receptors and the Physiology of Olfaction | 613 | ||
| Olfactory Pathways | 613 | ||
| Olfactory Discrimination | 616 | ||
| 17-2. Gustation, the Sense of Taste, Involves Gustatory Receptors Responding to Dissolved Chemical Stimuli | 616 | ||
| Anatomy of Papillae and Taste Buds | 616 | ||
| Gustatory Receptors | 616 | ||
| Gustatory Pathways | 616 | ||
| Gustatory Discrimination and Physiology of Gustation | 617 | ||
| 17-3. Internal Eye Structures Contribute to Vision, while Accessory Eye Structures Provide Protection | 618 | ||
| Accessory Structures of the Eye | 618 | ||
| Anatomy of the Eyeball | 620 | ||
| 17-4. The Focusing of Light on the Retina Leads to the Formation of a Visual Image | 627 | ||
| An Introduction to Light | 627 | ||
| Image Formation and Reversal | 628 | ||
| Visual Acuity | 628 | ||
| 17-5. Photoreceptors Transduce Light into Electrical Signals that are then Processed in the Visual Cortex | 629 | ||
| Physiology of Vision | 629 | ||
| The Visual Pathways | 635 | ||
| 17-6. Equilibrium Sensations Monitor Head Position and Movement, While Hearing Involves the Detection and Interpretation of Sound Waves | 638 | ||
| Anatomy of the Ear | 638 | ||
| Equilibrium | 641 | ||
| Hearing | 644 | ||
| Chapter Review | 652 | ||
| Spotlights: Olfaction and Gustation | 614 | ||
| Spotlights: Refractive Problems | 630 | ||
| Spotlights: Photoreception | 632 | ||
| Clinical Case: A Chance to See | 612 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Diabetic Retinopathy | 623 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Detached Retina | 625 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Glaucoma | 626 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Motion Sickness | 645 | ||
| 18. The Endocrine System | 656 | ||
| An Introduction to the Endocrine System | 657 | ||
| 18-1. Homeostasis is Preserved Through Intercellular Communication by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems | 657 | ||
| Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication | 657 | ||
| Comparison of Endocrine and Nervous Communication | 658 | ||
| 18-2. The Endocrine System Regulates Physiological Processes by Releasing Bloodborne Hormones that Bind to Receptors on Remote Target Organs | 659 | ||
| Overview of Endocrine Organs and Tissues | 659 | ||
| Classes of Hormones | 659 | ||
| Transport and Inactivation of Hormones | 659 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | 660 | ||
| Control of Hormone Secretion | 664 | ||
| 18-3. The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland Produces and Releases Hormones Under Hypothalamic Control, while the Posterior Lobe Releases Hypothalamic Hormones | 665 | ||
| Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 665 | ||
| Control of Pituitary Activity by the Hypothalamus | 666 | ||
| The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | 667 | ||
| The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | 671 | ||
| Summary: The Hormones of the Pituitary Gland | 672 | ||
| 18-4. The Thyroid Gland Synthesizes Thyroid Hormones that Affect the Rate of Metabolism | 673 | ||
| Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland | 674 | ||
| Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones | 674 | ||
| Functions of Thyroid Hormones | 677 | ||
| Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin | 677 | ||
| 18-5. The Four Parathyroid Glands Secrete Parathyroid Hormone, which Increases the Blood Calcium Ion Level | 678 | ||
| 18-6. The Paired Adrenal Glands Secrete Several Hormones that Affect Electrolyte Balance and Stress Responses | 680 | ||
| Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands | 680 | ||
| Corticosteroids of the Adrenal Cortex | 680 | ||
| Catecholamines of the Adrenal Medulla | 682 | ||
| 18-7. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin, which Affects the Circadian Rhythm | 683 | ||
| 18-8. The Pancreas is both an Exocrine Organ and an Endocrine Gland that Produces Hormones Affecting the Blood Glucose Level | 683 | ||
| Anatomy of the Pancreas | 684 | ||
| Functions of Pancreatic Islet Cells | 684 | ||
| Hormones that Regulate the Blood Glucose Level | 684 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 687 | ||
| 18-9. Many Organs have Secondary Endocrine Functions | 687 | ||
| The Intestines | 687 | ||
| The Kidneys | 687 | ||
| The Heart | 690 | ||
| The Thymus | 690 | ||
| The Gonads | 690 | ||
| Adipose Tissue | 692 | ||
| 18-10. Hormones Interact Over our Lifetime to Produce Coordinated Physiological Responses | 692 | ||
| Role of Hormones in Growth | 693 | ||
| The Hormonal Responses to Stress | 693 | ||
| The Effects of Hormones on Behavior | 693 | ||
| Aging and Hormone Production | 693 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Endocrine System with the other Body Systems Presented so Far | 696 | ||
| Chapter Review | 697 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 18–16 Anatomy of the Pancreas | 684 | ||
| Spotlights: Structural Classification of Hormones | 661 | ||
| Spotlights: G Proteins and Second Messengers | 663 | ||
| Spotlights: Diabetes Mellitus | 688 | ||
| Spotlights: The General Adaptation Syndrome | 694 | ||
| Clinical Case: Stones, Bones, and Groans | 657 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Diabetes Insipidus | 671 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Endocrine Disorders | 691 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Hormones and Athletic Performance | 695 | ||
| 19. Blood | 702 | ||
| An Introduction to Blood and the Cardiovascular System | 703 | ||
| 19-1. Blood, Composed of Plasma and Formed Elements, Provides Transport, Regulation, and Protective Services to the Body | 703 | ||
| Functions of Blood | 703 | ||
| Characteristics of Blood | 704 | ||
| Components of Blood | 704 | ||
| 19-2. Red Blood Cells, Formed by Erythropoiesis, Contain Hemoglobin that Transports Respiratory Gases | 705 | ||
| Abundance of RBCs: The Hematocrit | 705 | ||
| Relationship of RBC Structure to RBC Function | 705 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 708 | ||
| RBC Formation and Turnover | 710 | ||
| 19-3. The ABO and Rh Blood Groups are Based on Antigen– Antibody Responses | 712 | ||
| ABO and Rh Blood Groups | 712 | ||
| Transfusions | 715 | ||
| 19-4. The Various Types of White Blood Cells Contribute to the Body’s Defenses | 716 | ||
| WBC Characteristics and Functions | 717 | ||
| Types of WBCs | 717 | ||
| The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles | 721 | ||
| WBC Production: Leukopoiesis | 721 | ||
| Regulation of WBC Production | 722 | ||
| 19-5. Platelets, Disc-Shaped Cell Fragments, Function in the Clotting Process | 724 | ||
| Platelet Functions | 724 | ||
| Platelet Production | 724 | ||
| 19-6. The Process of Blood Clotting, or Hemostasis, Stops Blood Loss | 724 | ||
| The Vascular Phase | 725 | ||
| The Platelet Phase | 725 | ||
| The Coagulation Phase | 725 | ||
| Clot Retraction | 729 | ||
| Fibrinolysis | 729 | ||
| Chapter Review | 729 | ||
| Spotlights: The Composition of Whole Blood | 706 | ||
| Spotlights: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 718 | ||
| Clinical Case: Crisis in the Blood | 703 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Plasma Expanders | 704 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Collecting Blood for Analysis | 705 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Bleeding and Clotting Extremes | 728 | ||
| 20. The Heart | 734 | ||
| An Introduction to the Heart as Part of the Cardiovascular System | 735 | ||
| 20-1. The Heart is a Four-Chambered Organ that Pumps Blood Through the Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits | 735 | ||
| Overview of Heart Function: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits | 735 | ||
| Heart Location and Position | 736 | ||
| Heart Superficial Anatomy, Heart Wall, and Cardiac Skeleton | 736 | ||
| Heart Chambers, Valves, and Great Vessels | 740 | ||
| Blood Flow through the Heart Valves | 743 | ||
| The Blood Supply to the Heart | 743 | ||
| 20-2. The Cells of the Conducting System Distribute Electrical Impulses Through the Heart, Causing Cardiac Contractile Cells to Contract | 748 | ||
| Cardiac Physiology: Electrical Impulses Leading to the Contractions Making up a Heartbeat | 748 | ||
| The Conducting System: Pacemaker and Conducting Cells | 748 | ||
| The Electrocardiogram (ECG) | 751 | ||
| Cardiac Contractions: Contractile Cells | 753 | ||
| 20-3. The Contraction–Relaxation Events that Occur During a Complete Heartbeat make up a Cardiac Cycle | 757 | ||
| An Introduction to Pressure and Flow in the Heart | 757 | ||
| Phases of the Cardiac Cycle | 758 | ||
| Pressure and Volume Changes in the Cardiac Cycle | 759 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 761 | ||
| 20-4. Cardiac Output is Determined by Heart Rate and Stroke Volume | 762 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Heart Rate | 762 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Stroke Volume | 765 | ||
| Summary: The Control of Cardiac Output | 767 | ||
| The Heart and the Vessels of the Cardiovascular System | 768 | ||
| Chapter Review | 769 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 20–16 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle | 758 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 20–19 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output | 762 | ||
| Spotlights: Heart Disease and Heart Attacks | 746 | ||
| Spotlights: Cardiac Arrhythmias | 754 | ||
| Clinical Case: A Needle to the Chest | 735 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Faulty Heart Valves | 743 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Broken-Heart Syndrome | 748 | ||
| 21. Blood Vessels and Circulation | 773 | ||
| An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation | 774 | ||
| 21-1. Arteries, which are Elastic or Muscular, and Veins, which Contain Valves, have Three-Layered Walls; Capillaries have Thin Walls with Only One Layer | 774 | ||
| Vessel Wall Structure in Arteries and Veins | 774 | ||
| Differences between Arteries and Veins | 775 | ||
| Arteries | 776 | ||
| Capillaries | 779 | ||
| Veins | 781 | ||
| The Distribution of Blood | 782 | ||
| 21-2. Pressure and Resistance Determine Blood Flow and Affect Rates of Capillary Exchange | 783 | ||
| Introduction to Pressure and Flow in Blood Vessels | 783 | ||
| Pressures Affecting Blood Flow | 783 | ||
| Total Peripheral Resistance | 783 | ||
| An Overview of Cardiovascular Pressures | 785 | ||
| Capillary Exchange and Capillary Pressures | 788 | ||
| 21-3. Blood Flow and Pressure in Tissues are Controlled by both Autoregulation and Central Regulation | 791 | ||
| Vasomotion | 791 | ||
| Overview of Autoregulation and Central Regulation | 791 | ||
| Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues | 791 | ||
| Central Regulation: Neural Mechanisms | 793 | ||
| Central Regulation: Endocrine Mechanisms | 796 | ||
| 21-4. The Cardiovascular System Adapts to Physiological Stress While Maintaining a Special Vascular Supply to the Brain, Heart, and Lungs | 798 | ||
| Vascular Supply to Special Regions | 798 | ||
| The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise | 799 | ||
| The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging and Shock | 801 | ||
| 21-5. The Vessels of the Cardiovascular System Make up both Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits | 802 | ||
| 21-6. In the Pulmonary Circuit, Deoxygenated Blood Enters the Lungs in Arteries, and Oxygenated Blood Leaves the Lungs by Veins | 803 | ||
| 21-7. The Systemic Circuit Carries Oxygenated Blood from the Left Ventricle to Tissues and Organs Other Than the Lungs, and Returns Deoxygenated Blood to the Right Atrium | 804 | ||
| Systemic Arteries | 804 | ||
| The Ascending Aorta | 804 | ||
| The Aortic Arch | 804 | ||
| Systemic Veins | 812 | ||
| 21-8. Modifications of Fetal and Maternal Cardiovascular Systems Promote the Exchange of Materials; the Fetal Cardiovascular System Changes to Function Independently After Birth | 821 | ||
| Fetal Circulatory Route and Placental Blood Supply | 821 | ||
| Fetal Heart and Great Vessels | 821 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | 822 | ||
| 21-9. Aging Affects the Blood, Heart, and Blood Vessels | 824 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Cardiovascular System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 825 | ||
| Chapter Review | 826 | ||
| Spotlights: Congenital Heart Problems | 823 | ||
| Clinical Case: Did Ancient Mummies have Atherosclerosis? | 774 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Arteriosclerosis | 778 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Varicose Veins | 782 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Edema | 790 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Aortic Aneurysm | 809 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Preparing the Circulation for Dialysis | 816 | ||
| 22. The Lymphatic System and Immunity | 831 | ||
| An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity | 832 | ||
| 22-1. The Vessels, Tissues, and Organs of the Lymphatic System Maintain Fluid Volume and Function in Body Defenses | 832 | ||
| Functions of the Lymphatic System | 833 | ||
| Lymphatic Vessels and Circulation of Lymph | 833 | ||
| Lymphoid Cells | 836 | ||
| Lymphoid Tissues | 836 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 838 | ||
| 22-2. Lymphocytes are Important to Innate (Nonspecific) and Adaptive (Specific) Immunity | 842 | ||
| Types of Immunity | 842 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 843 | ||
| 22-3. Innate Defenses Respond the Same Regardless of the Invader | 843 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 843 | ||
| Phagocytes | 846 | ||
| Immune Surveillance | 847 | ||
| Interferons | 848 | ||
| Complement System | 848 | ||
| Inflammation | 848 | ||
| Fever | 851 | ||
| 22-4. Adaptive (Specific) Defenses Respond to Particular Threats and are Either Cell Mediated or Antibody Mediated | 851 | ||
| Lymphocytes of Adaptive Immunity | 851 | ||
| Types of Adaptive Immunity | 851 | ||
| An Introduction to Adaptive Immunity | 852 | ||
| Forms of Adaptive Immunity | 853 | ||
| Properties of Adaptive Immunity | 853 | ||
| 22-5. In Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immunity, Presented Antigens Activate T Cells, which Respond by Producing Cytotoxic and Helper T Cells | 855 | ||
| Activation and Clonal Selection of T Cells | 855 | ||
| Functions of Activated CD8 T Cells | 858 | ||
| Functions of Activated CD4 T Cells: Helper T (TH) and Memory TH Cells | 859 | ||
| Cytokines of Adaptive Defenses | 859 | ||
| Summary of Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immunity | 859 | ||
| 22-6. In Antibody-Mediated Adaptive Immunity, Sensitized B Cells Respond to Antigens by Producing Specific Antibodies | 862 | ||
| B Cell Sensitization and Activation | 862 | ||
| Antibody Structure and Function | 863 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure | 866 | ||
| 22-7. Immunocompetence Enables a Normal Immune Response; Abnormal Responses Result in Immune Disorders | 867 | ||
| Summary of Innate and Adaptive Immunity | 867 | ||
| The Development of Immunocompetence | 868 | ||
| Stress and the Immune Response | 871 | ||
| Immune Disorders | 871 | ||
| 22-8. The Immune Response Diminishes as we Age | 873 | ||
| 22-9. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Influence the Immune Response | 875 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Lymphatic System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 874 | ||
| Chapter Review | 875 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 22–17 Forms of Immunity | 854 | ||
| Spotlights: Cytokines of the Immune System | 860 | ||
| Clinical Case: Isn’t there a Vaccine for that? | 832 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 839 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Lab Tests for Organ Donation | 855 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Organ Donation | 857 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Aids | 873 | ||
| 23. The Respiratory System | 880 | ||
| An Introduction to the Respiratory System | 881 | ||
| 23-1. The Respiratory System, Organized into an Upper Respiratory System and a Lower Respiratory System, Functions Primarily to Aid Gas Exchange | 881 | ||
| Functions of the Respiratory System | 881 | ||
| Organization of the Respiratory System | 881 | ||
| The Respiratory Mucosa and the Respiratory Defense System | 882 | ||
| 23-2. The Conducting Portion of the Upper Respiratory System Filters, Warms, and Humidifies Air | 884 | ||
| The Nose and Nasal Cavity | 884 | ||
| The Pharynx | 885 | ||
| 23-3. The Conducting Portion of the Lower Respiratory System Conducts Air to the Respiratory Portion and Produces Sound | 887 | ||
| The Larynx | 887 | ||
| Sound Production | 889 | ||
| The Trachea | 889 | ||
| The Bronchial Tree | 890 | ||
| 23-4. The Respiratory Portion of the Lower Respiratory System is where Gas Exchange Occurs | 892 | ||
| The Respiratory Bronchioles | 892 | ||
| Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli | 892 | ||
| The Blood Air Barrier | 894 | ||
| 23-5. Enclosed by Pleural Cavities, the Lungs are Paired Organs Made up of Multiple Lobes | 894 | ||
| Anatomy of the Lungs | 894 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Lungs | 896 | ||
| Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes | 896 | ||
| 23-6. External Respiration and Internal Respiration Allow Gas Exchange Within the Body | 897 | ||
| 23-7. Pulmonary Ventilation—Air Exchange Between the Atmosphere and the Lungs—Involves Muscle Actions and Volume Changes that Cause Pressure Changes | 898 | ||
| An Introduction to Airflow | 898 | ||
| Overview of Pulmonary Ventilation: Volume Changes and Pressure Gradients | 899 | ||
| Actions of the Respiratory Muscles | 899 | ||
| Volume Changes in Pulmonary Ventilation | 901 | ||
| Pressure Gradients in Pulmonary Ventilation | 901 | ||
| Summary of Volume Changes and Pressure Gradients during a Respiratory Cycle | 903 | ||
| Physical Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation | 903 | ||
| Measuring Respiratory Rates and Volumes | 903 | ||
| 23-8. Gas Exchange Depends on the Partial Pressures of Gases and the Diffusion of Gas Molecules | 906 | ||
| An Introduction to the Diffusion of Gases | 906 | ||
| Diffusion of Gases across the Blood Air Barrier | 907 | ||
| Summary of Gas Exchange | 908 | ||
| Internal Respiration | 909 | ||
| 23-9. In Gas Transport, Most Oxygen is Transported Bound to Hemoglobin, Whereas Carbon Dioxide is Transported in Three Ways | 910 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 910 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 913 | ||
| Summary of Gas Transport | 914 | ||
| 23-10. Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem, Along with Respiratory Reflexes, Control Respiration | 914 | ||
| Local Regulation of Oxygen Delivery and Ventilation-to- Perfusion Ratio | 914 | ||
| Neural Control of Respiration | 915 | ||
| 23-11. Respiratory Performance Changes Over the Life Span | 922 | ||
| Changes in the Respiratory System in Newborns | 922 | ||
| Changes in the Respiratory System in Elderly Individuals | 922 | ||
| 23-12. The Respiratory System Provides Oxygen to, and Eliminates Carbon Dioxide from, Other Organ Systems | 923 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Respiratory System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 924 | ||
| Chapter Review | 925 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 23–18 A Summary of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration | 909 | ||
| Spotlights: Pulmonary Ventilation | 900 | ||
| Spotlights: Control of Respiration | 918 | ||
| Clinical Case: No Rest for the Weary | 881 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Breakdown of the Respiratory Defense System | 884 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Pneumothorax | 902 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Decompression Sickness | 908 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Blood Gas Analysis | 908 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | 913 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Smoking and the Lungs | 923 | ||
| 24. The Digestive System | 930 | ||
| An Introduction to the Digestive System | 931 | ||
| 24-1. The Digestive System, Consisting of the Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs, Functions Primarily to Break Down and Absorb Nutrients from Food and to Eliminate Wastes | 931 | ||
| Functions and Processes of the Digestive System | 931 | ||
| Relationship between the Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum: The Mesenteries | 933 | ||
| Histology of the Digestive Tract | 935 | ||
| Motility of the Digestive Tract | 936 | ||
| Regulation of Digestive Functions | 937 | ||
| 24-2. The Oral Cavity, which Contains the Tongue, Teeth, and Salivary Glands, Functions in the Ingestion and Mechanical Digestion of Food | 939 | ||
| The Oral Cavity | 939 | ||
| The Tongue | 940 | ||
| The Teeth | 940 | ||
| The Salivary Glands | 942 | ||
| Mechanical Digestion: Mastication (Chewing) | 944 | ||
| 24-3. The Pharynx and Esophagus are Passageways that Transport the Food Bolus from the Oral Cavity to the Stomach | 944 | ||
| The Pharynx | 944 | ||
| The Esophagus | 944 | ||
| Ingestion: Deglutition (Swallowing) | 946 | ||
| 24-4. The Stomach is a J-Shaped Organ that Receives the Bolus and Aids in its Chemical and Mechanical Digestion | 947 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Stomach | 947 | ||
| Histology of the Stomach | 947 | ||
| Secretory Glands and Gastric Secretions | 949 | ||
| Physiology of the Stomach: Chemical Digestion | 951 | ||
| Regulation of Gastric Activity in Phases of Digestion | 951 | ||
| 24-5. Accessory Digestive Organs, Such as the Pancreas and Liver, Produce Secretions that Aid in Chemical Digestion | 951 | ||
| The Pancreas | 954 | ||
| The Liver | 955 | ||
| The Gallbladder | 960 | ||
| 24-6. The Small Intestine Primarily Functions in the Chemical Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients | 961 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Small Intestine | 961 | ||
| Histology of the Small Intestine | 961 | ||
| Physiology of the Small Intestine | 964 | ||
| Regulation: Coordination of Secretion and Absorption in the Digestive Tract | 964 | ||
| 24-7. The Large Intestine, which is Divided into Three Parts, Absorbs Water from Digestive Materials and Eliminates the Remaining Waste as Feces | 967 | ||
| Gross Anatomy and Segments of the Large Intestine | 967 | ||
| Histology of the Large Intestine | 969 | ||
| Physiology of the Large Intestine | 969 | ||
| 24-8. Chemical Digestion is the Enzyme-Mediated Hydrolysis of Food into Nutrients that can be Absorbed and used by the Body | 972 | ||
| Hydrolysis of Nutrients by Enzymes | 972 | ||
| Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption | 973 | ||
| Lipid Digestion and Absorption | 975 | ||
| Protein Digestion and Absorption | 976 | ||
| Nucleic Acid Digestion and Absorption | 976 | ||
| Absorption of Water, Ions, and Vitamins | 976 | ||
| 24-9. Many Age-Related Changes Affect Digestion and Absorption | 977 | ||
| 24-10. The Digestive System is Extensively Integrated with Other body Systems | 978 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Digestive System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 979 | ||
| Chapter Review | 980 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 24–18 Histology of the Liver | 957 | ||
| Spotlights: The Regulation of Gastric Activity | 952 | ||
| Spotlights: The Chemical Events of Digestion | 974 | ||
| Clinical Case: An Unusual Transplant | 931 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Peritonitis | 933 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Epithelial Renewal and Repair | 936 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Mumps | 943 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers | 949 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Pancreatitis | 955 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Cirrhosis | 956 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Colorectal Cancer | 969 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Colonoscopy | 972 | ||
| 25. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics | 985 | ||
| An Introduction to Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics | 986 | ||
| 25-1. Metabolism is the Sum of All the Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions in the Body, and Energetics is the Flow and Transformation of Energy | 986 | ||
| Metabolism | 986 | ||
| Energetics | 988 | ||
| Oxidation and Reduction | 988 | ||
| 25-2. Carbohydrate Metabolism Generates ATP by Glucose Catabolism and Forms Glucose by Gluconeogenesis | 989 | ||
| Overview of Glucose Catabolism | 989 | ||
| Glucose Catabolism: Glycolysis | 989 | ||
| Glucose Catabolism: Fate of Pyruvate | 989 | ||
| Glucose Catabolism: Aerobic Metabolism | 990 | ||
| Glucose Catabolism: Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Aerobic Metabolism | 994 | ||
| Glucose Anabolism: Gluconeogenesis | 996 | ||
| 25-3. Lipid Metabolism Provides Long-Term Storage and Release of Energy | 997 | ||
| Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis | 997 | ||
| Lipid Anabolism: Lipogenesis | 999 | ||
| Lipid Storage and Energy Release | 999 | ||
| Lipid Transport and Distribution | 999 | ||
| 25-4. Protein Metabolism Provides Amino Acids and Synthesizes Proteins | 1002 | ||
| Amino Acid Catabolism | 1002 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 1002 | ||
| 25-5. The Body Experiences Two Patterns of Metabolic Activity: Energy Storage in the Absorptive State and Energy Release in the Postabsorptive State | 1003 | ||
| 25-6. Adequate Nutrition Allows Normal Physiological Functioning | 1005 | ||
| Food Groups and a Balanced Diet | 1005 | ||
| Nitrogen Balance | 1008 | ||
| The Role of Minerals and Vitamins | 1008 | ||
| 25-7. Metabolic Rate is the Average Caloric Expenditure, and Thermoregulation Involves Balancing Heat-Producing and Heat-Losing Mechanisms | 1012 | ||
| Energy Gains and Losses | 1012 | ||
| Thermoregulation | 1013 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1018 | ||
| Spotlights: The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Formation | 993 | ||
| Spotlights: Absorptive and Postabsorptive States | 1006 | ||
| Clinical Case: The Miracle Supplement | 986 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Carbohydrate Loading | 997 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Dietary Fats and Cholesterol | 1001 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Blood Testing for Fat | 1001 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Vitamins | 1011 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Alcohol by the Numbers | 1011 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Alcohol and Disease | 1011 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Anorexia | 1012 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Superfoods | 1012 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Hypothermia in the Operating Room | 1016 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Excess Body Heat | 1017 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Deficient Body Heat | 1017 | ||
| 26. The Urinary System | 1022 | ||
| An Introduction to the Urinary System | 1023 | ||
| 26-1. The Organs of the Urinary System Function in Excreting Wastes and Regulating Body Fluids | 1023 | ||
| Organs of the Urinary System | 1023 | ||
| Urinary System Functions | 1024 | ||
| 26-2. Kidneys are Highly Vascular Organs Containing Functional Units Called Nephrons | 1024 | ||
| Position and Associated Structures of the Kidneys | 1024 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys | 1025 | ||
| Blood Supply and Innervation of the Kidneys | 1026 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys: The Nephron and Collecting System | 1028 | ||
| 26-3. Different Segments of the Nephron Form Urine by Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion | 1033 | ||
| Metabolic Wastes | 1033 | ||
| Basic Processes of Urine Formation | 1033 | ||
| 26-4. The Glomerulus Filters Blood Through the Filtration Membrane to Produce Filtrate; Several Pressures Determine the Glomerular Filtration Rate | 1035 | ||
| Function of the Filtration Membrane | 1035 | ||
| Filtration Pressures | 1035 | ||
| The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | 1036 | ||
| Regulation of the GFR | 1037 | ||
| 26-5. The Renal Tubule Reabsorbs Nutrients, Ions, and Water and Secretes Ions and Wastes; the Collecting System Reabsorbs Ions and Water | 1039 | ||
| Principles of Reabsorption and Secretion | 1039 | ||
| An Overview of Reabsorbed and Secreted Substances | 1040 | ||
| Reabsorption and Secretion along the PCT | 1041 | ||
| Reabsorption and Secretion along the Nephron Loop | 1041 | ||
| Reabsorption and Secretion along the DCT | 1043 | ||
| Reabsorption and Secretion along the Collecting System | 1046 | ||
| 26-6. Countercurrent Multiplication Allows the Kidneys to Regulate the Volume and Concentration of Urine | 1047 | ||
| The Nephron Loop and Countercurrent Multiplication | 1047 | ||
| Regulation of Urine Volume and Osmotic Concentration: Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine | 1049 | ||
| The Function of the Vasa Recta: Countercurrent Exchange | 1051 | ||
| Urine Composition and Analysis | 1051 | ||
| 26-7. Urine is Transported by the Ureters, Stored in the Bladder, and Eliminated Through the Urethra by Urinary Reflexes | 1055 | ||
| The Ureters | 1055 | ||
| The Urinary Bladder | 1056 | ||
| The Urethra | 1057 | ||
| Urinary Reflexes: Urine Storage and Urine Voiding | 1058 | ||
| 26-8. Age-Related Changes Affect Kidney Function and Urination | 1059 | ||
| 26-9. The Urinary System is One of Several Body Systems Involved in Waste Excretion | 1060 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Urinary System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 1061 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1062 | ||
| Smartart Videos: Figure 26–8 the Locations and Structures of Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons | 1031 | ||
| Spotlights: Summary of Renal Function | 1052 | ||
| Clinical Case: a Case of “Hidden” Bleeding | 1023 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Glomerulonephritis | 1030 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Diuretics | 1046 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Urinary Obstruction | 1059 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Renal Failure and Kidney Transplant | 1060 | ||
| 27. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | 1067 | ||
| An Introduction to Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | 1068 | ||
| 27-1. Fluid Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Acid-Base Balance are Interrelated and Essential to Homeostasis | 1068 | ||
| 27-2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF) are Fluid Compartments With Differing Solute Concentrations That are Closely Regulated | 1069 | ||
| Body Water Content | 1069 | ||
| The Fluid Compartments of the ECF and ICF | 1069 | ||
| Solute Exchanges between the ECF and the ICF | 1070 | ||
| An Overview of the Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 1071 | ||
| 27-3. Fluid Balance Involves the Regulation and Distribution of Water Gains and Losses | 1073 | ||
| Fluid Gains and Losses | 1073 | ||
| Water Movement between Fluid Compartments | 1074 | ||
| Fluid Shifts between the ECF and ICF | 1074 | ||
| 27-4. In Electrolyte Balance, the Concentrations of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, and Chloride Ions in Body Fluids are Tightly Regulated | 1076 | ||
| Sodium Balance | 1076 | ||
| Potassium Balance | 1079 | ||
| Balance of Other Electrolytes | 1080 | ||
| 27-5. In Acid-Base Balance, Buffer Systems as well as Respiratory and Renal Compensation Regulate pH Changes in Body Fluids | 1082 | ||
| Types of Acids in the Body | 1082 | ||
| Mechanisms of pH Control: Buffer Systems | 1082 | ||
| Regulation of Acid-Base Balance | 1087 | ||
| 27-6. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance can be Classified as Respiratory or Metabolic | 1088 | ||
| Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders | 1091 | ||
| Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders | 1092 | ||
| Combined Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis | 1095 | ||
| The Detection of Acidosis and Alkalosis | 1095 | ||
| 27-7. Aging Affects Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | 1095 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1097 | ||
| Spotlights: The Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders | 1096 | ||
| Clinical Case: When Treatment Makes You Worse | 1068 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Water and Weight Loss | 1075 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Athletes and Salt Loss | 1079 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Sports Drinks | 1079 | ||
| 28. The Reproductive System | 1101 | ||
| An Introduction to the Reproductive System | 1102 | ||
| 28-1. Male and Female Reproductive System Structures Produce Gametes that Combine to Form a New Individual | 1102 | ||
| 28-2. The Structures of the Male Reproductive System Consist of the Testes, Duct System, Accessory Glands, and Penis | 1103 | ||
| The Testes and Associated Structures | 1103 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Duct System | 1105 | ||
| The Accessory Glands | 1107 | ||
| Semen | 1109 | ||
| The Penis | 1109 | ||
| 28-3. Spermatogenesis Occurs in the Testes, and Hormones from the Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Testes Control Male Reproductive Functions | 1111 | ||
| Overview of Mitosis and Meiosis | 1111 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 1113 | ||
| Maturation of Sperm | 1116 | ||
| The Anatomy of a Sperm | 1116 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproductive Function | 1116 | ||
| 28-4. The Structures of the Female Reproductive System Consist of the Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, and External Genitalia | 1118 | ||
| The Ovaries | 1119 | ||
| The Uterine Tubes | 1120 | ||
| The Uterus | 1121 | ||
| The Vagina | 1124 | ||
| The Female External Genitalia | 1126 | ||
| The Breasts | 1126 | ||
| 28-5. Oogenesis Occurs in the Ovaries, and Hormones from the Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Ovaries Control Female Reproductive Functions | 1128 | ||
| Oogenesis | 1128 | ||
| The Ovarian Cycle | 1131 | ||
| The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle | 1132 | ||
| Hormonal Coordination of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles | 1133 | ||
| 28-6. The Autonomic Nervous System Influences Male and Female Sexual Function | 1137 | ||
| Human Sexual Function | 1137 | ||
| Contraception and Infertility | 1138 | ||
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) | 1139 | ||
| 28-7. Changes in Levels of Reproductive Hormones Cause Functional Changes Throughout the Life Span | 1139 | ||
| Development of the Genitalia | 1139 | ||
| Effects of Aging | 1140 | ||
| 28-8. The Reproductive System Secretes Hormones Affecting Growth and Metabolism of All Body Systems | 1142 | ||
| Build Your Knowledge: Integration of the Reproductive System with the Other Body Systems Presented so Far | 1143 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1144 | ||
| Spotlights: Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproduction | 1117 | ||
| Spotlights: Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproduction | 1134 | ||
| Clinical Case: and Baby Makes Three? | 1102 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Circumcision | 1111 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | 1116 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Enlarged Prostate | 1118 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Prostate Cancer | 1118 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing | 1118 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Ovarian Cancer | 1121 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Pap Smear | 1123 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Fibrocystic Disease and Breast Cancer | 1127 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Laparoscopy | 1128 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Mammoplasty | 1128 | ||
| 29. Development and Inheritance | 1149 | ||
| An Introduction to Development and Inheritance | 1150 | ||
| 29-1. Directed By Inherited Genes, a Fertilized Ovum Differentiates During Prenatal Development to Form an Individual; Postnatal Development Brings that Individual to Maturity | 1150 | ||
| 29-2. Fertilization—The Fusion of a Secondary Oocyte and a Sperm—Forms a Zygote | 1151 | ||
| The Secondary Oocyte and Sperm before Fertilization | 1151 | ||
| The Process of Fertilization | 1151 | ||
| Events after Fertilization | 1152 | ||
| 29-3. Gestation Consists of Three Stages of Prenatal Development: The First, Second, and Third Trimesters | 1153 | ||
| 29-4. The First Trimester Includes Pre-Embryonic and Embryonic Development, Involving the Processes of Cleavage, Implantation, Placentation, and Embryogenesis | 1153 | ||
| The Pre-Embryonic Period | 1154 | ||
| The Embryonic Period | 1155 | ||
| 29-5. During the Second and Third Trimesters, Fetal Development Involves Growth and Organ Function | 1161 | ||
| 29-6. During Gestation, Maternal Organ Systems Support the Developing Fetus; the Reproductive System Undergoes Structural and Functional Changes | 1163 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation during Gestation | 1166 | ||
| Changes in Maternal Organ Systems | 1167 | ||
| 29-7. Childbirth Occurs Through the Process of Labor, Which Consists of the Dilation, Expulsion, and Placental Stages | 1169 | ||
| Initiation of Labor | 1169 | ||
| The Stages of Labor | 1169 | ||
| Difficulties of Labor and Delivery and Multiple Births | 1170 | ||
| 29-8. Postnatal Stages are the Neonatal Period, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity, Followed by Senescence and Death | 1172 | ||
| The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood | 1173 | ||
| Adolescence and Maturity | 1176 | ||
| Senescence and Death | 1177 | ||
| 29-9. Genes and Chromosomes Determine Patterns of Inheritance | 1177 | ||
| Genotype and Phenotype | 1177 | ||
| Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles | 1178 | ||
| Autosomal Patterns of Inheritance | 1178 | ||
| Sex-Linked Patterns of Inheritance | 1181 | ||
| Sources of Individual Variation | 1182 | ||
| Effect of Environmental Factors: Penetrance and Expressivity | 1184 | ||
| The Human Genome | 1184 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1186 | ||
| Spotlights: Extra-Embryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation | 1158 | ||
| Clinical Case: The Twins that Looked Nothing Alike | 1150 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Abortion | 1169 | ||
| Clinical Notes: C-Section | 1172 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Chromosomal Abnormalities | 1183 | ||
| Clinical Notes: Amniocentesis | 1183 | ||
| Answers to Checkpoints, Review Questions, and Clinical Case Wrap-Ups | 1190 | ||
| Appendix A: Normal Physiological Values | 1237 | ||
| Appendix B: Gas Pressure Measurements and Cell Turnover Times | 1239 | ||
| Appendix C: Codon Chart | 1240 | ||
| Appendix D: Periodic Table of the Elements | 1241 | ||
| Glossary | 1242 | ||
| Credits | 1261 | ||
| Index | 1263 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |