BOOK
Fundamentals of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry in SI Units
John E. McMurry | David S. Ballantine | Carl A. Hoeger | Virginia E. Peterson
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (2 - Semester)
A Clear, Flexible Approach to Chemistry for the Modern Classroom
Active learning, an increased focus on clinical examples, updates based on current teaching and research findings, and digital innovations designed to engage and personalize students’ experience make Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry simply the best choice for students with a future in allied health. With the Eighth Edition, the authors make learning chemistry a more active experience through features designed to get students doing chemistry. Every chapter features Hands on Chemistry sections that deepen students’ understanding of chemistry by having them perform elementary experiments with everyday household items. Group Problemsat the end of every chapter are designed for in-class use and motivate students toward higher level thinking, such as how concepts fit together and how to apply these concepts in a clinical application. All of the chapter openers, including many of the Chemistry in Action boxes and end-of-chapter problems, have been rewritten for a stronger clinical focus that provides more relevance to allied health majors.
All content has been updated for the modern classroom with special attention to the biochemistry chapters, making the Eighth Edition of Fundamentals of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry the best choice for future allied health students.
MasteringChemistry™ not included. Students, if MasteringChemistry is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringChemistry should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringChemistry is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students before, during, and after class with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content before class, and they encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics™.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 5 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| About the Authors | 7 | ||
| Brief Contents | 9 | ||
| Contents | 10 | ||
| Features | 16 | ||
| Preface | 18 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 25 | ||
| Chapter 1: Matter and Measurements | 34 | ||
| 1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science | 35 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 1.1 | 37 | ||
| 1.2 States of Matter | 38 | ||
| 1.3 Classification of Matter | 39 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Aspirin—A Case Study | 41 | ||
| 1.4 Chemical Elements and Symbols | 41 | ||
| 1.5 Chemical Reactions: Examples of Chemical Change | 44 | ||
| 1.6 Physical Quantities: Units and Scientific Notation | 45 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning | 46 | ||
| 1.7 Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume | 49 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 1.2 | 51 | ||
| 1.8 Measurement and Significant Figures | 52 | ||
| 1.9 Rounding Off Numbers | 55 | ||
| 1.10 Problem Solving: Unit Conversions and Estimating Answers | 57 | ||
| 1.11 Temperature, Heat, and Energy | 61 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Temperature-Sensitive Materials | 63 | ||
| 1.12 Density and Specific Gravity | 65 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: A Measurement Example: Obesity and Body Fat | 67 | ||
| Chapter 2: Atoms and the Periodic Table | 76 | ||
| 2.1 Atomic Theory and the Structure of Atoms | 77 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Are Atoms Real | 78 | ||
| 2.2 Elements and Atomic Number | 79 | ||
| 2.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass | 80 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 2.1 | 83 | ||
| 2.4 The Periodic Table | 83 | ||
| 2.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups | 86 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Essential Elements and Group Chemistry | 88 | ||
| 2.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms | 89 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 2.2 | 92 | ||
| 2.7 Electron Configurations | 92 | ||
| 2.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table | 96 | ||
| 2.9 Electron-Dot Symbols | 99 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Atoms and Light | 100 | ||
| Chapter 3: Ionic Compounds | 106 | ||
| 3.1 Ions | 107 | ||
| 3.2 Ions and the Octet Rule | 108 | ||
| 3.3 Ions of Some Common Elements | 110 | ||
| 3.4 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation | 112 | ||
| 3.5 Naming Monoatomic Ions | 114 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Salt | 115 | ||
| 3.6 Polyatomic Ions | 116 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Biologically Important Ions | 117 | ||
| 3.7 Ionic Bonds | 118 | ||
| 3.8 Formulas of Ionic Compounds | 119 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 3.1 | 122 | ||
| 3.9 Naming Ionic Compounds | 122 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 3.2 | 124 | ||
| 3.10 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds | 125 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Ionic Liquids | 125 | ||
| 3.11 H+ and OH- Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases | 126 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Osteoporosis | 127 | ||
| Chapter 4: Molecular Compounds | 134 | ||
| 4.1 Covalent Bonds | 135 | ||
| 4.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table | 137 | ||
| 4.3 Multiple Covalent\r Bonds | 140 | ||
| 4.4 Coordinate Covalent\r Bonds | 142 | ||
| 4.5 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds | 143 | ||
| 4.6 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures | 144 | ||
| 4.7 Drawing Lewis Structures | 145 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO and NO: Pollutants or Miracle Molecules? | 150 | ||
| 4.8 The Shapes of Molecules | 150 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: VERY Big Molecules | 155 | ||
| 4.9 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity | 156 | ||
| 4.10 Polar Molecules | 158 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 4.1 | 160 | ||
| 4.11 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds | 161 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Damascenone by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet | 162 | ||
| Chapter 5: Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions | 170 | ||
| 5.1 Chemical\r Equations | 171 | ||
| 5.2 Balancing Chemical\r Equations | 172 | ||
| HANDS-ON\r CHEMISTRY 5.1 | 175 | ||
| 5.3 Precipitation\r Reactions and Solubility Guidelines | 175 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Kidney Stones: A Problem in Solubility | 176 | ||
| 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions | 177 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 5.2 | 178 | ||
| 5.5 Redox Reactions | 179 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Batteries | 184 | ||
| 5.6 Recognizing Redox Reactions | 184 | ||
| 5.7 Net Ionic Equations | 187 | ||
| Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships | 196 | ||
| 6.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number | 197 | ||
| 6.2 Gram–Mole Conversions | 201 | ||
| 6.3 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations | 203 | ||
| 6.4 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations | 204 | ||
| 6.5 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield | 207 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 6.1 | 211 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Anemia—A Limiting Reagent Problem? | 211 | ||
| Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium | 218 | ||
| 7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds | 219 | ||
| 7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions | 219 | ||
| 7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions | 221 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Energy from Food | 225 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 7.1 | 226 | ||
| 7.4 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy | 226 | ||
| 7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction\r Rates | 229 | ||
| 7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates | 231 | ||
| 7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium | 234 | ||
| 7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants | 235 | ||
| 7.9 Le Châtelier’s Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria | 239 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Regulation of Body Temperature | 242 | ||
| Chapter 8: Gases, Liquids, and Solids | 250 | ||
| 8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes | 251 | ||
| 8.2 Intermolecular Forces | 252 | ||
| 8.3 Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory | 257 | ||
| 8.4 Pressure | 257 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Greenhouse Gases and Global\r Warming | 260 | ||
| 8.5 Boyle’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure | 261 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Blood Pressure | 263 | ||
| 8.6 Charles’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature | 264 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 8.1 | 265 | ||
| 8.7 Gay-Lussac’s Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature | 265 | ||
| 8.8 The Combined Gas Law | 267 | ||
| 8.9 Avogadro’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount | 268 | ||
| 8.10 The Ideal Gas Law | 270 | ||
| 8.11 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law | 272 | ||
| 8.12 Liquids | 273 | ||
| 8.13 Solids | 275 | ||
| 8.14 Changes of State Calculations | 277 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: CO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent | 280 | ||
| Chapter 9: Solutions | 288 | ||
| 9.1 Mixtures and Solutions | 289 | ||
| 9.2 The Solution Process | 290 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Solid Hydrates—Salt + Water | 292 | ||
| 9.3 Solubility | 292 | ||
| 9.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility | 293 | ||
| 9.5 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry’s Law | 295 | ||
| 9.6 Units of Concentration | 297 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Breathing and Oxygen Transport | 298 | ||
| 9.7 Dilution | 304 | ||
| 9.8 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes | 306 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks | 308 | ||
| 9.9 Properties of Solutions | 309 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 9.1 | 312 | ||
| 9.10 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure | 313 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 9.2 | 316 | ||
| 9.11 Dialysis | 316 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Timed-Release Drug Delivery Systems | 317 | ||
| Chapter 10: Acids and Bases | 324 | ||
| 10.1 Acids and Bases: Definitions | 325 | ||
| 10.2 Acid and Base Strength | 329 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: GERD—Too Much Acid or Not Enough? | 333 | ||
| 10.3 Acid Dissociation Constants | 334 | ||
| 10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a ase | 335 | ||
| 10.5 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: The pH Scale | 337 | ||
| 10.6 Working with pH | 340 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Acid Rain | 342 | ||
| 10.7 Acid and Base Equivalents | 344 | ||
| 10.8 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions | 345 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 10.1 | 347 | ||
| 10.9 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions | 347 | ||
| 10.10 Buffer Solutions | 348 | ||
| 10.11 Titration | 352 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Buffers in the Body: Acidosis and Alkalosis | 355 | ||
| Chapter 11: Nuclear Chemistry | 362 | ||
| 11.1 Nuclear Reactions | 363 | ||
| 11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity | 364 | ||
| 11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes | 365 | ||
| 11.4 Nuclear Decay | 366 | ||
| 11.5 Radioactive Half-Life | 370 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medical Uses of Radioactivity | 372 | ||
| 11.6 Ionizing Radiation | 375 | ||
| 11.7 Detecting and Measuring Radiation | 377 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Irradiated Food | 379 | ||
| 11.8 Artificial Transmutation | 380 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Body Imaging | 381 | ||
| 11.9 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion | 382 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 11.1 | 385 | ||
| Chapter 12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes | 390 | ||
| 12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules | 391 | ||
| 12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups | 393 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 12.1 | 399 | ||
| 12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers | 399 | ||
| 12.4 Drawing Organic Structures | 402 | ||
| 12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules | 407 | ||
| 12.6 Naming Alkanes | 410 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: How Important Can a Methyl Group Really Be | 417 | ||
| 12.7 Properties of Alkanes | 418 | ||
| 12.8 Reactions of Alkanes | 419 | ||
| MASTERING REACTIONS: Organic Chemistry and the Curved Arrow Formalism | 420 | ||
| 12.9 Cycloalkanes | 424 | ||
| 12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes | 426 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Surprising Uses of Petroleum | 428 | ||
| Chapter 13: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds | 436 | ||
| 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes | 437 | ||
| 13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes | 438 | ||
| 13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis–Trans Isomerism | 441 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY\r 13.1 | 444 | ||
| 13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes | 445 | ||
| 13.5 Types of Organic Reactions | 445 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Chemistry of Vision and Color | 448 | ||
| 13.6 Addition Reactions of Alkenes | 449 | ||
| MASTERING REACTIONS: How Addition Reactions Occur | 456 | ||
| 13.7 Alkene Polymers | 458 | ||
| 13.8 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene | 460 | ||
| 13.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds | 462 | ||
| 13.10 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds | 464 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enediyne Antibiotics: A Newly Emerging Class of Antitumor Agents | 466 | ||
| Chapter 14: Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen | 474 | ||
| 14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers | 475 | ||
| 14.2 Naming Alcohols | 476 | ||
| 14.3 Properties of Alcohols | 480 | ||
| 14.4 Reactions of Alcohols | 481 | ||
| MASTERING REACTIONS: How Eliminations Occur | 483 | ||
| 14.5 Phenols | 488 | ||
| 14.6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols | 490 | ||
| 14.7 Ethers | 490 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Inhaled Anesthetics | 492 | ||
| 14.8 Thiols and Disulfides | 493 | ||
| 14.9 Halogen-Containing Compounds | 494 | ||
| 14.10 Stereochemistry and Chirality | 496 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 14.1 | 498 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Ethanol as a Toxin | 501 | ||
| Chapter 15: Aldehydes and Ketones | 508 | ||
| 15.1 The Carbonyl Group | 509 | ||
| 15.2 Naming Simple Aldehydes and Ketones | 511 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Chemical Warfare among the Insects | 512 | ||
| 15.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones | 513 | ||
| 15.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones | 514 | ||
| 15.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes | 515 | ||
| 15.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones | 517 | ||
| 15.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals | 519 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 15.1 | 526 | ||
| MASTERING REACTIONS: Carbonyl Additions | 527 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: When Is Toxicity Beneficial? | 529 | ||
| Chapter 16: Amines | 536 | ||
| 16.1 Classifying Amines | 537 | ||
| 16.2 Naming and Drawing Amines | 538 | ||
| 16.3 Properties of Amines | 540 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 16.1 | 542 | ||
| 16.4 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds | 543 | ||
| 16.5 Basicity of Amines | 544 | ||
| 16.6 Amine Salts | 547 | ||
| 16.7 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids | 549 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Calming a Stormy Mind: Amines as Anti-Anxiety Medications | 551 | ||
| Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives | 556 | ||
| 17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names | 557 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 17.1 | 565 | ||
| 17.2 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids | 566 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medicinally Important Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives | 568 | ||
| 17.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation | 570 | ||
| 17.4 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides | 573 | ||
| 17.5 Polyamides and Polyesters | 576 | ||
| 17.6 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives | 577 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Medications, Body Fluids, and the “Solubility Switch | 580 | ||
| Chapter 18: Amino Acids and Proteins | 588 | ||
| 18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry | 589 | ||
| 18.2 Proteins and Their Functions: An Overview | 589 | ||
| 18.3 Amino Acids | 591 | ||
| 18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids | 595 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis | 596 | ||
| 18.5 Peptides | 597 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.1 | 599 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Proteins in the Diet | 600 | ||
| 18.6 Protein Structure: An Overview and Primary Protein Structure (1°) | 600 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What Is Sickle-Cell Anemia | 602 | ||
| 18.7 Secondary Protein Structure (2°) | 603 | ||
| 18.8 Tertiary Protein Structure (3°) | 607 | ||
| 18.9 Quaternary Protein Structure (4°) | 612 | ||
| 18.10 Chemical Properties of Proteins | 614 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 18.2 | 616 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Imperfect Collagen—An Unfortunate Event | 617 | ||
| Chapter 19: Enzymes and Vitamins | 624 | ||
| 19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes | 625 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY\r 19.1 | 626 | ||
| 19.2 Enzyme\r Cofactors | 627 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY\r 19.2 | 629 | ||
| 19.3 Enzyme\r Classification | 629 | ||
| MASTERING REACTIONS: How to Read Biochemical Reactions | 629 | ||
| 19.4 How Enzymes Work | 633 | ||
| 19.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity | 636 | ||
| 19.6 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition | 639 | ||
| 19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition | 642 | ||
| 19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control | 644 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs | 646 | ||
| 19.9 Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Minerals | 647 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels | 651 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis | 653 | ||
| Chapter 20: Carbohydrates | 660 | ||
| 20.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates | 661 | ||
| 20.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates and Fischer Projections | 663 | ||
| 20.3 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides | 667 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 20.1 | 669 | ||
| 20.4 Some Important Monosaccharides | 671 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type | 674 | ||
| 20.5 Reactions of Monosaccharides | 674 | ||
| 20.6 Common Disaccharides | 677 | ||
| 20.7 Some Important Polysaccharides Based on Glucose | 680 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Bacterial Cell Walls: Rigid Defense Systems | 682 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 20.2 | 684 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Carbohydrates and Fiber in the Diet | 685 | ||
| Chapter 21: The Generation of Biochemical Energy | 692 | ||
| 21.1 Energy, Life, and Biochemical Reactions | 693 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Plants and Photosynthesis | 696 | ||
| 21.2 Cells and Their Structure | 697 | ||
| 21.3 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production | 698 | ||
| 21.4 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer | 701 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Harmful Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Vitamins | 703 | ||
| 21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions | 703 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Basal Metabolism | 705 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 21.1 | 706 | ||
| 21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes | 706 | ||
| 21.7 The Citric Acid Cycle | 709 | ||
| 21.8 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production | 713 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Metabolic Poisons | 717 | ||
| Chapter 22: Carbohydrate Metabolism | 724 | ||
| 22.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates | 725 | ||
| 22.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview | 725 | ||
| 22.3 Glycolysis | 726 | ||
| 22.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis | 730 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Tooth Decay | 731 | ||
| 22.5 The Fate of Pyruvate | 732 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 22.1 | 734 | ||
| 22.6 Energy Output in Complete Glucose Catabolism | 734 | ||
| 22.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Metabolism during Stress | 735 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 22.2 | 737 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Biochemistry of Running | 738 | ||
| 22.8 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis | 739 | ||
| 22.9 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis from Noncarbohydrates | 740 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes | 742 | ||
| Chapter 23: Lipids | 748 | ||
| 23.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids | 749 | ||
| 23.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters | 751 | ||
| 23.3 Properties of Fats and Oils | 754 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Lipids in the Diet | 755 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 23.1 | 755 | ||
| 23.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols | 756 | ||
| 23.5 Phospholipids and Glycolipids | 758 | ||
| 23.6 Sterols | 763 | ||
| 23.7 Cell Membranes: Structure and Transport | 765 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes | 769 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 23.2 | 770 | ||
| Chapter 24: Lipid Metabolism | 774 | ||
| 24.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols | 775 | ||
| 24.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport | 777 | ||
| 24.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview | 778 | ||
| 24.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols | 780 | ||
| 24.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids | 782 | ||
| 24.6 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis | 785 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Liver—Clearinghouse for Metabolism | 787 | ||
| 24.7 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids | 788 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Fat Storage, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis | 790 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 24.1 | 791 | ||
| Chapter 25: Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism | 796 | ||
| 25.1 Digestion of Proteins | 797 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 25.1 | 798 | ||
| 25.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview | 799 | ||
| 25.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group | 800 | ||
| 25.4 The Urea Cycle | 802 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Gout: When Biochemistry Goes Awry | 804 | ||
| 25.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms | 805 | ||
| 25.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids | 806 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies | 808 | ||
| Chapter 26: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis | 814 | ||
| 26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes | 815 | ||
| 26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids | 815 | ||
| 26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains | 820 | ||
| 26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson–Crick Model | 821 | ||
| 26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity | 824 | ||
| 26.6 Replication of DNA | 824 | ||
| 26.7 Structure and Function of RNA | 827 | ||
| 26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis | 828 | ||
| 26.9 The Genetic Code | 830 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 26.1 | 831 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Influenza: Variations on a Theme | 832 | ||
| 26.10 Translation: tRNA and Protein Synthesis | 833 | ||
| Chapter 27: Genomics | 840 | ||
| 27.1 Mapping the Human Genome | 841 | ||
| 27.2 DNA and Chromosomes | 843 | ||
| 27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms | 845 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 27.1 | 846 | ||
| 27.4 Recombinant DNA | 849 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Polymerase Chain Reaction | 848 | ||
| 27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know | 851 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: DNA Fingerprinting | 854 | ||
| Chapter 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs | 858 | ||
| 28.1 Messenger Molecules | 859 | ||
| 28.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System | 860 | ||
| 28.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight | 863 | ||
| 28.4 Amino Acid Derivatives, Polypeptides, and Steroid Hormones | 865 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: Homeostasis | 868 | ||
| 28.5 Neurotransmitters | 869 | ||
| 28.6 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists | 871 | ||
| 28.7 Histamines, Antihistamines, and Important Neurotransmitters | 873 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY 28.1 | 877 | ||
| Chapter 29: Body Fluids | 882 | ||
| 29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes | 883 | ||
| 29.2 Fluid Balance | 885 | ||
| HANDS-ON CHEMISTRY\r 29.1 | 886 | ||
| 29.3 Blood | 887 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: The Blood–Brain Barrier | 889 | ||
| 29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Blood Cells, and Immunity | 890 | ||
| 29.5 Blood Clotting | 893 | ||
| 29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases | 894 | ||
| 29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation | 897 | ||
| 29.8 Urine Composition and Function | 898 | ||
| CHEMISTRY IN ACTION: What’s in Your Blood Test | 899 | ||
| Appendices | 905 | ||
| Answers to Selected Problems | 911 | ||
| Glossary | 949 | ||
| Credits | 957 | ||
| Index | 959 | ||
| A | 959 | ||
| B | 960 | ||
| C | 961 | ||
| D | 962 | ||
| E | 963 | ||
| F | 963 | ||
| G | 964 | ||
| H | 964 | ||
| I | 965 | ||
| J | 965 | ||
| K | 965 | ||
| L | 965 | ||
| M | 966 | ||
| N | 967 | ||
| O | 967 | ||
| P | 967 | ||
| Q | 968 | ||
| R | 968 | ||
| S | 969 | ||
| T | 970 | ||
| U | 970 | ||
| V | 970 | ||
| W | 971 | ||
| X | 971 | ||
| Z | 971 |