BOOK
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
Elaine N. Marieb | Suzanne M. Keller
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For one-semester Anatomy & Physiology courses.
Focus on the essential what, how, & why of human anatomy & physiology
With the 12th Edition of Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, science educator Suzanne Keller joins bestselling author Elaine Marieb in helping learners focus on the essential What, How, & Why of A&P, without getting sidetracked in unnecessary details.
Thoroughly updated with dozens of new figures, photos, and current information on medical recommendations and terminology, the 12th Edition continues to set the standard for brief, accessible one-semester A&P texts. The authors’ hallmark clear and friendly writing style has been strengthened with familiar analogies and abundant mnemonic cues that help students learn and remember concepts. Continuing to offer just the right balance of anatomy, physiology, and clinical coverage, engaging new chapter previews help learners hone in on what structures and functions they are studying, how they function, and why they are important to learn.
Mastering™ A&P not included. Students, if Mastering A&P is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering A&P should only be purchased when required by an instructor.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Front Cover | ||
| Contents | 17 | ||
| Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation | 27 | ||
| An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology | 27 | ||
| Anatomy | 27 | ||
| Physiology | 28 | ||
| Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology | 28 | ||
| Levels of Structural Organization | 28 | ||
| From Atoms to Organisms | 28 | ||
| Organ System Overview | 29 | ||
| Integumentary System | 29 | ||
| Skeletal System | 29 | ||
| Muscular System | 30 | ||
| Nervous System | 30 | ||
| Endocrine System | 30 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 30 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 30 | ||
| Respiratory System | 30 | ||
| Digestive System | 30 | ||
| Urinary System | 33 | ||
| Reproductive System | 33 | ||
| Maintaining Life | 33 | ||
| Necessary Life Functions | 33 | ||
| Maintaining Boundaries | 33 | ||
| Movement | 33 | ||
| Responsiveness | 34 | ||
| Digestion | 35 | ||
| Metabolism | 35 | ||
| Excretion | 35 | ||
| Reproduction | 35 | ||
| Growth | 35 | ||
| Survival Needs | 35 | ||
| The Language of Anatomy | 38 | ||
| Anatomical Position | 38 | ||
| Directional Terms | 38 | ||
| Regional Terms | 38 | ||
| Anterior Body Landmarks | 38 | ||
| Posterior Body Landmarks | 41 | ||
| Body Planes and Sections | 41 | ||
| Body Cavities | 41 | ||
| Dorsal Body Cavity | 42 | ||
| Ventral Body Cavity | 43 | ||
| Other Body Cavities | 44 | ||
| Homeostasis | 45 | ||
| Components of Homeostatic Control Systems | 45 | ||
| Feedback Mechanisms | 45 | ||
| Summary | 47 | ||
| Review Questions | 48 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 49 | ||
| A Closer Look: Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body | 36 | ||
| Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry | 50 | ||
| Concepts of Matter and Energy | 50 | ||
| Matter | 50 | ||
| Energy | 51 | ||
| Forms of Energy | 51 | ||
| Energy Form Conversions | 51 | ||
| Composition of Matter | 52 | ||
| Elements and Atoms | 52 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 52 | ||
| The Basic Atomic Subparticles | 52 | ||
| Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom | 54 | ||
| Identifying Elements | 54 | ||
| Atomic Number | 55 | ||
| Atomic Mass Number | 55 | ||
| Atomic Weight and Isotopes | 55 | ||
| Molecules and Compounds | 57 | ||
| Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions | 58 | ||
| Bond Formation | 58 | ||
| Role of Electrons | 58 | ||
| Types of Chemical Bonds | 58 | ||
| Patterns of Chemical Reactions | 62 | ||
| Synthesis Reactions | 62 | ||
| Decomposition Reactions | 63 | ||
| Exchange Reactions | 63 | ||
| Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions | 64 | ||
| Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter | 64 | ||
| Inorganic Compounds | 65 | ||
| Water | 65 | ||
| Salts | 65 | ||
| Acids and Bases | 66 | ||
| Organic Compounds | 68 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 69 | ||
| Lipids | 70 | ||
| Proteins | 74 | ||
| Nucleic Acids | 78 | ||
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | 81 | ||
| Summary | 83 | ||
| Review Questions | 85 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 87 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Pharmacy Technician | 82 | ||
| Chapter3: Cells and Tissues | 88 | ||
| Part I: Cells | 88 | ||
| Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life | 88 | ||
| Anatomy of a Generalized Cell | 89 | ||
| The Nucleus | 89 | ||
| Nuclear Envelope | 89 | ||
| Nucleolus | 90 | ||
| Chromatin | 90 | ||
| The Plasma Membrane | 90 | ||
| The Fluid Mosaic Model | 90 | ||
| Cell Membrane Junctions | 92 | ||
| The Cytoplasm | 93 | ||
| Cytosol and Inclusions | 93 | ||
| Organelles | 93 | ||
| Cell Extensions | 97 | ||
| Cilia and Flagella | 97 | ||
| Microvilli | 100 | ||
| Cell Diversity | 100 | ||
| Cell Physiology | 102 | ||
| Membrane Transport | 102 | ||
| Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration | 102 | ||
| Active Processes | 104 | ||
| Cell Division | 108 | ||
| Preparations: DNA Replication | 109 | ||
| Events of Cell Division | 110 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 111 | ||
| Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure | 111 | ||
| The Role of RNA | 111 | ||
| The Process of Protein Synthesis | 112 | ||
| Part II: Body Tissues | 114 | ||
| Epithelial Tissue | 114 | ||
| Hallmarks of Epithelium | 114 | ||
| Classification of Epithelia | 115 | ||
| Simple Epithelia | 115 | ||
| Stratified Epithelia | 116 | ||
| Glandular Epithelium | 119 | ||
| Connective Tissue | 119 | ||
| Hallmarks of Connective Tissue | 119 | ||
| Extracellular Matrix | 120 | ||
| Types of Connective Tissue | 120 | ||
| Bone | 120 | ||
| Cartilage | 120 | ||
| Dense Connective Tissue | 120 | ||
| Loose Connective Tissue | 123 | ||
| Blood | 124 | ||
| Muscle Tissue | 124 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 124 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 124 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 126 | ||
| Nervous Tissue | 126 | ||
| Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) | 126 | ||
| Part III: Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues | 128 | ||
| Summary | 130 | ||
| Review Questions | 133 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 134 | ||
| A Closer Look: IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics” | 105 | ||
| A Closer Look: Cancer—An Intimate Enemy | 130 | ||
| Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes | 135 | ||
| Classification of Body Membranes | 135 | ||
| Epithelial Membranes | 136 | ||
| Cutaneous Membrane | 136 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 136 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 136 | ||
| Connective Tissue Membranes | 136 | ||
| The Integumentary System (Skin) | 138 | ||
| Functions of the Integumentary System | 138 | ||
| Structure of the Skin | 139 | ||
| Epidermis | 140 | ||
| Dermis | 142 | ||
| Skin Color | 144 | ||
| Appendages of the Skin | 145 | ||
| Cutaneous Glands | 145 | ||
| Hair and Hair Follicles | 147 | ||
| Nails | 149 | ||
| Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin | 149 | ||
| Infections and Allergies | 149 | ||
| Burns | 150 | ||
| Skin Cancer | 152 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes | 153 | ||
| Summary | 156 | ||
| Review Questions | 157 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 158 | ||
| A Closer Look: A Wrinkle Out of Time | 143 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Medical Transcriptionist | 154 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 155 | ||
| Chapter 5: The Skeletal System | 160 | ||
| Bones: An Overview | 160 | ||
| Functions of the Bones | 161 | ||
| Classification of Bones | 161 | ||
| Structure of Bone | 163 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone | 163 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy | 163 | ||
| Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling | 167 | ||
| Bone Formation and Growth | 167 | ||
| Bone Remodeling | 168 | ||
| Bone Fractures | 170 | ||
| Axial Skeleton | 172 | ||
| Skull | 172 | ||
| Cranium | 172 | ||
| Facial Bones | 177 | ||
| The Hyoid Bone | 178 | ||
| Vertebral Column (Spine) | 178 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 180 | ||
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 182 | ||
| Lumbar Vertebrae | 182 | ||
| Sacrum | 182 | ||
| Coccyx | 182 | ||
| Thoracic Cage | 182 | ||
| Sternum | 183 | ||
| Ribs | 184 | ||
| Appendicular Skeleton | 184 | ||
| Bones of the Shoulder Girdle | 184 | ||
| Bones of the Upper Limbs | 184 | ||
| Arm | 184 | ||
| Forearm | 187 | ||
| Hand | 187 | ||
| Bones of the Pelvic Girdle | 188 | ||
| Bones of the Lower Limbs | 190 | ||
| Thigh | 190 | ||
| Leg | 191 | ||
| Foot | 191 | ||
| Joints | 192 | ||
| Fibrous Joints | 195 | ||
| Cartilaginous Joints | 195 | ||
| Synovial Joints | 195 | ||
| Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape | 196 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton | 199 | ||
| Birth to Adulthood | 199 | ||
| Older Adults | 201 | ||
| Summary | 203 | ||
| Review Questions | 204 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 206 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Radiologic Technologist | 169 | ||
| A Closer Look: Joint Ventures | 192 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 202 | ||
| Chapter 6: The Muscular System | 207 | ||
| Overview of Muscle Tissues | 207 | ||
| Muscle Types | 207 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle | 209 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 210 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 210 | ||
| Muscle Functions | 211 | ||
| Produce Movement | 211 | ||
| Maintain Posture and Body Position | 211 | ||
| Stabilize Joints | 211 | ||
| Generate Heat | 211 | ||
| Additional Functions | 211 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomyof Skeletal Muscle | 211 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Activity | 213 | ||
| Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers | 213 | ||
| The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential | 213 | ||
| Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory | 216 | ||
| Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole | 217 | ||
| Graded Responses | 217 | ||
| Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction | 219 | ||
| Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit | 220 | ||
| Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric | 221 | ||
| Muscle Tone | 221 | ||
| Effect of Exercise on Muscles | 221 | ||
| Muscle Movements, Roles, and Names | 222 | ||
| Types of Body Movements | 222 | ||
| Special Movements | 226 | ||
| Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body | 226 | ||
| Naming Skeletal Muscles | 228 | ||
| Arrangement of Fascicles | 228 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles | 229 | ||
| Head and Neck Muscles | 229 | ||
| Facial Muscles | 229 | ||
| Neck Muscles | 230 | ||
| Trunk Muscles | 232 | ||
| Anterior Muscles | 232 | ||
| Posterior Muscles | 233 | ||
| Muscles of the Upper Limb | 235 | ||
| Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint | 235 | ||
| Muscles of the Lower Limb | 235 | ||
| Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint | 236 | ||
| Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint | 238 | ||
| Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot | 238 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System | 244 | ||
| Summary | 245 | ||
| Review Questions | 248 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 249 | ||
| A Closer Look: Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win? | 231 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 246 | ||
| Chapter 7: The Nervous System | 251 | ||
| Organization of the Nervous System | 252 | ||
| Structural Classification | 253 | ||
| Functional Classification | 253 | ||
| Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function | 253 | ||
| Supporting Cells | 253 | ||
| Neurons | 255 | ||
| Anatomy | 255 | ||
| Classification | 258 | ||
| Physiology: Nerve Impulses | 260 | ||
| Physiology: Reflexes | 263 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 265 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Brain | 265 | ||
| Cerebral Hemispheres | 265 | ||
| Diencephalon | 270 | ||
| Brain Stem | 271 | ||
| Cerebellum | 272 | ||
| Protection of the Central Nervous System | 273 | ||
| Meninges | 273 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 273 | ||
| The Blood-Brain Barrier | 276 | ||
| Brain Dysfunctions | 277 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 278 | ||
| Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots | 279 | ||
| White Matter of the Spinal Cord | 280 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 281 | ||
| Structure of a Nerve | 281 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 283 | ||
| Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses | 283 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System | 290 | ||
| Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared | 290 | ||
| Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division | 292 | ||
| Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division | 292 | ||
| Autonomic Functioning | 292 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System | 295 | ||
| Summary | 299 | ||
| Review Questions | 301 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 303 | ||
| A Closer Look: The “Terrible Three” | 278 | ||
| A Closer Look: Tracking Down CNS Problems | 296 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 298 | ||
| Chapter 8: Special Senses | 304 | ||
| Part I: The Eye and Vision | 305 | ||
| Anatomy of the Eye | 305 | ||
| External and Accessory Structures | 305 | ||
| Internal Structures: The Eyeball | 307 | ||
| Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball | 307 | ||
| Lens | 312 | ||
| Physiology of Vision | 313 | ||
| Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction | 313 | ||
| Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain | 314 | ||
| Eye Reflexes | 316 | ||
| Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance | 316 | ||
| Anatomy of the Ear | 317 | ||
| External (Outer) Ear | 317 | ||
| Middle Ear | 318 | ||
| Internal (Inner) Ear | 318 | ||
| Equilibrium | 318 | ||
| Static Equilibrium | 319 | ||
| Dynamic Equilibrium | 319 | ||
| Hearing | 322 | ||
| Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits | 323 | ||
| Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste | 324 | ||
| Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell | 324 | ||
| Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste | 326 | ||
| Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses | 327 | ||
| Summary | 329 | ||
| Review Questions | 331 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 332 | ||
| A Closer Look: Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors | 311 | ||
| A Closer Look: Bringing Things into Focus | 315 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Physical Therapy Assistant | 321 | ||
| Chapter 9: The Endocrine System | 334 | ||
| The Endocrine Systemand Hormone Function—An Overview | 335 | ||
| The Chemistry of Hormones | 335 | ||
| Hormone Action | 335 | ||
| Direct Gene Activation | 335 | ||
| Second-Messenger System | 336 | ||
| Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release | 337 | ||
| Hormonal Stimuli | 337 | ||
| Humoral Stimuli | 338 | ||
| Neural Stimuli | 338 | ||
| The Major Endocrine Organs | 338 | ||
| Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus | 339 | ||
| Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships | 339 | ||
| Pineal Gland | 343 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 343 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 345 | ||
| Thymus | 346 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 346 | ||
| Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex | 347 | ||
| Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla | 349 | ||
| Pancreatic Islets | 349 | ||
| Gonads | 353 | ||
| Hormones of the Ovaries | 353 | ||
| Hormones of the Testes | 353 | ||
| Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs | 353 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System | 357 | ||
| Summary | 359 | ||
| Review Questions | 361 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 362 | ||
| A Closer Look: Potential Uses for Growth Hormone | 342 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 358 | ||
| Chapter 10: Blood | 363 | ||
| Composition and Functions of Blood | 363 | ||
| Components | 364 | ||
| Physical Characteristics and Volume | 364 | ||
| Plasma | 364 | ||
| Formed Elements | 366 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 366 | ||
| Leukocytes | 368 | ||
| Platelets | 369 | ||
| Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) | 371 | ||
| Formation of Red Blood Cells | 371 | ||
| Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets | 372 | ||
| Hemostasis | 373 | ||
| Phases of Hemostasis | 373 | ||
| Disorders of Hemostasis | 374 | ||
| Blood Groups and Transfusions | 375 | ||
| Human Blood Groups | 375 | ||
| Blood Typing | 378 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of Blood | 378 | ||
| Summary | 379 | ||
| Review Questions | 380 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 381 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Phlebotomy Technician | 376 | ||
| Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System | 382 | ||
| The Heart | 383 | ||
| Anatomy of the Heart | 383 | ||
| Size, Location, and Orientation | 383 | ||
| Coverings and Walls of the Heart | 383 | ||
| Chambers and Associated Great Vessels | 384 | ||
| Heart Valves | 387 | ||
| Cardiac Circulation | 389 | ||
| Physiology of the Heart | 390 | ||
| Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm | 390 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds | 391 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 393 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 396 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels | 396 | ||
| Tunics | 396 | ||
| Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries | 397 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels | 399 | ||
| Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation | 399 | ||
| Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation | 400 | ||
| Special Circulations | 402 | ||
| Physiology of Circulation | 406 | ||
| Arterial Pulse | 406 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 407 | ||
| Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients | 412 | ||
| Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds | 414 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System | 415 | ||
| Summary | 418 | ||
| Review Questions | 420 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 422 | ||
| A Closer Look: Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart | 393 | ||
| A Closer Look: Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno! | 412 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 417 | ||
| Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | 424 | ||
| Part I: The Lymphatic System | 424 | ||
| Lymphatic Vessels | 425 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 426 | ||
| Other Lymphoid Organs | 428 | ||
| Part II: Body Defenses | 429 | ||
| Innate Body Defenses | 430 | ||
| Surface Membrane Barriers | 430 | ||
| Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals | 432 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 432 | ||
| Inflammatory Response | 432 | ||
| Phagocytes | 435 | ||
| Antimicrobial Proteins | 435 | ||
| Fever | 436 | ||
| Adaptive Body Defenses | 436 | ||
| Antigens | 438 | ||
| Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview | 438 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 438 | ||
| Antigen-Presenting Cells | 440 | ||
| Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response | 441 | ||
| Active and Passive Humoral Immunity | 442 | ||
| Antibodies | 443 | ||
| Cellular (Cell-Mediated)Immune Response | 446 | ||
| Organ Transplants and Rejection | 448 | ||
| Disorders of Immunity | 451 | ||
| Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | 455 | ||
| Summary | 457 | ||
| Review Questions | 459 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 461 | ||
| A Closer Look: AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic | 454 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 456 | ||
| Chapter 13: The Respiratory System | 462 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System | 462 | ||
| The Nose | 463 | ||
| The Pharynx | 464 | ||
| The Larynx | 465 | ||
| The Trachea | 466 | ||
| The Main Bronchi | 466 | ||
| The Lungs | 467 | ||
| The Bronchial Tree | 469 | ||
| Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane | 469 | ||
| Respiratory Physiology | 471 | ||
| Mechanics of Breathing | 471 | ||
| Inspiration | 471 | ||
| Expiration | 473 | ||
| Respiratory Volumes and Capacities | 474 | ||
| Nonrespiratory Air Movements | 475 | ||
| Respiratory Sounds | 475 | ||
| External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration | 475 | ||
| External Respiration | 476 | ||
| Gas Transport in the Blood | 476 | ||
| Internal Respiration | 477 | ||
| Control of Respiration | 478 | ||
| Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm | 478 | ||
| Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth | 479 | ||
| Respiratory Disorders | 480 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System | 483 | ||
| Summary | 485 | ||
| Review Questions | 487 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 488 | ||
| A Closer Look: Too Clean for Our Own Good? | 482 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 484 | ||
| Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism | 489 | ||
| Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System | 489 | ||
| Anatomy of the Digestive System | 489 | ||
| Organs of the Alimentary Canal | 490 | ||
| Mouth | 491 | ||
| Pharynx | 492 | ||
| Esophagus | 492 | ||
| Stomach | 493 | ||
| Small Intestine | 496 | ||
| Large Intestine | 498 | ||
| Accessory Digestive Organs | 500 | ||
| Teeth | 500 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 501 | ||
| Pancreas | 501 | ||
| Liver and Gallbladder | 502 | ||
| Functions of the Digestive System | 502 | ||
| Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls | 503 | ||
| Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus | 506 | ||
| Food Ingestion and Breakdown | 506 | ||
| Food Propulsion— Swallowing and Peristalsis | 506 | ||
| Activities of the Stomach | 507 | ||
| Food Breakdown | 507 | ||
| Food Propulsion | 508 | ||
| Activities of the Small Intestine | 509 | ||
| Chyme Breakdown and Absorption | 509 | ||
| Chyme Propulsion | 511 | ||
| Activities of the Large Intestine | 511 | ||
| Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption | 511 | ||
| Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation | 511 | ||
| Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism | 513 | ||
| Nutrition | 513 | ||
| Dietary Recommendations | 513 | ||
| Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients | 514 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 514 | ||
| Lipids | 515 | ||
| Proteins | 515 | ||
| Vitamins | 515 | ||
| Minerals | 516 | ||
| Metabolism | 516 | ||
| Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells | 516 | ||
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | 516 | ||
| Fat Metabolism | 518 | ||
| Protein Metabolism | 520 | ||
| The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism | 520 | ||
| General Metabolic Functions | 521 | ||
| Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport | 521 | ||
| Body Energy Balance | 523 | ||
| Regulation of Food Intake | 523 | ||
| Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production | 523 | ||
| Body Temperature Regulation | 525 | ||
| Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism | 527 | ||
| Summary | 532 | ||
| Review Questions | 534 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 536 | ||
| A Closer Look: Peptic Ulcers: “Something is Eating at Me” | 512 | ||
| A Closer Look: Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted | 529 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 531 | ||
| Chapter 15: The Urinary System | 537 | ||
| Kidneys | 538 | ||
| Location and Structure | 538 | ||
| Kidney Structure | 539 | ||
| Blood Supply | 539 | ||
| Nephrons | 539 | ||
| Urine Formation and Characteristics | 542 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration | 542 | ||
| Tubular Reabsorption | 543 | ||
| Tubular Secretion | 544 | ||
| Nitrogenous Wastes | 544 | ||
| Characteristics of Urine | 545 | ||
| Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | 546 | ||
| Ureters | 546 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 547 | ||
| Urethra | 548 | ||
| Micturition | 548 | ||
| Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | 550 | ||
| Maintaining Water Balance of Blood | 550 | ||
| Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments | 550 | ||
| The Link between Water and Electrolytes | 551 | ||
| Regulation of Water Intake and Output | 551 | ||
| Maintaining Electrolyte Balance | 553 | ||
| Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood | 555 | ||
| Blood Buffers | 555 | ||
| Respiratory Mechanisms | 556 | ||
| Renal Mechanisms | 557 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System | 557 | ||
| Summary | 561 | ||
| Review Questions | 562 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 563 | ||
| A Closer Look: Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney | 549 | ||
| Focus on Careers: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) | 558 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 560 | ||
| Chapter 16: The Reproductive System | 564 | ||
| Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System | 565 | ||
| Testes | 565 | ||
| Duct System | 565 | ||
| Epididymis | 565 | ||
| Ductus Deferens | 566 | ||
| Urethra | 567 | ||
| Accessory Glands and Semen | 567 | ||
| Seminal Vesicles | 567 | ||
| Prostate | 567 | ||
| Bulbourethral Glands | 568 | ||
| Semen | 568 | ||
| External Genitalia | 568 | ||
| Male Reproductive Functions | 569 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 569 | ||
| Testosterone Production | 571 | ||
| Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System | 573 | ||
| Ovaries | 573 | ||
| Duct System | 573 | ||
| Uterine Tubes | 573 | ||
| Uterus | 574 | ||
| Vagina | 576 | ||
| External Genitalia and Female Perineum | 576 | ||
| Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles | 577 | ||
| Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle | 577 | ||
| Hormone Production by the Ovaries | 579 | ||
| Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle | 580 | ||
| Mammary Glands | 580 | ||
| Pregnancy and Embryonic Development | 583 | ||
| Accomplishing Fertilization | 584 | ||
| Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development | 585 | ||
| Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother | 589 | ||
| Anatomical Changes | 589 | ||
| Physiological Changes | 590 | ||
| Childbirth | 591 | ||
| Initiation of Labor | 591 | ||
| Stages of Labor | 591 | ||
| Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System | 593 | ||
| Summary | 598 | ||
| Review Questions | 600 | ||
| Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions | 602 | ||
| A Closer Look: Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy | 594 | ||
| Systems in SYNC | 597 | ||
| Appendixes | 603 | ||
| Appendix A: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions | 603 | ||
| Appendix B: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes | 610 | ||
| Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements | 612 | ||
| Appendix D: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals | 613 | ||
| Glossary | 617 | ||
| Credits | 630 | ||
| Subject Index | 631 |