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Book Details
Abstract
The potential impact of anthropogenic pollutants such as agrochemicals on the environment is of global concern. Increasing use of certain compounds can result in contamination of food, water and atmospheric systems and in order to combat this pollution it is important to be able to accurately monitor the short and long term effects.
This book describes the latest aquatic species models used as indicators of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants, including models that have not routinely been used. The book enables understanding of the effects of pollutants in non-target species, and therefore enables analysis of the effects on ecosystems.
This book will be of interest to anyone interested in developing new biomarker species with high degrees of ecological relevance. It will serve as a useful resource for regulatory and research toxicologists, particularly those studying freshwater, marine water and sediment environments.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Section I: Aquatic Invertebrates as Experimental Models | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 The Comet Assay in Aquatic (Eco)genotoxicology Using Non-conventional Model Organisms: Relevance, Constraints and Prospects | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| 1.2 The Comet Assay in Aquatic Ecotoxicology: Role of Unconventional Models | 7 | ||
| 1.2.1 Aquatic Ecosystems as the Ultimate Fate for Pollutants | 7 | ||
| 1.2.2 Unconventional Models in the Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems | 11 | ||
| 1.3 Application of the Comet Assay in Non-conventional Aquatic Models | 12 | ||
| 1.3.1 Fish and Other Vertebrates | 12 | ||
| 1.3.2 Molluscs | 15 | ||
| 1.3.3 Other Organisms: From Crustaceans to Algae | 16 | ||
| 1.4 Methods | 17 | ||
| 1.4.1 The Comet Assay and its Modifications: Discriminating Type of Damage and Addressing DNA Repair in Unconventional Aquatic Models | 17 | ||
| 1.4.2 Final Remarks on Analysis and Interpretation of Data | 23 | ||
| Abbreviations | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| Chapter 2 Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Products in the Marine Environment: The Use of Non-target Species to Evaluate Water and Sediment Matrices | 33 | ||
| 2.1 Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Matrices | 33 | ||
| 2.2 Adverse Effects of Pharmaceutical Products on Aquatic Biota | 35 | ||
| 2.2.1 Laboratory Studies | 35 | ||
| 2.2.2 Short-term Assays | 35 | ||
| 2.2.3 Biomarkers of Stress and Effect | 37 | ||
| 2.2.4 In situ Studies | 40 | ||
| 2.3 Final Considerations | 41 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 42 | ||
| References | 42 | ||
| Chapter 3 Rotifers as Models for Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology | 48 | ||
| 3.1 Rotifers as Models for Ecotoxicology | 48 | ||
| 3.2 Rotifers as Models for Genotoxicology | 50 | ||
| 3.2.1 Environmental Genomics | 50 | ||
| 3.2.2 Single Cell Electrophoresis (Comet Assay) | 52 | ||
| 3.2.3 Cell Cycle Parameters | 53 | ||
| 3.2.4 Micronucleus, Nuclear Abnormalities, Microsomal and Mutagenic Assays | 54 | ||
| 3.3 Cytogenetics | 56 | ||
| 3.3.1 Chromosome Damage | 57 | ||
| 3.3.2 Nuclear Morphology | 57 | ||
| 3.3.3 Sister Chromatid Exchange | 58 | ||
| 3.4 DNA Damage | 58 | ||
| 3.4.1 DNA Damage and Rotifers | 59 | ||
| 3.4.2 Rotifer Strategies | 60 | ||
| 3.4.3 DNA Biomarkers | 60 | ||
| 3.4.4 Mutations in Rotifers | 60 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| Chapter 4 Prospects of Molluscan Immunomarkers in Monitoring Aquatic Toxicity | 70 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 70 | ||
| 4.2 Aquatic Toxins | 71 | ||
| 4.3 Routes of Toxin Entry in Molluscs: An Important Aspect of the Biomarker Approach to Toxicity Monitoring | 72 | ||
| 4.4 Molluscs as Toxicity-monitoring Species | 73 | ||
| 4.5 Immunological Characteristics of Molluscs | 74 | ||
| 4.6 Molluscan Immunomarker Approach for Estimation of the Toxicity of Natural Water | 75 | ||
| 4.7 Potential Immunomarkers of Aquatic Toxicity | 78 | ||
| 4.7.1 Mucus Exudation Response of Molluscs as a Marker of Toxicity of Suspended Particulates of Water Column | 79 | ||
| 4.7.2 Hemocytes: A Major Source of Cellular and Humoral Immunomarkers of Freshwater Toxicity | 80 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 99 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| Chapter 5 Application of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Toxicity Evaluation of Emerging Aquatic Pollutants | 107 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 5.2 Experimental Design | 110 | ||
| 5.2.1 Biomarker Methods | 111 | ||
| 5.2.2 Biomarker Response Index (BRI) | 112 | ||
| 5.2.3 Statistical Analysis | 113 | ||
| 5.3 Discussion of Obtained Results | 113 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 119 | ||
| References | 120 | ||
| Chapter 6 Crayfish: An Experimental Model for Examining Exposure to Environmental Contamination | 124 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 124 | ||
| 6.1.1 Background | 124 | ||
| 6.1.2 Phylogeny and Distribution | 125 | ||
| 6.1.3 Habitat and Range | 125 | ||
| 6.1.4 Life History Strategies | 127 | ||
| 6.1.5 General Anatomy and Physiology | 128 | ||
| 6.1.6 Crayfish Ecology | 129 | ||
| 6.1.7 Human Activities That Impact Crayfish | 130 | ||
| 6.1.8 Using Crayfish as Bioindicators | 130 | ||
| 6.2 Pharmaceuticals | 131 | ||
| 6.3 Agricultural Chemicals | 132 | ||
| 6.3.1 Herbicides | 133 | ||
| 6.3.2 Insecticides | 134 | ||
| 6.4 Metals | 136 | ||
| 6.4.1 Lethality | 136 | ||
| 6.4.2 Bioaccumulation | 137 | ||
| 6.4.3 Physiological and Behavioral Impacts | 139 | ||
| 6.5 Physiological Responses to Contaminants | 140 | ||
| 6.6 Conclusions | 145 | ||
| References | 146 | ||
| Chapter 7 The Crayfish Cambarellus montezumae as a Possible Freshwater Non-conventional Biomonitor | 157 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 157 | ||
| 7.2 Freshwater Biomonitors: Characteristics and Relevance for the Ecosystem | 159 | ||
| 7.3 Distribution and Taxonomy of Freshwater Crayfishes | 162 | ||
| 7.4 General Characteristics of Cambarellus montezumae | 163 | ||
| 7.5 Ecotoxicology as a Tool to Assess Aquatic Ecosystem Health | 167 | ||
| 7.6 Use of Crayfishes in Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring | 170 | ||
| 7.7 Cambarellus montezumae as a Biomonitor in Freshwater Ecosystems | 171 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Chapter 8 Freshwater Crabs Potamonautes spp. (Malacostraca, Potamonautidae) as a Model in Nanotoxicity Studies | 180 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 180 | ||
| 8.2 Life History of Potamonautes spp. | 181 | ||
| 8.3 Significance of Crustacean Crabs Potamonautes spp. as Test Species | 182 | ||
| 8.4 Toxicity of NMs | 184 | ||
| 8.5 Fate and Behaviour of NPs in the Aquatic Environment | 184 | ||
| 8.6 Potamonautes spp.: Uptake, Tissue Localization and Toxicity | 185 | ||
| 8.7 Sensitivity of Potamonautes spp. to Common Environmental Stressors | 186 | ||
| 8.8 Conclusion | 187 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 187 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| Chapter 9 Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachium borellii and Palaemonetes argentinus (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) as Valid Indicators of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure. A Biochemical Assessment | 196 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 197 | ||
| 9.1.1 Crustaceans | 197 | ||
| 9.1.2 Pollution/Toxicology | 198 | ||
| 9.2 Results | 199 | ||
| 9.2.1 Pesticides and Membranes | 199 | ||
| 9.2.2 Pesticides and Cholinesterases | 200 | ||
| 9.2.3 Pesticide and Antioxidant Enzymes | 202 | ||
| 9.3 Conclusion | 206 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| Chapter 10 The Crab Ucides cordatus (Malacostraca, Decapoda, Brachyura) and Other Related Taxa as Environmental Sentinels for Assessment and Monitoring of Tropical Mangroves from South America | 212 | ||
| 10.1 Anthropic History: Actions vs. Reaction | 213 | ||
| 10.2 Coastal Environments: Biodiversity and Conservation | 213 | ||
| 10.3 Mangrove Ecosystem: Importance and Threats | 214 | ||
| 10.4 Contaminants: Main Types, Origins and Effects on Biota | 216 | ||
| 10.5 Environmental Monitoring Based on Biomarkers | 219 | ||
| 10.6 Sampling Design: Spatial Distribution, Replicates, and Other Parameters | 222 | ||
| 10.7 Case Study of Mangrove Crab Ucides cordatus and Other Semi-terrestrial Brachyuran Crabs | 223 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 233 | ||
| References | 233 | ||
| Section II: Aquatic Vertebrates as Experimental Models | 243 | ||
| Chapter 11 The Use of Fish as Model Aquatic Organisms in Genotoxicity Studies | 245 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 245 | ||
| 11.2 Fish as Model Organisms in Genetic Toxicology | 246 | ||
| 11.3 Genotoxicity Techniques | 247 | ||
| 11.3.1 Cytogenetic Techniques | 247 | ||
| 11.3.2 The Micronucleus Test | 249 | ||
| 11.3.3 Nuclear Abnormalities in Fish Erythrocytes | 252 | ||
| 11.3.4 Micronucleus Test Protocols with Different Fish Tissues | 254 | ||
| 11.3.5 Comet Assay | 258 | ||
| 11.4 Experimental Designs | 261 | ||
| 11.5 Guppy and Peppered Cory as Non-conventional Aquatic Models for Genotoxicity Studies | 267 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| Chapter 12 Genotoxic and Biochemical Responses Triggered by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater and Marine Fish: Tambaqui and Seahorse as Bioindicators | 278 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 279 | ||
| 12.2 Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) | 280 | ||
| 12.3 The Effects of Water's Physical and Chemical Parameters on the Toxicity of Contaminants | 281 | ||
| 12.4 The Effects of PAHs on Cellular and Genetic Properties and on the Responses of Antioxidant and Detoxification Enzymes | 282 | ||
| 12.5 The Amazonian Fish Colossoma macropomum (Osteichthyes, Serrasalmidae) as a Model to Assess Water Pollution | 283 | ||
| 12.5.1 Crude Oil Contamination | 284 | ||
| 12.6 Seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Osteichthyes, Syngnatidae) as a Model to Assess Marine and Estuary Water Pollution | 288 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 292 | ||
| References | 293 | ||
| Chapter 13 Blenniidae and Syngnathidae: Partially Unexplored Reservoirs of Sentinel Species for Environmental Monitoring Studies | 305 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 305 | ||
| 13.2 Blenniidae | 307 | ||
| 13.2.1 Habitat and Distribution | 307 | ||
| 13.2.2 Reproduction | 308 | ||
| 13.2.3 Use as Sentinel Species in Monitoring Studies | 309 | ||
| 13.2.4 Response to Genotoxic Compounds | 310 | ||
| 13.2.5 Response to Estrogenic Chemicals | 311 | ||
| 13.3 Syngnathids | 312 | ||
| 13.3.1 Habitat and Distribution | 312 | ||
| 13.3.2 Reproduction | 313 | ||
| 13.3.3 Use as Sentinel Species in Monitoring Studies | 315 | ||
| 13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives | 319 | ||
| References | 320 | ||
| Chapter 14 The Use of the Ten Spotted Live-bearer Fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Poeciliidae) in the Genotoxic Evaluation of Environmental Pollutants | 327 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 327 | ||
| 14.2 Fish as a Model for Aquatic Genotoxicology | 331 | ||
| 14.3 Perspectives | 342 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 342 | ||
| References | 343 | ||
| Chapter 15 Genotoxicity in Urodele Amphibians Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum (Lissamphibia, Caudata) Exposed to Freshwater Pollutants: A Historical View | 347 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 347 | ||
| 15.2 Origins | 348 | ||
| 15.3 Biology and Status of Pleurodeles waltl and Ambystoma mexicanum | 349 | ||
| 15.4 Genotoxicity Testing in Urodeles Using the Micronucleus Assay | 349 | ||
| 15.4.1 From the Idea to the Standardized Protocol | 349 | ||
| 15.4.2 Protocol and Practicability of the Newt Micronucleus Test | 351 | ||
| 15.4.3 Genotoxicity Testing of Chemical Substances and (Nano)particles | 353 | ||
| 15.4.4 Contribution to Human Public Health and Water Quality Assessment | 354 | ||
| 15.5 Genotoxicity in Pleurodeles Larvae: Investigations on the Mechanisms of Action | 358 | ||
| 15.5.1 Use of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants as Model Molecules | 358 | ||
| 15.5.2 DNA Lesions Revealed by the Alkaline Comet Assay, Another Method for Genotoxicity Testing | 358 | ||
| 15.6 P. waltl and A. mexicanum as Interesting Tools for Developmental and Molecular Toxicology | 359 | ||
| 15.7 Eco(geno)toxicity Testing with Pleurodeles in Environmentally Relevant Approaches: A Contribution to Ecosystem Health | 361 | ||
| 15.7.1 Use of Micro- and Mesocosms for the Environmental Evaluation of Nanoparticles | 361 | ||
| 15.7.2 Ecogenotoxicity Monitoring with Urodeles in Field Settings | 362 | ||
| 15.8 Conclusion | 362 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 364 | ||
| References | 364 | ||
| Chapter 16 The Use of Aquatic Life-stages of European Amphibians in Toxicological Studies | 371 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 371 | ||
| 16.2 Aquatic Life-stages of Amphibians as Test Organisms in Toxicological Studies | 373 | ||
| 16.3 Short Review of Toxicological Studies Using Aquatic Life-stages of European Amphibians | 381 | ||
| 16.3.1 European Newts and Salamanders | 381 | ||
| 16.3.2 European Frogs and Toads | 385 | ||
| 16.4 Fish as Standard Test Organisms Used in Pesticide Approval | 394 | ||
| 16.5 Environmentally Relevant Pesticide Concentrations | 394 | ||
| 16.6 Conclusions | 395 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 396 | ||
| References | 396 | ||
| Chapter 17 Developmental Stages of Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) in Toxicity Studies: AMPHITOX, a Customized Laboratory Assay | 407 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 407 | ||
| 17.2 Experimental | 409 | ||
| 17.2.1 Aquisition of Rhinella arenarum Embryos and Larvae | 409 | ||
| 17.2.2 Toxicity Tests | 409 | ||
| 17.2.3 Effects Assessment | 410 | ||
| 17.2.4 Data Analysis | 411 | ||
| 17.3 Results and Discussion | 411 | ||
| 17.3.1 Acute, Short-term Chronic and Chronic Toxicity Studies | 411 | ||
| 17.3.2 Stage-dependent Sensitivity Studies | 412 | ||
| 17.3.3 Early Life Stage (ELS) Studies | 414 | ||
| 17.3.4 Studies on the Complete Development, From Blastula to Metamorphosis | 417 | ||
| 17.4 Conclusion | 417 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 419 | ||
| References | 419 | ||
| Chapter 18 Hypsiboas pulchellus (Anura, Hylidae) Tadpoles, a Novel Amphibian Experimental Model in Aquatic Pollution Research | 425 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 425 | ||
| 18.2 Hypsiboas pulchellus as a Model in Aquatic Acute Toxic and Genotoxic Studies | 428 | ||
| 18.3 Hypsiboas pulchellus as a Biotic Matrix in Acute Lethality Studies | 429 | ||
| 18.4 Hypsiboas pulchellus as Biotic Matrix for the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis or Comet Assay | 430 | ||
| 18.5 Hypsiboas pulchellus as a Biotic Matrix for the Micronucleus Assay and Assays of Other Nuclear Abnormalities | 432 | ||
| 18.6 Hypsiboas pulchellus as Biotic Matrix for the Other Sublethal Endpoints | 437 | ||
| 18.7 Perspectives | 438 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 438 | ||
| References | 438 | ||
| Chapter 19 Chemical Threats to Sea Turtles | 442 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 442 | ||
| 19.2 Body Burden of Chemical Pollutants in Sea Turtles | 443 | ||
| 19.2.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants | 443 | ||
| 19.2.2 Inorganic Pollutants | 445 | ||
| 19.3 Biological Factors Influencing Pollutant Concentrations | 447 | ||
| 19.3.1 Body Condition | 447 | ||
| 19.3.2 Diet and Trophic Level | 448 | ||
| 19.3.3 Size (as a Proxy for Age) | 449 | ||
| 19.3.4 Sex and Maternal Transfer | 450 | ||
| 19.4 Effects of Toxic Pollutants in Sea Turtles | 450 | ||
| 19.5 Biomarkers of Exposure | 453 | ||
| 19.6 Conclusions | 455 | ||
| References | 456 | ||
| Chapter 20 Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination in Reptile Species: The Effect of Pesticide Formulations on Broad-snouted Caiman Caiman latirostris (Crocodilia, Alligatoridae) | 467 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 468 | ||
| 20.2 Biomarkers of Early Warning for Pesticide Contamination | 469 | ||
| 20.2.1 Genotoxicity | 469 | ||
| 20.2.2 Oxidative Stress Parameters | 471 | ||
| 20.2.3 Growth | 473 | ||
| 20.3 Effects of Pesticide Formulations on Caiman latirostris Exposed Under Controlled Conditions | 474 | ||
| 20.3.1 Commercial Formulations | 474 | ||
| 20.3.2 Exposure of Embryos to Pesticide Formulations by Topical Application on the Eggshell (In Ovo Exposure) | 474 | ||
| 20.3.3 Effects of Pesticide Formulations and Mixtures on Caimans Exposed During Their First Months of Life | 485 | ||
| 20.4 Final Considerations | 493 | ||
| 20.5 Concluding Remarks | 505 | ||
| 20.6 The Major Aim: Assessing Environmental Exposure of Natural Populations | 506 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 507 | ||
| References | 507 | ||
| Chapter 21 Epilogue and Final Remarks | 518 | ||
| Subject Index | 525 |