Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Finnish Water Services: Experiences in Global Perspective, the latest book by UNESCO Chair holder Tapio S. Katko, challenges the reader to assess critical sector issues: • Can 24/7 access to safe drinking water be taken for granted? • What threats does deterioration of water and sewage networks pose? • Who are responsible for providing and producing water services? • Why do many international water-related comparisons rank Finland among the top countries? This book is a timely contribution to the discussion on water services. In addition to water professionals, Finnish Water Services: Experiences in Global Perspective is suitable for anyone interested in water and its use.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Table of Contents | 5 | ||
| Foreword | 9 | ||
| Preface and Acknowledgements | 10 | ||
| Why Water Services? | 10 | ||
| Why Finland? | 10 | ||
| Why is this of interest to me? | 10 | ||
| Any matters have limitations! | 12 | ||
| Part I: Water Problems, Solutions and Technology Development | 14 | ||
| 1. Introduction to the Importance \nof Water Services: Case of Finland | 16 | ||
| 1.1 Importance of Water in Societal Development | 17 | ||
| 1.2 Water Services as a Challenge to the Global Village | 18 | ||
| 1.3 Water Resources vs. Water Services | 19 | ||
| 1.4 Finnish Water Resources and Changing Water Uses over Time | 20 | ||
| 1.5 Post–Industrial Finland and Water Services | 22 | ||
| 1.6 Research Questions | 22 | ||
| 1.7 Sources and Structure of the Book | 23 | ||
| Endnotes | 25 | ||
| 2. Trends of International Water Policies from the 1940s to the 2020s | 26 | ||
| 2.1 Birth of the United Nations Family and Bilateral Development Cooperation | 27 | ||
| 2.2 UNESCO and Other UN Bodies on Water | 28 | ||
| 2.3 International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 1981–1990 | 29 | ||
| 2.4 Expanding International Meetings and Processes | 30 | ||
| 2.5 Towards Wider Views of Water Management | 34 | ||
| 2.6 Policy Trends and Frameworks | 35 | ||
| 2.7 Reflections | 38 | ||
| Endnotes | 38 | ||
| 3. History Matters: Major Turning Points in the Evolution of Water Services | 40 | ||
| 3.1 Importance of Water Services in Historical Perspective | 41 | ||
| 3.2 Birth and Expansion of Water Services in Finland | 43 | ||
| 3.3 Key Strategic Decisions from the 1860s to the 2000s and Path Dependence | 46 | ||
| 3.4 Comparison of Water Services Evolution in Finland and Sweden | 48 | ||
| Endnotes | 51 | ||
| 4. Networking of Experts since the Early Days | 52 | ||
| 4.1 Early Networking of Experts | 53 | ||
| 4.2 Later Networking and Search for Knowledge | 55 | ||
| Endnotes | 57 | ||
| 5. Continuous Debate: Selection of Appropriate Raw Water Source | 58 | ||
| 5.1 Finnish Water Resources: Geology Does Matter | 59 | ||
| 5.2 Early Use of Ground Water | 60 | ||
| 5.3 From Ground Water to Surface Water | 61 | ||
| 5.4 Policy Promoting Ground-Water Use | 62 | ||
| 5.5 Ground-Water Technologies and Artificial Recharge | 62 | ||
| 5.6 Current and Future Concerns related to Water Sources | 66 | ||
| Endnotes | 67 | ||
| 6. Water Efficiency: Will Water Use Per Capita Continue to Decline? | 68 | ||
| 6.1 Development of Water Use in Communities and Households | 69 | ||
| 6.2 Water Metering | 70 | ||
| 6.3 Water Use in Selected Countries | 71 | ||
| How about dual systems? | 73 | ||
| Endnotes | 75 | ||
| 7. Fit to Drink: Evolution of Water Treatment | 76 | ||
| 7.1 Water Treatment Methods and Their Development | 77 | ||
| 7.2 Surface Water Treatment | 77 | ||
| Filtration and Precipitation | 77 | ||
| Clarification | 78 | ||
| Disinfection and Fluoridation | 79 | ||
| Continuous Contact Filtration | 80 | ||
| 7.3 Ground Water Treatment and Artificial Recharge | 80 | ||
| 7.4 Water Quality in Distribution Networks | 83 | ||
| 7.5 On-Site Options and Treatment | 83 | ||
| Endnotes | 85 | ||
| 8. Demanding Challenge: Aging Water Networks | 86 | ||
| 8.1 Water and Wastewater Networks | 87 | ||
| 8.2 Water Pipelines | 88 | ||
| 8.3 Sewers | 90 | ||
| 8.4 Network Automation | 90 | ||
| 8.5 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Networks | 91 | ||
| 8.6 Water Towers Are Needed Also in the Future | 96 | ||
| 8.7 Need for Water and Wastewater Network Rehabilitation | 98 | ||
| 8.8 Stormwater Sewers and Urban Floods | 100 | ||
| Endnotes | 102 | ||
| 9. Environmental Protection: Towards Zero Effluents with Water Pollution Control | 104 | ||
| 9.1 Overall Development of Wastewater Treatment | 105 | ||
| Is the removal of nitrogen necessary in Finnish conditions? | 108 | ||
| 9.2 Further Centralization and Rehabilitation of Wastewater Treatment Plants | 109 | ||
| 9.3 Water Services for Holiday Resorts in Lapland | 113 | ||
| 9.4 Sludge Treatment and Management | 113 | ||
| 9.5 Water Pollution Control in Dispersed Rural Areas | 114 | ||
| 9.6 Industrial Water Pollution Control | 116 | ||
| 9.7 Development of Loadings to Water Bodies | 118 | ||
| Endnotes | 120 | ||
| Part II: Operational Environment and Economics of Water Services | 122 | ||
| 10. Ever-Changing Operational Environment | 124 | ||
| 10.1 External Pressures and Changes | 125 | ||
| 10.1.1 Changes in Municipal and Regional Structures | 125 | ||
| 10.1.2 Land Use Planning and Water Services | 129 | ||
| 10.2 Water Services Organizations and Their Diversity | 130 | ||
| 10.2.1 Water Cooperatives | 131 | ||
| 10.2.2 Municipal Utilities | 132 | ||
| 10.2.3 Inter- and Supra-Municipal Systems | 133 | ||
| Contractual collaboration between municipalities | 133 | ||
| More formal interand supra-municipal cooperation | 134 | ||
| 10.2.4 Merging Water and Wastewater Utilities | 136 | ||
| 10.2.5 Special Features of Water Services and Good Governance | 137 | ||
| 10.2.6 Benchmarking and Assessments | 138 | ||
| 10.3 Financing and Tariffs | 139 | ||
| 10.3.1 Costs and Pricing | 139 | ||
| 10.3.2 Replacement and Rehabilitation Costs | 141 | ||
| 10.3.3 Reasonable Rate of Return and Economic Transparency | 143 | ||
| 10.3.4 Financing | 145 | ||
| 10.4 From Vulnerability to Continuity Management of Water Services | 146 | ||
| 10.4.1 Special Conditions and Water Safety Plans | 146 | ||
| 10.4.2 Water Services Pool | 147 | ||
| 10.4.3 Other Findings | 148 | ||
| Endnotes | 150 | ||
| 11: Towards Customer-and Citizen-Oriented Water Services | 152 | ||
| 11.1 Water Users and Beneficiaries | 153 | ||
| 11.2 Reputation Management and Visibility | 154 | ||
| History Books to Boost Image | 155 | ||
| Anniversaries of water utilities | 156 | ||
| Awareness raising campaigns | 156 | ||
| 11.3 Visibility and Citizen Involvement | 157 | ||
| Endnotes | 161 | ||
| Part III: Institutional Development and Governance | 162 | ||
| 12: Institutional Framework and Increasingly Versatile and Complementary Legislation | 164 | ||
| 12.1 Water Use Purposes, Priorities, and Related Changes | 165 | ||
| 12.2 Institutional Framework of Finnish Water Services | 166 | ||
| 12.3 Water Services-Related Legislation | 170 | ||
| 12.4 Regional and Municipal Development Plans for Water Services | 173 | ||
| Endnotes | 175 | ||
| 13: Competence through Education, Research and Development | 176 | ||
| 13.1 Development of Engineering Education in Finland | 178 | ||
| 13.2 Water Services Workforce and Educational Requirements | 178 | ||
| Changes in Working Life and Educational Requirements | 179 | ||
| 13.3 Water Services Education at Various Levels | 180 | ||
| Vocational education in WSS | 180 | ||
| Universities of Applied Sciences | 180 | ||
| Challenges of Water Services Education and Competence Development | 186 | ||
| 13.4 Continuing Education | 187 | ||
| 13.5 Research and Development | 187 | ||
| 13.6 Social Efficacy and Impact | 189 | ||
| Dissemination and publishing | 190 | ||
| 13.7 Competence Development in Water Services | 190 | ||
| Endnotes | 192 | ||
| 14: Professional and Voluntary Collaboration: Associations and Foundations | 194 | ||
| 14.1 Finnish Water Utilities Association | 195 | ||
| 14.2 Other Related National Associations | 198 | ||
| 14.3 Water-Related Foundations and Funds | 202 | ||
| Endnotes | 202 | ||
| 15: Public and Private Sector Collaboration | 204 | ||
| 15.1 Bases of Public–Private Collaboration | 205 | ||
| 15.2 Early Examples of Water Utility Privatization | 206 | ||
| 15.3 Reinventing Privatization in the 1990s and Return to Municipal Control | 207 | ||
| Return to municipal control | 208 | ||
| 15.4 Responsible Public–Private Cooperation | 209 | ||
| 15.5 Private Sector´s Role in Finland | 210 | ||
| 15.6 Finnish Water Sector Enterprises | 212 | ||
| Contracting and Consulting Companies | 212 | ||
| Manufacturers and material suppliers | 213 | ||
| Endnotes | 216 | ||
| 16: Changing International Water Arena | 218 | ||
| 16.1 European Integration and Cooperation | 219 | ||
| 16.2 Local Governments of Europe and Their Diverse Roles | 220 | ||
| 16.3 Protection of the Baltic Sea and Cooperation in Nearby Areas | 221 | ||
| 16.4 Finnish Development Cooperation and Policy in Water Services | 225 | ||
| Fifty years of development cooperation on WSS: 1965–2015 | 226 | ||
| Examples of projects | 226 | ||
| Impacts of International Cooperation on Water Services | 233 | ||
| Endnotes | 236 | ||
| Part IV: Societal Importance and Futures of Water Services | 238 | ||
| 17: Lessons Learnt: Societal Importance of Water Services | 240 | ||
| 17.1 Overall Development of Water Services in Finland | 241 | ||
| Political factors | 243 | ||
| Economic factors | 244 | ||
| Socio-institutional factors | 244 | ||
| Technological factors | 244 | ||
| Environmental factors | 245 | ||
| Legislative factors | 245 | ||
| 17.2 General Findings | 245 | ||
| Overall Framework of Water Services | 245 | ||
| 17.3 International Comparison of Water Services | 246 | ||
| Finnish Water and Environment Services in International Comparison | 246 | ||
| 17.4 Discussion | 247 | ||
| Endnotes | 249 | ||
| 18: Towards Futures: Quarter of a Millennium as a Timeframe | 250 | ||
| 18.1 Challenges of Water Services in 2030 | 251 | ||
| 18.2 Futures Thinking and Water Services | 253 | ||
| Futures Thinking and Water Services | 254 | ||
| 18.3 Conclusions | 255 | ||
| Part I. Water Problems, Solutions and Technology Devel-opment | 255 | ||
| Part II. Operational Environment and Economics of Water Services | 255 | ||
| Part III. Institutional Development and Governance | 256 | ||
| Part IV. Societal Importance and Futures of Water Services | 256 | ||
| Endnotes | 257 | ||
| 19: Implications for International Cooperation and Policy | 258 | ||
| 19.1 Finland, Latin America and human rights: what are the linkages? | 259 | ||
| 19.2 Views from India and other developing economies | 259 | ||
| 19.3 Japanese reflections | 260 | ||
| 19.4 Views from Kenya | 261 | ||
| 19.5 Reflections from the Netherlands | 262 | ||
| 19.6 Ukrainian viewpoints | 262 | ||
| 19.7 Views from Colorado, USA | 263 | ||
| 19.8 Synopsis | 263 | ||
| Endnotes | 265 | ||
| 20: Poetic Epilogue | 266 | ||
| 21: References | 268 | ||
| Abbreviations | 269 | ||
| Photographs | 270 | ||
| Web-sites | 270 | ||
| News, newspapers and magazines | 270 | ||
| Unpublished documents and archives | 271 | ||
| Literature | 272 | ||
| Index | 287 |