BOOK
Organic Waste Recycling: Technology, Management and Sustainability
Chongrak Polprasert | Thammarat Koottatep
(2017)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This fourth edition of Organic Waste Recycling is fully updated with new material to create a comprehensive and accessible textbook: - New chapter on constructed wetlands for wastewater and faecal sludge stabilization. - New sections on: waste recycling vs. climate change and water; faecal sludge and its characteristics; hydrothermal carbonization technology; up-to-date environmental criteria and legislation and environmental risk assessment. - New case studies with emphasis on practices in both developed and developing countries have been included, along with more exercises at the end of chapters to help the readers understand the technical principles and their application. - Novel concepts and strategies of waste management are presented. - Up-to-date research findings and innovative technologies of waste recycling program are provided. This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in environmental sciences and engineering as well as researchers, professionals and policy makers who conduct research and practices in the related fields. It is essential reading for experts in environmental science and engineering and sustainable waste reuse and recycling in both developed and developing countries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| About the authors | xiii | ||
| Preface | xiv | ||
| Abbreviations and symbols | xvi | ||
| Atomic weight and number of elements | xix | ||
| Conversion factors for SI units | xxii | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 PROBLEMS AND NEED FOR ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING | 1 | ||
| 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1 Agricultural reuses | 6 | ||
| 1.2.2 Bioenergy production | 6 | ||
| 1.2.3 Aquacultural reuses | 7 | ||
| 1.2.4 Organic wastewater reuse | 8 | ||
| 1.3 INTEGRATED AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES | 9 | ||
| 1.3.1 Kamol Kij Co. Rice Mill Complex and Kirikan Farm, Thailand (Ullah, 1979) | 11 | ||
| 1.3.2 Maya Farms, the Philippines | 12 | ||
| 1.3.3 Werribee Farm, Australia | 13 | ||
| 1.3.4 Public toilet with biogas plant, Naivasha, Kenya | 14 | ||
| 1.3.5 Cogeneration at Rayong municipality, Thailand (http://www.cogen3.net) | 15 | ||
| 1.4 FEASIBILITY AND SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF WASTE RECYCLING | 16 | ||
| 1.5 WASTE, WATER, CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY | 17 | ||
| 1.6 REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| 1.7 EXERCISES | 22 | ||
| Chapter 2: Composition and characteristics of organic wastes | 23 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| 2.2 HUMAN WASTES | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1 Wastewater | 25 | ||
| 2.2.2 Faecal and wastewater sludge | 26 | ||
| 2.3 ORGANIC SOLID WASTES | 31 | ||
| 2.4 AGRICULTURAL WASTES | 32 | ||
| 2.4.1 Agricultural wastes management systems – case study (Adapted from USDA-NRCS, 1996) | 36 | ||
| 2.5 AGRO – INDUSTRIAL WASTES | 37 | ||
| 2.5.1 Tapioca industry | 38 | ||
| Tapioca processing | 38 | ||
| Chip and pellet production | 38 | ||
| Flour production | 39 | ||
| Tapioca starch wastewater characteristics | 41 | ||
| 2.5.2 Palm oil industry | 42 | ||
| Extraction process | 42 | ||
| Palm oil mill wastewater characteristics | 45 | ||
| 2.5.3 Sugar industry | 47 | ||
| Raw sugar cane manufacturing process | 47 | ||
| Sugar industry wastewater effluents | 48 | ||
| 2.5.4 Brewing industry | 50 | ||
| Water and waste management | 50 | ||
| Sources of wastewaters and characteristics | 50 | ||
| 2.5.5 Meat and poultry products industry | 51 | ||
| Meat processing | 52 | ||
| Dairy processing | 54 | ||
| Poultry processing | 54 | ||
| Rendering operations | 56 | ||
| Waste characterisation of meat and poultry products industry | 57 | ||
| 2.5.6 Fish and fisheries products industry | 61 | ||
| 2.5.7 Fruit and vegetable industry | 62 | ||
| Processing operations and waste generation | 63 | ||
| 2.6 POLLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH ORGANIC WASTES | 64 | ||
| 2.7 HEALTH IMPACT OF ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT | 67 | ||
| 2.7.1 Indicator organisms | 69 | ||
| 2.8 SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIES FOR ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT | 76 | ||
| 2.8.1 Life cycle assessment (LCA) | 79 | ||
| Life cycle assessment of waste management system | 81 | ||
| 2.8.2 Pollution Prevention (P2) | 82 | ||
| 2.8.3 Cleaner production (CP) | 84 | ||
| Planning and organization | 86 | ||
| Assessment | 86 | ||
| Good operating practices | 88 | ||
| Example 2.1 | 88 | ||
| Feasibility analysis | 89 | ||
| Example 2.2 | 89 | ||
| Technology changes | 90 | ||
| Example: Technology changes | 90 | ||
| Input material changes | 90 | ||
| Product changes | 90 | ||
| Implementation and continuation | 91 | ||
| Case study A: Frozen shrimp industry, Thailand | 91 | ||
| Case study B: Birkdale nursery, Australia | 91 | ||
| Case study C: Waste minimization in the food and drink industry, East Anglia, UK | 92 | ||
| Waste recycling | 92 | ||
| 2.9 REFERENCES | 92 | ||
| 2.10 EXERCISES | 103 | ||
| Chapter 3: Composting | 105 | ||
| 3.1 USES AND APPLICATION | 107 | ||
| Waste management and stabilization | 107 | ||
| Pathogen control and public health issues | 107 | ||
| Nutrient Management | 109 | ||
| Sludge drying | 109 | ||
| 3.2 PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES | 109 | ||
| Mesophilic Phase (25–40°C) | 111 | ||
| Thermophilic phase (35–65°C) | 111 | ||
| Cooling Phase (Second Mesophilic Phase) | 111 | ||
| Maturation phase | 112 | ||
| 3.3 MICROBIOLOGY OF COMPOSTING | 113 | ||
| 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS | 115 | ||
| 3.4.1 Nutrient balance | 115 | ||
| Example 3.1 | 118 | ||
| 3.4.2 Particle size and structural support of compost pile | 118 | ||
| 3.4.3 Moisture control | 119 | ||
| Example 3.2 | 121 | ||
| 3.4.4 Aeration requirements | 123 | ||
| Example 3.3 | 123 | ||
| 3.4.5 Temperature and pH | 124 | ||
| 3.5 COMPOSTING MATURITY | 125 | ||
| 3.6 COMPOSTING SYSTEMS AND DESIGN CRITERIA | 126 | ||
| 3.6.1 Composting toilets | 127 | ||
| Pit composting latrines | 128 | ||
| Multrum composting toilets | 129 | ||
| Urine – diversion toilets (Dehydration vaults) (Figure 3.16) | 130 | ||
| Chinese ground-surface aerobic composting pile | 132 | ||
| 3.6.2 Windrow composting | 133 | ||
| Windrow composting | 133 | ||
| Forced-air aeration composting | 133 | ||
| 3.6.3 In-vessel systems | 135 | ||
| Vertical composting in-vessel system | 136 | ||
| 3.6.4 Horizontal In-vessel system | 136 | ||
| The DANO System | 136 | ||
| 3.7 PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF COMPOSTING | 142 | ||
| 3.7.1 Die-offs of primary pathogens | 142 | ||
| 3.7.2 Health risks from secondary pathogens | 143 | ||
| 3.8 UTILIZATION OF COMPOSTED PRODUCTS | 145 | ||
| 3.8.1 Utilization as fertilizer and soil conditioner | 146 | ||
| Socio-economic considerations | 146 | ||
| Product quality | 147 | ||
| Soil and plant response | 148 | ||
| 3.8.2 Utilization as feed for fish | 149 | ||
| 3.9 REFERENCES | 150 | ||
| 3.10 EXERCISES | 154 | ||
| Chapter 4: Bioenergy production | 157 | ||
| 4.1 BIOFUELS | 160 | ||
| 4.2 BIOETHANOL | 164 | ||
| 4.2.1 Bioethanol production | 165 | ||
| 4.2.2 Bioethanol production process | 166 | ||
| Storage and preparation of raw materials | 166 | ||
| Fermentation | 167 | ||
| Distillation and drying | 167 | ||
| 4.2.3 Case studies of ethanol production | 169 | ||
| U.S.A. (renewable fuel association 2006) | 169 | ||
| 4.3 BIOMETHANOL | 169 | ||
| 4.4 BIODIESEL | 171 | ||
| 4.4.1 Process technologies for biodiesel production | 173 | ||
| 4.4.2 Case studies of biodiesel production | 175 | ||
| Biodiesel in California U.S.A | 175 | ||
| Biodiesel in Thailand | 175 | ||
| 4.5 BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY | 176 | ||
| 4.5.1 Benefits and limitations of biogas technology | 177 | ||
| 4.5.2 Anaerobic digestion (AD) process | 179 | ||
| Stage 1: Pre-treatment | 180 | ||
| Stage 2: Liquefaction | 182 | ||
| Stage 3: Acid formation | 182 | ||
| Stage 4: Methane formation | 182 | ||
| 4.5.3 Environmental requirements for anaerobic digestion | 187 | ||
| Temperature | 187 | ||
| pH and alkalinity | 188 | ||
| Nutrient concentration | 188 | ||
| Loadings | 189 | ||
| Presence of toxic compounds | 189 | ||
| Mixing | 189 | ||
| 4.5.4 Operation and types of biogas digesters | 190 | ||
| Modes of operation | 190 | ||
| Types of digesters | 191 | ||
| Trouble-shooting | 206 | ||
| 4.5.5 Biogas production | 211 | ||
| Example 4.1 | 214 | ||
| Example 4.2 | 214 | ||
| 4.5.6 End uses of biogas and digested slurry | 216 | ||
| Biogas | 216 | ||
| Example 4.3 | 220 | ||
| H2S removal | 220 | ||
| Digested slurry | 221 | ||
| 4.5.7 Case studies of biogas production | 221 | ||
| Biogas in India | 221 | ||
| 4.6 HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION PROCESS | 221 | ||
| 4.6.1 Hydrochar characteristics | 222 | ||
| Energy content | 222 | ||
| Elemental composition | 222 | ||
| Surface morphology | 224 | ||
| 4.6.2 Environmental and energy requirements | 226 | ||
| Moisture content | 226 | ||
| Hydrolysis | 226 | ||
| Reaction time | 227 | ||
| Solid content | 228 | ||
| pH value | 228 | ||
| Energy requirements | 228 | ||
| Feedstocks for hydrochar production | 229 | ||
| 4.6.3 Mechanisms of hydrothermal carbonization | 229 | ||
| Hydrolysis | 232 | ||
| Dehydration and fragmentation | 233 | ||
| Polymerization and aromatization | 233 | ||
| Particle growth | 233 | ||
| 4.6.4 Hydrochar production and yields | 233 | ||
| Example 4.4 | 233 | ||
| 4.6.5 A case study of industrial-scale HTC | 235 | ||
| 4.6.6 Applications of hydrochar | 235 | ||
| Solid fuel | 235 | ||
| Energy storage | 235 | ||
| Soil amendment | 236 | ||
| Absorbent in water purification | 236 | ||
| Catalyst | 237 | ||
| CO2 sequestration | 237 | ||
| Liquid products | 237 | ||
| Gas products | 237 | ||
| Bio-oil production | 238 | ||
| Pyrolysis | 238 | ||
| 4.7 REFERENCES | 241 | ||
| 4.8 EXERCISES | 249 | ||
| Chapter 5: Algal production | 252 | ||
| 5.1 ALGAE CLASSIFICATION | 253 | ||
| 5.2 BENEFITS, OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS | 257 | ||
| 5.2.1 Wastewater treatment and nutrient recycling | 257 | ||
| 5.2.2 Bioconversion of solar energy | 258 | ||
| 5.2.3 Pathogen destruction | 258 | ||
| Harvesting | 258 | ||
| Algae composition | 258 | ||
| Contamination of toxic materials and pathogens | 259 | ||
| 5.3 ALGAL-BASED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS | 259 | ||
| 5.3.1 Open pond systems | 261 | ||
| High-rate algal pond (raceway ponds) | 261 | ||
| Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond (AIWP) system | 265 | ||
| 5.3.2 Closed photobioreactors systems | 268 | ||
| Tubular photobioreactors (TPBR) | 269 | ||
| Vertical photobioreactors (VPBR) system | 270 | ||
| Case study: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) OMEGA’s Project, USA | 271 | ||
| 5.3.3 Immobilized systems | 272 | ||
| Case study: AlgaSORB by Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc., USA | 273 | ||
| 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIRMENTS | 274 | ||
| 5.4.1 Carbon and nutrients | 274 | ||
| Carbon (C) | 274 | ||
| Nitrogen (N) | 275 | ||
| Phosphorus (P) | 275 | ||
| 5.4.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) | 275 | ||
| 5.4.3 Light and temperature | 276 | ||
| Goldman formula | 277 | ||
| 5.4.4 pH | 278 | ||
| 5.4.5 Inhibitory substances | 279 | ||
| 5.4.6 Biotic factors | 279 | ||
| 5.5 PROCESS DESIGN AND OPERATIONS | 280 | ||
| 5.5.1 Depth | 280 | ||
| Example 5.1 | 281 | ||
| 5.5.2 Hydraulic retention time (HRT) | 281 | ||
| 5.5.3 BOD loading | 283 | ||
| 5.5.4 Mixing and recirculation | 283 | ||
| Oron and Shelef formula | 285 | ||
| Theoretical estimation | 285 | ||
| Example 5.2 | 286 | ||
| 5.6 ALGAL HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES | 288 | ||
| 5.6.1 Filtration and screening | 290 | ||
| Microstraining | 291 | ||
| Paper precoated belt filtration | 293 | ||
| 5.6.2 Centrifugation | 294 | ||
| 5.6.3 Coagulation/flocculation | 294 | ||
| Autoflocculation and Bio-flocculation | 296 | ||
| 5.6.4 Sedimentation | 297 | ||
| 5.6.5 Flotation | 297 | ||
| Dissolved-air flotation (DAF) | 298 | ||
| 5.6.6 Drying | 300 | ||
| 5.7 UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER-GROWN ALGAE | 300 | ||
| 5.7.1 Algae as food and feed | 300 | ||
| 5.7.2 Algae for fertilizer | 304 | ||
| 5.7.3 Algae for biofuel | 305 | ||
| 5.7.4 Algae as source of chemicals/pharmaceuticals | 305 | ||
| 5.7.5 Algae as a future life support technology | 308 | ||
| 5.8 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY | 308 | ||
| 5.8.1 Public health risks management | 309 | ||
| 5.9 REFERENCES | 311 | ||
| 5.10 EXERCISES | 326 | ||
| Chapter 6: Fish, chitin, and chitosan production | 328 | ||
| 6.1 OBJECTIVES, BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS | 331 | ||
| 6.1.1 Waste stabilization, nutrient and resource recycling | 332 | ||
| 6.1.2 Improved wastewater effluent quality | 332 | ||
| 6.1.3 Better food conversion ratio | 333 | ||
| 6.1.4 Operational skill and maintenance | 333 | ||
| Land requirement and existence of a waste collection system | 333 | ||
| Availability of suitable fish fry | 333 | ||
| Public health risks | 333 | ||
| Marketing and public acceptance | 334 | ||
| 6.2 WASTE-FED AQUACULTURE | 334 | ||
| 6.2.1 Waste-fed aquaculture fish feeding habits | 335 | ||
| Herbivorous fish | 337 | ||
| Carnivorous fish | 337 | ||
| Omnivorous fish | 337 | ||
| 6.2.2 Biological food chains in waste-fed ponds | 337 | ||
| 6.2.3 Biochemical reactions in waste-fed ponds | 339 | ||
| 6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE-FED AQUACULTURE | 341 | ||
| 6.3.1 Integrated systems | 341 | ||
| Rice-based systems (RBS) | 342 | ||
| Livestock-based system (LBS) | 342 | ||
| Seaweed-based system (SBS) | 343 | ||
| Human waste-based system (HWBS) | 344 | ||
| 6.3.2 Intensive systems | 345 | ||
| Extensive systems | 345 | ||
| Semi-intensive | 345 | ||
| 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS | 347 | ||
| 6.4.1 Light | 347 | ||
| 6.4.2 Temperature | 347 | ||
| 6.4.3 Dissolved oxygen (DO) | 347 | ||
| 6.4.4 Ammonia concentration | 351 | ||
| 6.4.5 pH | 352 | ||
| 6.4.6 Carbon dioxide | 352 | ||
| 6.4.7 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | 352 | ||
| 6.4.8 Heavy metals and pesticides | 352 | ||
| 6.4.9 Stocking density | 353 | ||
| 6.5 DESIGN CRITERIA | 354 | ||
| 6.5.1 Organic loading, DO and fish yield models | 354 | ||
| DO-at-dawn (DOd) model | 355 | ||
| Tilapia growth model | 358 | ||
| 6.5.2 Fish culture and stocking density | 358 | ||
| 6.5.3 Water supply | 360 | ||
| 6.5.4 Pond size | 360 | ||
| 6.5.5 Pond arrangement | 360 | ||
| Example 6.1 | 361 | ||
| Solution | 361 | ||
| 6.5.6 Case studies | 363 | ||
| Wastewater-fed aquaculture in Kolkata, India | 363 | ||
| Wastewater-fed, aquaculture plant Otelfingen/Zurich, Switzerland (Staudenmann & Junge-Berberovic, 2003) | 365 | ||
| Integrated dairy/aquaculture system, South Florida, USA (Lazur & Leteux, 2004) | 367 | ||
| 6.6 CHITIN AND CHITOSAN | 368 | ||
| 6.6.1 Chitin | 369 | ||
| 6.6.2 Chitosan | 374 | ||
| 6.6.3 Case study | 376 | ||
| France Chitine’s chitosans (http://www.france-chitine.com) | 376 | ||
| 6.7 UTILIZATION OF FISH, CHITIN AND CHITOSAN | 377 | ||
| 6.7.1 Utilization of waste-fed aquaculture fish | 377 | ||
| Resource recovery and utilization | 377 | ||
| Contribution to food security | 377 | ||
| Fish meal or feed for other animals | 378 | ||
| Household and community health | 379 | ||
| 6.7.2 Utilization of chitin and chitosan | 379 | ||
| Wastewater treatment with CH and CHs | 380 | ||
| Application of CH and CHs in food | 380 | ||
| Biomedical application of CH and CHs | 383 | ||
| 6.8 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY | 384 | ||
| 6.9 REFERENCES | 386 | ||
| 6.10 EXERCISES | 398 | ||
| Chapter 7: Aquatic weeds and their utilization | 400 | ||
| 7.1 OBJECTIVES, BENEFITS, AND LIMITATIONS | 400 | ||
| 7.1.1 Objectives | 400 | ||
| 7.1.2 Benefits | 400 | ||
| 7.1.3 Limitations | 401 | ||
| Land requirement | 401 | ||
| Pathogen destruction | 401 | ||
| End uses | 401 | ||
| 7.2 MAJOR TYPES AND FUNCTIONS | 401 | ||
| 7.2.1 Submerged type | 403 | ||
| 7.2.2 Floating type | 403 | ||
| 7.2.3 Emergent type | 403 | ||
| 7.3 WEED COMPOSITION | 404 | ||
| 7.3.1 Water content | 404 | ||
| 7.3.2 Protein content | 404 | ||
| 7.3.3 Mineral content | 406 | ||
| 7.3.4 Miscellaneous | 406 | ||
| 7.4 PRODUCTIVITY AND PROBLEMS CAUSED BY AQUATIC WEEDS | 406 | ||
| 7.5 HARVESTING, PROCESSING AND USES | 408 | ||
| 7.5.1 Harvesting | 409 | ||
| 7.5.2 Dewatering | 410 | ||
| 7.5.3 Soil additives | 411 | ||
| Mulch and organic fertilizer | 411 | ||
| Ash | 412 | ||
| Green manure | 412 | ||
| Composting | 413 | ||
| 7.5.4 Pulp, fiber, and paper | 413 | ||
| 7.5.5 Biogas and power alcohol | 414 | ||
| 7.6 FOOD POTENTIALS | 416 | ||
| 7.6.1 Food for herbivorous fish | 416 | ||
| Chinese grass carp | 416 | ||
| Other herbivorous fish | 418 | ||
| Crayfish | 418 | ||
| 7.6.2 Livestock fodder | 418 | ||
| Silage | 420 | ||
| Human food | 421 | ||
| 7.6.3 Food for other aquatic and amphibious herbivores | 422 | ||
| Ducks, geese, and swans | 422 | ||
| 7.7 WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING AQUATIC WEEDS | 422 | ||
| 7.7.1 Wastewater contaminant removal mechanisms | 424 | ||
| BOD5 removal | 424 | ||
| Solids removal | 426 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 426 | ||
| Phosphorus removal | 427 | ||
| Heavy metals removal | 427 | ||
| Refractory organic removal | 428 | ||
| Removal of bacteria and viruses | 428 | ||
| Summary | 428 | ||
| 7.7.2 Aquatic system design concepts | 431 | ||
| Aquatic processing unit (APU) | 431 | ||
| Use of plants and animals in aquatic treatment | 432 | ||
| 7.7.3 Process design parameters | 433 | ||
| Hydraulic retention time and process kinetics | 433 | ||
| Example 7.1 | 435 | ||
| Hydraulic loading rate | 436 | ||
| Hydraulic application rate | 436 | ||
| Organic loading rate | 436 | ||
| Nitrogen loading rate | 437 | ||
| Climatic influences | 438 | ||
| Temperature | 439 | ||
| Rain | 439 | ||
| Wind | 439 | ||
| Environmental factors | 439 | ||
| Wastewater characteristics | 440 | ||
| Process reliability, upsets, and recovery | 440 | ||
| 7.7.4 Review of existing aquatic treatment systems | 441 | ||
| Example 7.2 | 441 | ||
| Example 7.3 | 443 | ||
| Example 7.4 | 444 | ||
| Potential of wastewater treatment | 446 | ||
| Composting of water hyacinth | 447 | ||
| 7.8 PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF AQUATIC WEEDS | 445 | ||
| 7.9 CASE STUDY | 446 | ||
| 7.10 REFERENCES | 447 | ||
| 7.11 EXERCISES | 449 | ||
| Chapter 8: Constructed wetlands | 451 | ||
| 8.1 OBJECTIVES, BENEFITS, AND LIMITATIONS | 451 | ||
| 8.1.1 Objectives | 451 | ||
| 8.1.2 Benefits | 451 | ||
| 8.1.3 Limitations | 451 | ||
| 8.2 MAJOR TYPES AND FUNCTIONS | 452 | ||
| 8.2.1 Free water surface | 452 | ||
| 8.2.2 Subsurface flow | 452 | ||
| 8.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE | 454 | ||
| 8.3.1 Wastewater contaminant removal mechanisms | 454 | ||
| BOD5 removal | 454 | ||
| SS removal | 454 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 455 | ||
| Phosphorus removal | 455 | ||
| Pathogen removal | 455 | ||
| Heavy metals removal | 456 | ||
| Trace organics removal | 456 | ||
| 8.4 DESIGN CRITERIA AND OPERATION | 456 | ||
| 8.4.1 FWS wetland | 456 | ||
| 8.4.2 SF wetland | 457 | ||
| Example 8.1 | 459 | ||
| 8.4.3 Other considerations | 460 | ||
| Hydraulic budget | 460 | ||
| Site selection | 460 | ||
| Flow patterns | 460 | ||
| Slope | 461 | ||
| Liners | 461 | ||
| 8.4.4 Operation and maintenance | 461 | ||
| Mosquito control | 461 | ||
| Plant harvesting | 461 | ||
| System perturbations and operation modifications | 462 | ||
| FWS wetland: Routine operation and maintenance | 464 | ||
| SF wetland: Routine operation and maintenance | 464 | ||
| 8.5 CASE STUDIES | 464 | ||
| 8.5.1 Constructed wetland treatment of industrial wastewater | 464 | ||
| 8.5.2 Constructed wetland treatment of municipal wastewater | 465 | ||
| Rehabilitation of wastewater treatment system on Phi Phi Island | 465 | ||
| SF system in Emmitsburg, Maryland, USA | 467 | ||
| 8.5.3 Constructed wetland treatment of fecal sludge or septage | 468 | ||
| 8.6 REFERENCES | 469 | ||
| 8.7 EXERCISES | 469 | ||
| Chapter 9: Land treatment of wastewater | 471 | ||
| 9.1 OBJECTIVES, BENEFITS, AND LIMITATIONS | 471 | ||
| 9.2 WASTEWATER RENOVATION PROCESSES | 472 | ||
| 9.2.1 Slow rate process (SR) | 474 | ||
| Methods of irrigation | 476 | ||
| Reliability | 476 | ||
| Site selection | 476 | ||
| Reliability | 480 | ||
| Site selection | 480 | ||
| 9.2.2 Rapid infiltration process (RI) | 476 | ||
| 9.2.3 Overland flow process (OF) | 480 | ||
| Reliability | 481 | ||
| Site selection | 482 | ||
| 9.2.4 Combined processes | 482 | ||
| 9.2.5 Groundwater recharge | 482 | ||
| 9.3 WASTEWATER RENOVATION MECHANISMS | 483 | ||
| 9.3.1 Physical removal mechanisms | 483 | ||
| 9.3.2 Chemical removal mechanisms | 484 | ||
| 9.3.3 Biological removal mechanisms | 485 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 487 | ||
| BOD removal | 488 | ||
| 9.4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION | 489 | ||
| 9.4.1 Irrigation or SR system | 489 | ||
| Wastewater application rate | 489 | ||
| Example 9.1 | 490 | ||
| Hydraulic loading rate | 490 | ||
| Nitrogen loading rate | 491 | ||
| Example 9.2 | 491 | ||
| BOD loading rate | 493 | ||
| Application schedule | 493 | ||
| 9.4.2 Rapid infiltration or RI system | 493 | ||
| Wastewater application rate | 493 | ||
| Hydraulic loading rate | 494 | ||
| Treatment performance | 494 | ||
| Application schedule | 494 | ||
| Example 9.3 | 495 | ||
| 9.4.3 Overland flow or OF system | 495 | ||
| Wastewater application rate | 495 | ||
| Slope length | 496 | ||
| Application schedule | 496 | ||
| 9.4.4 Other design considerations | 496 | ||
| Pre-application treatment | 496 | ||
| Buffer zone | 497 | ||
| Crop selection | 497 | ||
| Storage | 497 | ||
| Distribution system | 497 | ||
| 9.5 LAND TREATMENT-DESIGN EQUATIONS | 498 | ||
| 9.5.1 RI process | 498 | ||
| Nitrogen removal | 498 | ||
| Phosphorus removal | 498 | ||
| 9.5.2 OF process | 499 | ||
| BOD5 and TOC removal | 499 | ||
| Design daily flow (Q) | 502 | ||
| Design application rate (q) | 503 | ||
| Design application period (Pd) | 503 | ||
| Example 9.4 | 504 | ||
| Example 9.5 | 506 | ||
| Example 9.6 | 507 | ||
| Water quality | 508 | ||
| Groundwater | 510 | ||
| Soil | 510 | ||
| Crop tissue | 511 | ||
| 9.6 SYSTEM MONITORING | 508 | ||
| 9.7 CASE STUDIES | 511 | ||
| 9.7.1 Slow rate process | 511 | ||
| City of San Angelo in Texas | 511 | ||
| Potato process water in Idaho | 511 | ||
| Reuse of wastewater in agriculture in Thailand | 512 | ||
| 9.7.2 Rapid infiltration process | 513 | ||
| Lake George, New York | 513 | ||
| Cheese Processing Wastewater in California | 513 | ||
| 9.7.3 Overland flow process | 514 | ||
| Campbell Soup Company in Paris, Texas | 514 | ||
| Tomato Processor in California | 515 | ||
| 9.8 PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS AND PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE | 515 | ||
| 9.8.1 Nitrogen | 516 | ||
| 9.8.2 Heavy metals and other toxic organic compounds | 516 | ||
| 9.8.3 Pathogens | 516 | ||
| 9.9 REFERENCES | 519 | ||
| 9.10 EXERCISES | 520 | ||
| Chapter 10: Land treatment of sludge | 522 | ||
| 10.1 OBJECTIVES, BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS | 523 | ||
| 10.1.1 Agricultural utilization | 524 | ||
| 10.1.2 Forest utilization | 525 | ||
| 10.1.3 Land reclamation | 528 | ||
| 10.1.4 Land application at public contact site, lawn, and home garden | 528 | ||
| 10.2 SLUDGE TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION PROCEDURES | 528 | ||
| 10.2.1 Mode of sludge transport | 528 | ||
| 10.2.2 Sludge application procedures | 529 | ||
| 10.3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND SLUDGE APPLICATION RATES | 531 | ||
| 10.3.1 Sludge application rates | 534 | ||
| Application rate based on heavy metal concentrations | 535 | ||
| Application rate based on nitrogen | 535 | ||
| Example 10.1 | 535 | ||
| 10.3.2 Sludge loading determination | 536 | ||
| Example 10.2 | 538 | ||
| 10.3.3 Monitoring program | 540 | ||
| 10.3.4 Case studies | 540 | ||
| Case study I: U.S.A | 540 | ||
| Case study II: Canada | 542 | ||
| Case study III: Thailand | 542 | ||
| 10.4 TOXIC SUBSTANCES VS CROP GROWTH | 543 | ||
| 10.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SLUDGE APPLICATION ON LAND | 544 | ||
| 10.6 REFERENCES | 545 | ||
| 10.7 EXERCISES | 546 | ||
| Chapter 11: Organic waste recycling governance | 548 | ||
| 11.1 MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY AND GOVERNANCE | 549 | ||
| 11.2 PLANNING FOR ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING | 553 | ||
| 11.2.1 Technology selection | 554 | ||
| 11.3 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES | 556 | ||
| 11.3.1 Direct regulation | 557 | ||
| 11.3.2 Economic instruments | 559 | ||
| 11.3.3 Social instruments | 560 | ||
| 11.3.4 Management responsibilities | 561 | ||
| National government | 561 | ||
| Local government (Municipality) | 562 | ||
| Private sector | 562 | ||
| Non-governmental organization (NGOs) | 562 | ||
| Public (Citizen) | 563 | ||
| 11.4 COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT | 563 | ||
| 11.4.1 Monitoring and control of facility performance | 564 | ||
| Effective control and regulation of the system | 564 | ||
| Emission analysis and evaluation | 564 | ||
| Catering for future needs | 565 | ||
| Analysis of public response for system interaction | 565 | ||
| 11.4.2 Data evaluation, analysis, and documentation | 565 | ||
| 11.4.3 Equipment monitoring | 565 | ||
| 11.4.4 Organizational infrastructure | 565 | ||
| 11.5 CASE STUDIES | 566 | ||
| 11.5.1 Consequences of poor planning – anaerobic digestion plant in Lucknow, India | 566 | ||
| 11.5.2 Law on food waste recycling, Japan | 566 | ||
| 11.5.3 Effects of policy instruments on the Netherlands’ landfills | 566 | ||
| 11.6 REFERENCES | 567 | ||
| 11.7 EXERCISES | 571 | ||
| Index | 572 |