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Book Details
Abstract
The book comprises nine chapters, with seven core chapters dealing in detail with the basic principles and processes of the main hydrological components of the water cycle: precipitation, interception, evaporation, soil water, groundwater, streamflow and water quality. It takes a broadly non-mathematical approach, although some numeracy is assumed particularly in the treatment of evaporation and soil water. The introductory and concluding chapters show the relations and interactions between these components, and also put the importance of water into a wider human context – its significant role in human history, its key role today, and potential role in future in the light of climate change and increasing global population pressures. The book is thoroughly up-to-date, contains over 100 diagrams and photographs to explain and amplify the concepts described, and contains over 750 references for further study.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| CONTENTS | 5 | ||
| PREFACE | 6 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 9 | ||
| 1.0 INTRODUCTION | 10 | ||
| 1.1 WATER – FACTS AND FIGURES | 12 | ||
| 1.1.1 THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER | 12 | ||
| 1.2 THE CHANGING NATURE OF HYDROLOGY | 14 | ||
| 1.2.1 EARLY THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF SPRINGS AND STREAMFLOW | 18 | ||
| 1.2.2 DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING OF THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE | 20 | ||
| 1.3 QUANTIFYING THE GLOBAL WATER BALANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE | 22 | ||
| Links to Global energy budget | 25 | ||
| 1.4 THE NATURE OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES | 26 | ||
| 1.5 WHY HYDROLOGY MATTERS TODAY | 28 | ||
| SUGGESTED DISCUSSION TOPICS | 30 | ||
| REFERENCE COMPILATIONS AND RESOURCES | 33 | ||
| USEFUL WEBSITES | 34 | ||
| Intergovernmental organizations and International research bodies | 34 | ||
| National Research Bodies | 34 | ||
| OPEN SOURCE DATA (UK) AND SOFTWARE TOOLS | 35 | ||
| PRECIPITATION | 37 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS | 38 | ||
| 2.1.1 WATER VAPOUR | 38 | ||
| 2.1.2 CLOUDS | 40 | ||
| 2.2 PRECIPITATION MECHANISMS | 41 | ||
| 2.2.1 FRONTAL AND CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION | 42 | ||
| 2.2.2 CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION | 43 | ||
| 2.2.3 OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION | 44 | ||
| 2.3 GENERAL SPATIAL PATTERNS OF PRECIPITATION | 44 | ||
| 2.3.1 GLOBAL PATTERN OF PRECIPITATION | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2 REGIONAL PRECIPITATION | 46 | ||
| 2.4 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT | 48 | ||
| 2.4.1 POINT MEASUREMENT | 48 | ||
| Particular measurement problems | 52 | ||
| 2.4.2 AREAL RAINFALL | 53 | ||
| Design of raingauge networks | 53 | ||
| Weather radar and satellites | 56 | ||
| 2.5 TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN PRECIPITATION RECORDS | 59 | ||
| 2.5.1 STOCHASTIC VARIATIONS | 60 | ||
| 2.5.2 PERIODIC VARIATIONS | 60 | ||
| 2.5.3 SECULAR VARIATIONS | 63 | ||
| 2.6 ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATION DATA | 66 | ||
| 2.6.1 CATCHMENT MEAN RAINFALL | 66 | ||
| 2.6.2 STORM PRECIPITATION PATTERNS | 68 | ||
| 2.6.3 RAINFALL STATISTICS | 68 | ||
| Point rainfall frequencies | 68 | ||
| Areal rainfall frequencies | 70 | ||
| Determining the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) | 70 | ||
| Droughts | 73 | ||
| 2.7 HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SNOW | 75 | ||
| 2.7.1 DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW | 75 | ||
| 2.7.2 AMOUNT OF SNOWFALL | 76 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 79 | ||
| WEBSITES | 79 | ||
| Meteorological Services | 79 | ||
| INTERCEPTION | 81 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS | 82 | ||
| 3.2 INTERCEPTION AND THE WATER BALANCE | 83 | ||
| 3.3 MEASURING INTERCEPTION | 88 | ||
| 3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING INTERCEPTION LOSS FROM VEGETATION | 92 | ||
| 3.5 INTERCEPTION LOSSES FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION | 94 | ||
| 3.5.1 WOODLANDS | 95 | ||
| 3.5.2 GRASSES AND SHRUBS | 98 | ||
| 3.5.3 AGRICULTURAL CROPS | 99 | ||
| 3.6 MODELLING INTERCEPTION | 100 | ||
| 3.7 INTERCEPTION OF SNOW | 106 | ||
| 3.8 CLOUD WATER DEPOSITION | 107 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 109 | ||
| EVAPORATION | 111 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS | 112 | ||
| 4.2 THE PROCESS OF EVAPORATION | 113 | ||
| 4.2.1 THERMODYNAMIC FACTORS | 115 | ||
| 4.2.2 AERODYNAMIC FACTORS | 117 | ||
| 4.3 ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION | 119 | ||
| 4.3.1 LIQUID WATER LOSS | 119 | ||
| 4.3.2 WATER VAPOUR FLOW | 120 | ||
| Measurement representativeness | 123 | ||
| 4.4 EVAPORATION FROM DIFFERENT SURFACES | 124 | ||
| 4.4.1 OPEN WATER | 124 | ||
| Size of water surface | 124 | ||
| Water depth | 125 | ||
| Salinity | 126 | ||
| Evaporation from snow | 126 | ||
| 4.4.2 EVAPORATION FROM BARE SOILS | 127 | ||
| Remote sensing | 128 | ||
| 4.4.3 EVAPORATION FROM VEGETATION COVERS | 128 | ||
| Transpiration – a necessary evil? | 129 | ||
| Cell water potentials | 129 | ||
| Stomatal control | 131 | ||
| Root control | 134 | ||
| 4.4.4 SOIL FACTORS | 136 | ||
| 4.5 THE COMPONENTS OF EVAPORATION FROM VEGETATION COVERS | 137 | ||
| 4.5.1 RESISTANCES TO WATER VAPOUR FLUX | 137 | ||
| 4.5.2 INTERCEPTION AND TRANSPIRATION | 139 | ||
| Mixed vegetation | 142 | ||
| Sparse vegetation | 142 | ||
| 4.6 MODELLING EVAPORATION | 143 | ||
| 4.6.1 POTENTIAL EVAPORATION AND ACTUAL EVAPORATION | 143 | ||
| 4.6.2 MODELS OF POTENTIAL EVAPORATION | 144 | ||
| The Thornthwaite model | 145 | ||
| The Penman–Monteith model | 146 | ||
| 4.6.3 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN EVAPORATION | 149 | ||
| Operational use of potential evaporation models | 149 | ||
| 4.7 PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING EVAPORATION PROCESSES | 152 | ||
| 4.7.1 PHYSICAL BASIS FOR EVAPORATION EQUATIONS | 152 | ||
| Advection | 153 | ||
| 4.7.2 CHANGES IN EVAPORATION WITH CLIMATE CHANGE | 154 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 155 | ||
| WEBSITES | 155 | ||
| GROUNDWATER | 157 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS | 158 | ||
| 5.2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND | 159 | ||
| 5.3 CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS | 160 | ||
| 5.4 GROUNDWATER STORAGE | 164 | ||
| 5.4.1 POROSITY | 165 | ||
| 5.4.2 SPECIFIC YIELD AND SPECIFIC RETENTION | 167 | ||
| 5.4.3 STORAGE CHANGE | 168 | ||
| Storage changes in unconfined aquifers | 169 | ||
| Storage changes in confined aquifers | 172 | ||
| 5.5 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT | 175 | ||
| 5.5.1 DARCY’S LAW | 176 | ||
| 5.5.2 FACTORS AFFECTING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY | 179 | ||
| 5.6 GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS | 180 | ||
| 5.6.1 FLOW NETS | 181 | ||
| 5.6.2 CLASSICAL MODELS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW | 183 | ||
| 5.6.3 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER FLOW | 186 | ||
| 5.6.5 GROUNDWATER FLOW IN COASTAL AQUIFERS | 189 | ||
| 5.7 GROUNDWATER IN JOINTED AND FRACTURED ROCKS | 191 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 195 | ||
| WEBSITES | 195 | ||
| SOIL WATER | 197 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 198 | ||
| 6.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS AFFECTING SOIL WATER | 198 | ||
| 6.3 STORAGE OF SOIL WATER | 200 | ||
| 6.3.1 WATER RETENTION FORCES | 200 | ||
| 6.3.2 SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS (RETENTION CURVES) | 202 | ||
| 6.3.3 HYSTERESIS | 203 | ||
| 6.3.4 SOIL WATER ‘CONSTANTS’ | 205 | ||
| 6.3.5 SOIL WATER ENERGY (POTENTIAL) | 205 | ||
| 6.4 MOVEMENT OF SOIL WATER | 208 | ||
| 6.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF UNSATURATED FLOW | 208 | ||
| Hydraulic conductivity | 212 | ||
| 6.4.2 INFILTRATION OF WATER INTO SOILS | 214 | ||
| Infiltration capacity | 214 | ||
| Soil water movement during infiltration | 215 | ||
| Time variations in infiltration capacity | 217 | ||
| 6.4.3 SOIL WATER REDISTRIBUTION FOLLOWING INFILTRATION | 218 | ||
| 6.5 SOIL WATER BEHAVIOUR UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS | 220 | ||
| 6.5.1 SOIL LAYERING | 221 | ||
| 6.5.2 MACROPORES | 222 | ||
| Spatial variability | 225 | ||
| 6.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY | 225 | ||
| 6.5.4 HUMAN INFLUENCES | 228 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 230 | ||
| STREAMFLOW | 233 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 234 | ||
| 7.2 QUICKFLOW AND DELAYED FLOW | 235 | ||
| 7.3 SOURCES AND COMPONENTS OF RUNOFF | 236 | ||
| 7.3.1 CHANNEL PRECIPITATION (Qp) | 238 | ||
| 7.3.2 OVERLAND FLOW (Qo) | 238 | ||
| 7.3.3 THROUGHFLOW (Qt) | 238 | ||
| 7.3.4 GROUNDWATER FLOW (Qg) | 239 | ||
| 7.4 EVENT-BASED VARIATIONS | 240 | ||
| 7.4.1 THE HORTON HYPOTHESIS | 240 | ||
| 7.4.2 THE HEWLETT HYPOTHESIS | 242 | ||
| Disjunct source areas | 243 | ||
| Hydrological linkages | 246 | ||
| The role of throughflow | 247 | ||
| The role of groundwater | 249 | ||
| 7.4.3 MULTIPLE PROCESSES | 251 | ||
| 7.4.3 RIVER CHANNELS AND NETWORKS | 253 | ||
| 7.4.4 MEASUREMENT OF RIVER FLOWS | 255 | ||
| Ungauged basins | 256 | ||
| 7.5 FLOW VARIATIONS – DAILY | 257 | ||
| 7.6 FLOW VARIATIONS – SEASONAL | 260 | ||
| 7.7 LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF FLOW AND FLOW VARIABILITY | 262 | ||
| 7.8 EXTREMES OF RUNOFF | 263 | ||
| 7.8.1 FLOOD FLOWS | 263 | ||
| Flood intensifying factors | 266 | ||
| Spatial patterns of flooding | 267 | ||
| 7.8.2 LOW FLOWS | 269 | ||
| Low-flow definitions | 270 | ||
| Patterns of low flow in Britain | 271 | ||
| 7.9 RUNOFF FROM SNOW-COVERED AREAS | 272 | ||
| 7.9.1 SNOWMELT | 272 | ||
| 7.9.2 RUNOFF FROM GLACIERIZED AREAS | 274 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 276 | ||
| WEBSITES | 277 | ||
| WATER QUALITY | 279 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS | 280 | ||
| 8.1.1 PROPERTIES OF WATER | 280 | ||
| 8.1.2 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS | 282 | ||
| 8.2 PROCESSES CONTROLLING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATER | 285 | ||
| 8.3 ATMOSPHERIC SOLUTES | 287 | ||
| 8.4 INTERCEPTION AND EVAPORATION | 293 | ||
| 8.5 SOIL WATER AND GROUNDWATER | 294 | ||
| 8.5.1 WEATHERING OF ROCKS | 294 | ||
| 8.5.2 ADSORPTION AND EXCHANGE REACTIONS | 296 | ||
| 8.5.3 SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND GROUNDWATER | 299 | ||
| 8.5.4 TRACERS | 304 | ||
| 8.5.5 CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF GROUNDWATER | 304 | ||
| 8.5.6 PRESENTATION OF WATER CHEMISTRY DATA | 306 | ||
| 8.6 RUNOFF | 307 | ||
| 8.6.1 PROCESSES IN STREAM CHANNELS | 307 | ||
| 8.6.2 LAKES | 310 | ||
| 8.6.3 CATCHMENTS | 311 | ||
| Geology and Climate | 311 | ||
| Human impacts | 313 | ||
| Emerging Pollutants | 317 | ||
| 8.6.4 WATER QUALITY MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT | 319 | ||
| 8.7 IN CONCLUSION | 322 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES | 323 | ||
| WEBSITES | 323 | ||
| HYDROLOGY IN A CHANGING WORLD | 325 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION AND GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE | 326 | ||
| 9.1.1 GLOBAL POPULATION | 329 | ||
| Water quality and health | 330 | ||
| 9.1.2 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE | 331 | ||
| 9.2 TERRESTRIAL INTERACTIONS | 335 | ||
| 9.2.1 BASIN SCALE – LAND USE CHANGE | 335 | ||
| Irrigation | 336 | ||
| Agricultural drainage | 336 | ||
| Forestry | 337 | ||
| Urbanisation | 339 | ||
| Flow abstractions | 340 | ||
| Integrated catchment management | 341 | ||
| 9.2.2 REGIONAL LAND COVER – CLIMATE INTERACTIONS | 341 | ||
| 9.2.3 WATER CONFLICTS | 344 | ||
| 9.2.4 WATER TRANSFERS | 346 | ||
| Physical transfers – Engineering | 346 | ||
| Virtual water transfers | 347 | ||
| 9.2.5 WATER USE EFFICIENCY | 348 | ||
| Water pricing | 349 | ||
| 9.2.6 ECOSYSTEM HEALTH | 350 | ||
| Natural flood protection | 351 | ||
| 9.3 GLOBAL – CLIMATE CHANGE | 352 | ||
| 9.3.1 CLIMATE MODELLING | 352 | ||
| 9.3.2 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS | 353 | ||
| 9.4 FUTURE CHALLENGES IN HYDROLOGY | 354 | ||
| 9.4.1 SCALE AND TRANSPOSITION | 355 | ||
| 9.4.2 INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA COLLECTION | 355 | ||
| 9.4.3 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND SCRUTINY OF SCIENCE | 356 | ||
| 9.4.4 HYDROLOGY AS A PROFESSION | 358 | ||
| 9.5 EPILOGUE | 359 | ||
| REVIEW PROBLEMS AND DISCUSSION TOPICS CONCERNING CHOICES | 361 | ||
| HYDROLOGY JOBS | 361 | ||
| WEBSITE RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY | 362 | ||
| REFERENCES | 363 | ||
| INDEX | 392 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 400 |