BOOK
Costing Improved Water Supply Systems for Low-income Communities
Fabrizio Carlevaro | Cristian Gonzalez
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This manual and the free downloadable costing tool is the outcome of a project identified by the Water, Sanitation and Health Programme (WSH) of the World Health Organization (WHO) faced with the challenge of costing options for improved access, both to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation. Although limited in scope to the process of costing safe water supply technologies, a proper use of this material lies within a larger setting considering the cultural, environmental, institutional, political and social conditions that should be used by policy decision makers in developing countries to promote sustainable development strategies.
Costing Improved Water Supply Systems for Low-income Communities provides practical guidance to facilitate and standardize the implementation of social life-cycle costing to “improved” drinking-water supply technologies. These technologies have been defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, as those that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protect the source of water from outside contamination, in particular with faecal matter. The conceptual framework used has also been conceived to be applied to costing improved sanitation options.
To facilitate the application of the costing method to actual projects, a basic tool was developed using Microsoft Excel, which is called a water supply costing processor. It enables a user-friendly implementation of all the tasks involved in a social life-cycle costing process and provides both the detailed and the consolidated cost figures that are needed by decision-makers. The scope and the limits of the costing method in a real setting was assessed through field tests designed and performed by local practitioners in selected countries. These tests were carried out in Peru and in six countries in the WHO regions of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. They identified practical issues in using the manual and the water supply costing processor and provided practical recommendations.
References and Glossary Author(s): Fabrizio Carlevaro, Geneva School of Economics and Management, Switzerland and Cristian Gonzalez, International Road Federation, Geneva, Switzerland
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| List of figures | ix | ||
| Downloads | x | ||
| About the authors | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Acknowledgements | xvii | ||
| Chapter 1: Background and objectives | 1 | ||
| 1.1 WATER AND HEALTH | 1 | ||
| 1.1.1 The United Nations Millennium Development Goals | 1 | ||
| 1.1.2 Health benefits of safe water and basic sanitation | 2 | ||
| 1.1.3 Previous WHO work | 2 | ||
| 1.2 SOCIAL VALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS | 3 | ||
| 1.3 COSTING METHOD | 3 | ||
| 1.4 TARGET AUDIENCE | 6 | ||
| Chapter 2: Conceptual framework | 7 | ||
| 2.1 IDENTIFYING LOCALLY APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES | 7 | ||
| 2.2 COSTING A DRINKING-WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGY | 7 | ||
| Chapter 3: Improved drinking-water supply technologies for low-income communities | 11 | ||
| 3.1 DRINKING-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS | 11 | ||
| 3.2 OBJECTIVES OF DRINKING-WATER SUPPLY | 13 | ||
| 3.3 IMPROVED DRINKING-WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGIES | 13 | ||
| Chapter 4: Locally appropriate technologies | 19 | ||
| 4.1 CONCEPT OF LOCALLY APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | 19 | ||
| 4.2 CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CONSTRAINTS AND RISKS | 19 | ||
| 4.2.1 Technical constraints | 19 | ||
| 4.2.2 Environmental and social constraints | 21 | ||
| 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY NEEDS | 23 | ||
| 4.4 SELECTION OF LOCALLY APPROPRIATE WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGIES | 24 | ||
| Chapter 5: Costing method | 29 | ||
| 5.1 RATIONALE AND ISSUES | 29 | ||
| 5.2 TYPOLOGY OF COSTS | 31 | ||
| 5.2.1 Investment costs | 31 | ||
| 5.2.2 Operation and maintenance costs | 31 | ||
| 5.2.3 Other recurrent costs | 34 | ||
| 5.3 SOURCES OF DATA ON COSTS | 34 | ||
| 5.4 COSTING QUESTIONNAIRES | 35 | ||
| 5.5 SOCIAL COSTING OF WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS | 36 | ||
| 5.5.1 Principles of social costing | 36 | ||
| 5.5.2 Inclusion of all relevant costs | 37 | ||
| 5.5.3 Estimating competitive market prices of resources | 37 | ||
| 5.5.4 Computing cost indicators for least-cost analyses | 38 | ||
| 5.5.5 Designing service growth during the life-cycle of the water supply project | 41 | ||
| Chapter 6: Costing implementation | 47 | ||
| 6.1 THE PROCESS OF COSTING A WATER SUPPLY PROJECT | 47 | ||
| 6.2 THE WATER SUPPLY COSTING PROCESSOR (WSCP) | 48 | ||
| 6.3 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF WSCP | 48 | ||
| 6.3.1 Selecting the technology and designing the use of the water supply project | 49 | ||
| 6.3.2 A practical example of applying the WSCP | 51 | ||
| 6.3.2.1 Displaying the project scenario | 53 | ||
| 6.3.2.2 Identifying and quantifying the resources invested in a water supply project | 55 | ||
| 6.3.2.3 Pricing the resources invested in a water supply project | 65 | ||
| 6.3.2.4 Displaying the costing of the water supply project | 67 | ||
| Annex I: Drinking-water supply technologies | 71 | ||
| I.1 INTRODUCTION | 71 | ||
| I.2 WATER SOURCES | 71 | ||
| I.2.1 Groundwater sources | 72 | ||
| I.2.2 Surface water sources | 73 | ||
| I.2.3 Regional supply | 74 | ||
| I.2.4 Combined use | 74 | ||
| I.3 WATER COLLECTION TECHNOLOGIES | 74 | ||
| I.3.1 Catchment systems | 75 | ||
| I.3.2 Wells | 75 | ||
| I.3.3 Intakes | 77 | ||
| I.3.4 Fact sheets | 78 | ||
| I.3.4.1 Catchment systems | 78 | ||
| I.3.4.2 Wells | 81 | ||
| I.3.4.3 Intakes | 84 | ||
| I.4 WATER CONVEYANCE TECHNOLOGIES | 88 | ||
| I.4.1 Pumps | 88 | ||
| I.4.1.1 Classification of pumps | 88 | ||
| I.4.1.2 Selection of pumps | 89 | ||
| I.4.2 Power systems | 89 | ||
| I.4.3 Fact sheets | 90 | ||
| I.4.3.1 Pumps and lifting devices | 90 | ||
| I.4.3.2 Power systems | 99 | ||
| I.5 WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES | 103 | ||
| I.5.1 Treatment of groundwater | 103 | ||
| I.5.2 Treatment of surface water | 104 | ||
| I.5.3 Fact sheets | 104 | ||
| I.5.3.1 Household water treatment systems | 104 | ||
| I.5.3.2 Central water treatment systems | 107 | ||
| I.6 WATER STORAGE SYSTEMS | 112 | ||
| I.6.1 Storage reservoirs | 112 | ||
| I.6.2 Fact sheets | 113 | ||
| I.7 WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS | 117 | ||
| I.7.1 Distribution networks | 117 | ||
| I.7.2 Fact sheets | 118 | ||
| Annex II: Project questionnaires | 121 | ||
| II.1 PROJECT SCENARIO QUESTIONNAIRE | 121 | ||
| II.2 TECHNICAL QUESTIONNAIRE | 123 | ||
| II.3 SOCIOECONOMIC QUESTIONNAIRE | 126 | ||
| Annex III: Inputs of improved water supply technologies | 129 | ||
| III.1 PIPED WATER INTO DWELLING, PLOT OR YARD | 129 | ||
| III.2 PUBLIC TAP OR STANDPIPE | 135 | ||
| III.3 TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE | 143 | ||
| III.4 PROTECTED DUG WELL | 150 | ||
| III.5 PROTECTED SPRING | 156 | ||
| III.6 RAINWATER COLLECTION | 161 | ||
| Annex IV: Costing questionnaires | 163 | ||
| IV.1 INVESTMENT COSTS | 163 | ||
| IV.2 MAINTENANCE COSTS | 179 | ||
| IV.3 OPERATION COSTS | 195 | ||
| IV.4 OTHER RECURRENT COSTS | 202 | ||
| Annex V: Time profiles of a beta distribution function | 203 | ||
| Annex VI: Costing case studies in Peru | 207 | ||
| VI.1 OBJECTIVES | 207 | ||
| VI.2 METHOD | 208 | ||
| VI.3 COSTING INFORMATION | 208 | ||
| VI.3.1 Investment costs | 208 | ||
| VI.3.2 Recurrent costs | 208 | ||
| VI.4 TECHNICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC INFORMATION | 209 | ||
| VI.5 CASE STUDY 1: RURAL POTABLE WATER SYSTEM IN BELLAVISTA, CAJAMARCA | 209 | ||
| VI.5.1 General information about the project | 209 | ||
| VI.5.2 Description of the system | 209 | ||
| VI.5.3 Lifetime of the system | 210 | ||
| VI.5.4 Technical and socioeconomic questionnaires | 210 | ||
| VI.5.5 Economic evaluation | 215 | ||
| VI.6 CASE STUDY 2: RURAL POTABLE WATER SYSTEM IN GUANTÁNAMO, SAN MARTÍN | 216 | ||
| VI.6.1 General information about the project | 216 | ||
| VI.6.2 Description of the system | 218 | ||
| VI.6.3 Lifetime of the system | 218 | ||
| VI.6.4 Technical and socioeconomic questionnaires | 218 | ||
| References | 227 | ||
| Glossary | 229 |