Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ground water is a source for drinking and industrial water supply and pollution created by active industrial sites which often cause social, health, and environmental problems. This groundwater eventually drains into adjacent water sources.
Filtration Materials for Groundwater: A Guide to Good Practice presents the up-to-date technology of purification of polluted ground water, its treatment for industrial and human needs and the remediation of polluted sites.
The book examines:
Types of pollutants in ground water including the main inorganic and organic pollutants and their behaviour.
Filtration materials for water treatment and principles of their choice. How to choose suitable filtration materials according to targeted compounds and estimate its efficiency.
Technologies for ground water treatment.
Cost and risks estimation of treatment facilities. Lifetime, risks and cost estimation of technology.
Examples of modern ongoing facilities for ground water treatment and polluted sites remediation.
This book is of interest to scientists and engineer who deal with the problem of purification of ground water for different purposes and the remediation of polluted sites.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Chapter 1: Pollutants in groundwater | 1 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| 1.2 POLLUTION SOURCES | 2 | ||
| 1.3 RELEVANT CLASSES OF CONTAMINANTS | 4 | ||
| 1.3.1 Inorganic species | 4 | ||
| 1.3.1.1 Arsenic | 4 | ||
| 1.3.1.2 Fluoride | 6 | ||
| 1.3.1.3 Nitrogen species | 6 | ||
| 1.3.1.4 Metals | 7 | ||
| 1.3.2 Organic pollutants | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2.2 Chlorinated hydrocarbons | 10 | ||
| 1.3.2.3 Pesticides | 11 | ||
| 1.3.2.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 12 | ||
| 1.3.2.5 Polychlorinated biphenyls | 12 | ||
| 1.3.3 Chemicals of emerging concern | 13 | ||
| 1.3.3.1 Pharmaceuticals | 13 | ||
| 1.3.3.2 Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) | 13 | ||
| 1.4 REFERENCES | 14 | ||
| Chapter 2: Filtration materials for groundwater treatment | 19 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 19 | ||
| 2.2 EXTRACTION OF IONS OF TOXIC METALS FROM GROUNDWATER BY SORBENTS, ION EXCHANGERS | 20 | ||
| 2.3 REACTIVE MATERIALS | 21 | ||
| 2.4 THE USE OF PRODUCTION WASTES IN GROUNDWATER TREATMENT | 25 | ||
| 2.5 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE MEDIA | 26 | ||
| 2.6 REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| Chapter 3: Technologies for ground water treatment | 37 | ||
| 3.1 Pump-and-treat technologies | 39 | ||
| 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| 3.1.2 SITE CHARACTERIZATIONS | 40 | ||
| 3.1.3 TREATMENT METHODS | 42 | ||
| 3.1.3.1 Membrane filtration | 42 | ||
| 3.1.3.2 Forward osmosis | 44 | ||
| 3.1.3.3 Nanotechnologies | 46 | ||
| 3.1.3.4 Electrocoagulation | 47 | ||
| 3.1.3.5 Electrodialysis | 48 | ||
| 3.1.3.6 Adsorption | 49 | ||
| 3.1.3.7 Chemical oxidation | 49 | ||
| 3.1.3.7.1 Ozone chemistry | 50 | ||
| 3.1.3.8 Metal precipitation | 51 | ||
| 3.1.3.8.1 Hydroxide precipitation | 51 | ||
| 3.1.3.8.2 Sulfide precipitation | 51 | ||
| 3.1.3.8.3 Carbonate precipitation | 52 | ||
| 3.1.3.9 Ion exchange | 52 | ||
| 3.1.3.10 UV treatment | 53 | ||
| 3.1.3.11 Biodegradation | 53 | ||
| 3.1.4 SUMMARY | 55 | ||
| 3.1.5 CONCLUSION | 56 | ||
| 3.1.6 REFERENCES | 56 | ||
| 3.2 Near-well subsurface treatment technologies for sustainable drinking water production | 59 | ||
| 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION | 59 | ||
| 3.2.2 THE CHALLENGE AND POTENTIAL FOR OMP REMOVAL USING SUBSURFACE REACTORS | 59 | ||
| 3.2.3 SUBSURFACE REACTORS: CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECIFICS | 60 | ||
| 3.2.3.1 Subsurface water treatment: the concept | 60 | ||
| 3.2.3.2 The creation of a subsurface reactive zone | 61 | ||
| 3.2.3.3 Subsurface Reactor volume | 62 | ||
| 3.2.3.4 Geometry of the subsurface reactive zone | 63 | ||
| 3.2.4 SUBSURFACE REACTOR KINETICS | 64 | ||
| 3.2.4.1 Contact time: travel time towards the well | 64 | ||
| 3.2.4.2 Removal during subsurface treatment | 66 | ||
| 3.2.5 REACTANTS TO CREATE NEAR-WELL SUBSURFACE REACTORS | 68 | ||
| 3.2.6 OUTLOOK FOR THE USE OF NEAR-WELL SUBSURFACE REACTORS | 69 | ||
| 3.2.7 REFERENCES | 70 | ||
| Chapter 4: Cost and risk assessment of treatment facilities | 71 | ||
| 4.1 HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONTAMINATED SITE REMEDIATION | 71 | ||
| 4.1.1 Possible goals of groundwater treatment | 71 | ||
| 4.1.2 Groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling | 72 | ||
| 4.2 THE RISK AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF TREATMENT FACILITIES | 74 | ||
| 4.2.1 Determination of acceptable risk | 74 | ||
| 4.2.2 Performance assessment | 76 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 Hydraulic assessment | 76 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 Life cycle and longevity analysis | 77 | ||
| 4.3 DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON RISK ANALYSIS AND MODELING | 85 | ||
| 4.4 THE COST ESTIMATION PROCEDURE | 88 | ||
| 4.4.1 Cost analysis by technology | 88 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Cost factors of installation | 89 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Cost factors of operation | 92 | ||
| 4.4.1.3 Cost factors of regeneration/reuse | 95 | ||
| 4.5 THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF PUMP-AND-TREAT METHODS AND PASSIVE TECHNOLOGIES | 97 | ||
| 4.6 REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Chapter 5: Examples of modern ongoing facilities for ground water treatment and polluted sites remediation | 103 | ||
| 5.1 Constructed wetlands for groundwater remediation | 105 | ||
| 5.1.1 INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| 5.1.2 A CASE STUDY | 106 | ||
| 5.1.3 CONCLUSIONS | 107 | ||
| 5.1.4 REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| 5.2 Constructed wetlands for the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater – a pilot scale study | 109 | ||
| 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY | 109 | ||
| 5.2.2 RESULTS | 110 | ||
| 5.2.3 CONCLUSIONS | 113 | ||
| 5.2.4 REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| 5.3 Designs of permeable reactive barriers and examples of full scale treatment | 114 | ||
| 5.3.1 DESIGN | 118 | ||
| 5.3.2 FULL-SCALE TREATMENTS | 118 | ||
| 5.3.3 REFERENCES | 120 | ||
| 5.4 State of art of filtration for public water supply in Brazil | 121 | ||
| 5.4.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FILTRATION RATE (FAST AND SLOW FILTERS) | 122 | ||
| 5.4.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FLOW DIRECTION (UPFLOW AND DOWNFLOW) | 123 | ||
| 5.4.2.1 Rating according to the type of treatment (conventional, direct filtration and filtration line) | 123 | ||
| 5.4.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FILTER MATERIAL (GRANULAR BED FILTERS AND FILTER TYPE PRECOAT) | 123 | ||
| 5.4.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE HYDRAULIC ARRANGEMENT (GRAVITY FILTERS AND PRESSURE FILTERS) | 124 | ||
| 5.4.5 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE MECHANISM OF ACTION (ACTION OF WATER DEPTH AND SURFACE ACTION) | 124 | ||
| 5.4.6 REFERENCES | 124 | ||
| 5.5 Development in groundwater treatment – Indian perspective | 126 | ||
| 5.5.1 SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL IN INDIA | 127 | ||
| 5.5.2 DRAWBACKS WITH SURFACE WATER | 127 | ||
| 5.5.3 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION | 127 | ||
| 5.5.4 METHODS ADOPTED FOR WATER TREATMENT IN INDIA | 128 | ||
| 5.5.5 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES – IN CONSERVATION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER RESOURCE | 128 | ||
| 5.5.6 RESEARCH INITIATIVE BY ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS | 129 | ||
| 5.5.7 REFERENCES | 129 |