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Book Details
Abstract
Rapid and important developments in the area of energy - water nexus over the last two to three years have been significant. This new edition of Water and Energy: Threats and Opportunities is timely and continues to highlight the inextricable link between water and energy, providing an up-to-date overview of the subject with helpful detailed summaries of the technical literature.
Water and Energy has been up-dated throughout and major changes are: new chapters on global warming and fossil fuels, including shale gas and fracking; the consequences of the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Mexican Gulf and the Niger Delta oil spills; new developments in hydropower; and continued competition between food, water and energy.
Water and Energy Threats and Opportunities, 2e creates an awareness of the important couplings between water and energy. It shows how energy is used in all the various water cycle operations and demonstrates how water is used and misused in all kinds of energy production and generation.Population increase, climate change and an increasing competition between food and fuel production create enormous pressures on both water and energy availability. Since there is no replacement for water, water security looks more crucial than energy security. This is true not only in developing countries but also in the most advanced countries. For example, the western parts of the USA suffer from water scarcity that provides a real security threat.
Part One of the book describes the water-energy nexus, the conflicts and competitions and the couplings between water security, energy security, and food security. Part Two captures how climate change, population increase and the growing food demand will have major impact on water availability in many countries in the world. Part Three describes water for energy and how energy production and conversion depend on water availability. As a consequence, all planning has to take both water and energy into consideration. The environmental (including water) consequences of oil and coal exploration and refining are huge, in North America as well as in the rest of the world. Furthermore, oil leak accidents have hit America, Africa, Europe as well as Asia. The consequences of hydropower are discussed and the competition between hydropower generation, flood control and water storage is illustrated. The importance of water for cooling thermal power plants is described, as this was so tragically demonstrated at the Fukushima nuclear plants in 2011. Climate change will further emphasize the strong coupling between water availability and the operation of power plants. Part Four analyses energy for water - how water production and treatment depend on energy. The book shows that a lot can be done to improve equipment, develop processes and apply advanced monitoring and control to save energy for water operations. Significant amounts of energy can be saved by better pumping, the reduction of leakages, controlled aeration in biological wastewater treatment, more efficient biogas production, and by improved desalination processes. There are 3 PowerPoint presentations available for Water and Energy - threats and opportunities, 2e.
About the author Gustaf Olsson, Professor Em. in Industrial Automation, Lund University, Sweden Since 2006, Gustaf has been Professor Emeritus at Lund University, Sweden. Gustaf has devoted his research to control and automation in water systems, electrical power systems and process industries. From 2006 to 2008 he was part time professor in electrical power systems at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. He is guest professor at the Technical University of Malaysia (UTM) and at the Tsinghua University in Beijing, China and he is an honorary faculty member of the Exeter University in UK. Between 2005 and 2010 he was the editor-in-chief of the journals Water Science and Technology and Water Science and Technology/Water Supply, (IWA Publishing). From 2007 to 2010, he was a member of the IWA Board of Directors and in 2010 he received the IWA Publication Award. In 2012 he was the awardee of an Honorary Doctor degree at UTM and an Honorary Membership of IWA. Gustaf has guided 23 PhDs and a few hundred MSc students through their exams and has received the Lund University pedagogical award for distinguished achievements in the education". The Lund University engineering students elected him as the teacher of the year He has spent extended periods as a guest professor and visiting researcher at universities and companies in the USA, Australia and Japan and has been invited as a guest lecturer in 19 countries outside Sweden. He has authored nine books published in English, Russian, German and Chinese and and contributed with chapters in another 19 books as well as more than 170 scientific publications.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Acronyms | xvii | ||
| A guide for the reader | xxi | ||
| Preface | xxiii | ||
| Preface 2nd edition | xxvii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxxi | ||
| Acknowledgements 2nd edition | xxxiii | ||
| PART I: Introduction | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: The water and energy nexus | 3 | ||
| 1.1 THE WATER AND ENERGY INTERRELATIONSHIP | 3 | ||
| 1.2 THE SUPPLY OF WATER | 5 | ||
| 1.2.1 Water and poverty | 6 | ||
| 1.2.2 The millennium development goals | 7 | ||
| 1.2.3 Energy supply for water | 9 | ||
| 1.3 EXPEDIENTS FOR WATER | 9 | ||
| 1.3.1 The value of water | 9 | ||
| 1.3.2 Economic and energy resources for water | 10 | ||
| 1.4 QUANTITY AND QUALITY | 11 | ||
| 1.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| 1.6 MORE TO READ | 12 | ||
| 1.6.1 Journals | 13 | ||
| 1.6.2 Visual media | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2: Competition and conflicts between water and energy | 15 | ||
| 2.1 CONFLICTS OVER SHARED WATER AND ENERGY RESOURCES | 15 | ||
| 2.2 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES | 23 | ||
| 2.3 ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION | 24 | ||
| 2.4 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION | 25 | ||
| 2.4.1 China | 25 | ||
| 2.4.2 India | 26 | ||
| 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 26 | ||
| 2.6 MORE TO READ | 27 | ||
| Chapter 3: The demand for holistic solutions | 29 | ||
| 3.1 CONSEQUENCES OF THE WATER AND ENERGY NEXUS | 29 | ||
| 3.2 INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS | 32 | ||
| 3.2.1 System wide water operations | 33 | ||
| 3.3 WATER, ENERGY AND FOOD SECURITY | 34 | ||
| 3.4 SUSTAINABILITY | 36 | ||
| 3.4.1 Putting ecosystems into the planning | 36 | ||
| 3.5 FINDING EFFICIENT DRIVING FORCES | 37 | ||
| 3.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 37 | ||
| 3.7 MORE TO READ | 38 | ||
| PART II: Water vs. climate, population, energy, food and land use | 39 | ||
| Chapter 4: Climate change | 41 | ||
| 4.1 GLOBAL WARMING | 41 | ||
| 4.1.1 Intergovernmental panel on climate change – IPCC | 42 | ||
| 4.1.2 Other works to address climate change | 44 | ||
| 4.1.3 The oceans | 45 | ||
| 4.1.4 Arctic areas and Antarctica | 47 | ||
| 4.1.5 Signs in nature | 48 | ||
| 4.1.6 Impact on water resources | 48 | ||
| 4.2 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON WEATHER | 49 | ||
| 4.2.1 Risks of extreme events and disasters | 49 | ||
| 4.2.2 Economic losses related to weather | 50 | ||
| 4.2.3 Extreme weather events | 52 | ||
| 4.2.4 The tipping point | 58 | ||
| 4.3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON ENERGY | 58 | ||
| 4.3.1 Climate impact on energy production | 60 | ||
| 4.3.2 Climate impact on energy demand | 61 | ||
| 4.3.3 Building more climate resilient energy | 61 | ||
| 4.4 CLIMATE MEETINGS | 62 | ||
| 4.4.1 Kyoto 1997 | 63 | ||
| 4.4.2 Copenhagen 2009 – Cancún 2010 – Durban 2011 | 63 | ||
| 4.4.3 Warsaw 2013 | 64 | ||
| 4.4.4 IPCC meeting in Stockholm 2013 | 65 | ||
| 4.4.5 New York 2014 – Beijing 2014 | 66 | ||
| 4.4.6 The emission gap | 67 | ||
| 4.5 RECENT CLIMATE ACTIONS | 68 | ||
| 4.5.1 European Union | 68 | ||
| 4.5.2 United States | 69 | ||
| 4.5.3 Climate actions in some other countries | 70 | ||
| 4.6 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT | 70 | ||
| 4.6.1 Greenhouse gas emissions | 71 | ||
| 4.6.2 Early discovery of global warming | 76 | ||
| 4.7 THE GREENHOUSE GASES | 76 | ||
| 4.7.1 Carbon dioxide | 77 | ||
| 4.7.2 Methane | 77 | ||
| 4.7.3 Nitrous oxide | 78 | ||
| 4.7.4 Artificial gases | 78 | ||
| 4.8 THE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL | 79 | ||
| 4.8.1 Estimating global warming potential | 80 | ||
| 4.9 FRUGALITY | 80 | ||
| 4.9.1 Efficiency | 81 | ||
| 4.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY – THE URGENCY | 82 | ||
| 4.11 RECOMMENDED READING | 83 | ||
| 4.11.1 A note on Svante Arrhenius, a GHG pioneer | 83 | ||
| 4.11.2 More to read | 84 | ||
| Chapter 5: Population | 85 | ||
| 5.1 THE POPULATION GROWTH | 85 | ||
| 5.1.1 Fertility | 86 | ||
| 5.1.2 Population and natural resources | 87 | ||
| 5.2 URBANISATION | 88 | ||
| 5.2.1 Food and water | 89 | ||
| 5.2.2 Rural and under-developed areas | 89 | ||
| 5.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 90 | ||
| 5.4 MORE TO READ | 90 | ||
| Chapter 6: Food, water, energy and land use | 91 | ||
| 6.1 OUR NEED FOR FOOD | 91 | ||
| 6.2 WATER FOR AGRICULTURE | 93 | ||
| 6.2.1 Irrigation practices | 96 | ||
| 6.3 THE WATER FOOTPRINT AND VIRTUAL WATER | 97 | ||
| 6.3.1 Virtual water | 97 | ||
| 6.3.2 Water footprint | 98 | ||
| 6.4 ENERGY FOR AGRICULTURE | 101 | ||
| 6.4.1 Energy for irrigation | 101 | ||
| 6.4.2 Energy for fertilizers | 102 | ||
| 6.4.3 Improving water and energy use in agriculture | 103 | ||
| 6.5 BIOFUEL AND FOOD | 103 | ||
| 6.6 THE FOOD WE EAT AND THE FOOD WE WASTE | 104 | ||
| 6.6.1 Our diets | 105 | ||
| 6.6.2 Wasted food | 107 | ||
| 6.7 WOMEN AND WATER – THE GENDER ISSUE | 108 | ||
| 6.8 FOOD PRICES AND FOOD PRODUCTION INDUSTRY | 108 | ||
| 6.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 110 | ||
| 6.10 MORE TO READ | 110 | ||
| Chapter 7: Global water resources | 111 | ||
| 7.1 CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCE | 112 | ||
| 7.1.1 Feedback mechanisms between water and temperature | 112 | ||
| 7.1.2 Water and energy consequences | 113 | ||
| 7.2 GROUNDWATER | 114 | ||
| 7.2.1 Groundwater use and misuse in some regions | 115 | ||
| 7.2.2 US | 115 | ||
| 7.2.3 Saudi Arabia | 116 | ||
| 7.2.4 India | 116 | ||
| 7.3 SOME REGIONS HAVING TOO LITTLE OR TOO MUCH WATER | 117 | ||
| 7.3.1 The Sahel region | 117 | ||
| 7.3.2 Australia | 118 | ||
| 7.3.3 The Pacific | 119 | ||
| 7.3.4 US | 119 | ||
| 7.3.5 China | 120 | ||
| 7.3.6 Water flooding | 120 | ||
| 7.4 WATER SECURITY AND WATER SCARCITY | 120 | ||
| 7.5 A SYSTEMS APPROACH | 122 | ||
| 7.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 124 | ||
| 7.7 MORE TO READ | 124 | ||
| Chapter 8: Opportunities – the water demand side | 125 | ||
| 8.1 CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND LIFESTYLES | 125 | ||
| 8.2 WATER PRICING | 126 | ||
| 8.2.1 Water pricing for irrigation | 131 | ||
| 8.2.2 Leakage – a cost in both water and energy | 131 | ||
| 8.2.3 Reflections on pricing | 131 | ||
| 8.3 THE VALUE OF WATER | 132 | ||
| 8.3.1 Water pricing | 132 | ||
| 8.3.2 Water footprint | 133 | ||
| 8.3.3 Cost of water scarcity | 134 | ||
| 8.3.4 Water economy | 134 | ||
| 8.4 THE CONSUMER – RAISING THE AWARENESS | 135 | ||
| 8.4.1 Importance of metering | 135 | ||
| 8.4.2 Finding incentives | 136 | ||
| 8.5 GOVERNING WATER AND ENERGY | 136 | ||
| 8.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 137 | ||
| 8.7 MORE TO READ | 137 | ||
| PART III: Water for energy | 139 | ||
| Chapter 9: Water footprint of energy production and conversion | 141 | ||
| 9.1 METRIC – MEASURING THE WATER FOOTPRINT | 142 | ||
| 9.1.1 International standard to measure the water footprint | 143 | ||
| 9.2 THE GLOBAL ENERGY | 144 | ||
| 9.2.1 Primary energy sources | 145 | ||
| 9.2.2 Electrical energy | 147 | ||
| 9.2.3 Energy for the poor | 150 | ||
| 9.2.4 Energy subsidies | 152 | ||
| 9.3 PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES | 153 | ||
| 9.3.1 Primary energy production predictions | 153 | ||
| 9.3.2 Water requirements to produce the primary energy | 156 | ||
| 9.3.3 Predictions of water requirements | 160 | ||
| 9.4 ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION | 163 | ||
| 9.4.1 Predictions of electrical energy use | 163 | ||
| 9.4.2 Water requirements for electrical power generation | 165 | ||
| 9.4.3 Predictions of water requirements for electrical power | 166 | ||
| 9.5 WATER CONSTRAINTS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| 9.5.1 Some constraints | 168 | ||
| 9.5.2 Reducing the freshwater need | 169 | ||
| 9.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 169 | ||
| 9.7 MORE TO READ | 170 | ||
| Chapter 10: Hydropower | 171 | ||
| 10.1 HYDROPOWER IN THE WORLD | 172 | ||
| 10.2 INCENTIVES FOR HYDROPOWER AND DAM BUILDING | 175 | ||
| 10.2.1 Hydropower generation | 176 | ||
| 10.2.2 Flood control | 176 | ||
| 10.2.3 Water storage | 177 | ||
| 10.2.4 Generating equipment | 177 | ||
| 10.3 COSTS FOR DAM BUILDING | 177 | ||
| 10.3.1 Evaporation | 178 | ||
| 10.3.2 Gross or net evaporation? | 181 | ||
| 10.3.3 Multipurpose dams | 182 | ||
| 10.3.4 Sediment transport | 182 | ||
| 10.3.5 Increased erosion | 184 | ||
| 10.3.6 Increased flood risks | 184 | ||
| 10.3.7 Changing flow river patterns | 186 | ||
| 10.3.8 Consequences for fishing and biodiversity | 186 | ||
| 10.3.9 Greenhouse gas production | 186 | ||
| 10.3.10 Displacement of people | 187 | ||
| 10.3.11 Water quality | 188 | ||
| 10.3.12 Human health | 188 | ||
| 10.3.13 Environmental consequences | 188 | ||
| 10.4 EXAMPLES OF HYDROPOWER AND WATER RESOURCE CONFLICTS | 189 | ||
| 10.4.1 China | 189 | ||
| 10.4.2 The Yellow River, China | 189 | ||
| 10.4.3 Yangtze River and the Three Gorges | 191 | ||
| 10.4.4 Tibetan Plateau, India and China | 192 | ||
| 10.4.5 The Nile River | 193 | ||
| 10.4.6 Colorado River basin, USA | 194 | ||
| 10.5 SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS | 194 | ||
| 10.5.1 Example: Small hydropower in China | 195 | ||
| 10.6 INTEGRATED PLANNING | 196 | ||
| 10.6.1 Building hydro dams – a multi-criteria optimization challenge | 196 | ||
| 10.6.2 Guiding towards sustainability | 198 | ||
| 10.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 200 | ||
| 10.8 MORE TO READ | 200 | ||
| Chapter 11: Fossil fuels | 201 | ||
| 11.1 CONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS | 202 | ||
| 11.1.1 Oil and gas resources | 203 | ||
| 11.1.2 Water for conventional oil and gas extraction | 205 | ||
| 11.2 SHALE GAS – A ‘REVOLUTION’ | 207 | ||
| 11.2.1 Shale gas – a ‘tight’ gas | 207 | ||
| 11.2.2 Technology for shale gas exploration | 208 | ||
| 11.2.3 Shale gas resources | 209 | ||
| 11.2.4 Water use in hydraulic fracturing | 211 | ||
| 11.2.5 The hydraulic fracturing fluid | 213 | ||
| 11.2.6 Environmental impact of the produced water | 214 | ||
| Environmental concerns | 214 | ||
| Water acquisition and consumptive use | 215 | ||
| Development of new fluids | 216 | ||
| Groundwater contamination | 217 | ||
| Threats to surface waters | 218 | ||
| Air quality | 219 | ||
| Triggering of damaging earthquakes | 220 | ||
| 11.2.7 Making fracking transparent | 220 | ||
| Publicity and regulations | 220 | ||
| 11.3 OIL ACCIDENTS – NORTH AMERICA | 224 | ||
| 11.3.1 Mexican Gulf 1979 and 2010 | 225 | ||
| Safety plans and risk analysis | 225 | ||
| Immediate environmental consequences | 227 | ||
| Long term environmental consequences | 228 | ||
| Risk and responsibility | 230 | ||
| 11.3.2 Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1989 | 231 | ||
| 11.4 OIL EXPLORATION IN NIGERIA | 232 | ||
| 11.4.1 Magnitude of oil spills in the Niger Delta | 233 | ||
| 11.4.2 The Bodo Creek incidents 2008–2009 | 234 | ||
| 11.4.3 Produced wastewater | 236 | ||
| 11.4.4 Environmental impact after 2009 | 237 | ||
| 11.4.5 Restoration | 237 | ||
| 11.4.6 Legal actions and human rights | 238 | ||
| 11.4.7 Court decision 2015 | 240 | ||
| 11.5 OIL EXPLORATION IN THE ARCTIC SEA AND IN RUSSIA | 240 | ||
| 11.5.1 A human rights issue | 242 | ||
| 11.6 NATURAL GAS FLARING | 243 | ||
| 11.6.1 Nigeria | 243 | ||
| 11.6.2 Gas flaring in other countries | 244 | ||
| 11.6.3 Environmental impact | 244 | ||
| 11.6.4 Reducing gas flaring | 245 | ||
| 11.7 OIL SAND EXPLORATION | 245 | ||
| 11.7.1 Oil sand | 246 | ||
| 11.7.2 Water and energy use in the exploration | 247 | ||
| Water | 247 | ||
| Energy | 248 | ||
| 11.7.3 Environmental concerns | 248 | ||
| Water quality | 248 | ||
| Air quality | 249 | ||
| Pipeline constructions | 250 | ||
| 11.7.4 The EU Fuel Quality Directive and oil sands | 250 | ||
| 11.8 COAL | 251 | ||
| 11.8.1 The world coal resources | 251 | ||
| 11.8.2 Coal consumption and the environment | 254 | ||
| 11.8.3 Coal mining | 255 | ||
| 11.8.4 Surface mining | 256 | ||
| 11.9 FOSSIL FUELS, SUBSIDIES AND THE CLIMATE | 257 | ||
| 11.9.1 US | 259 | ||
| 11.9.2 China | 259 | ||
| 11.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 260 | ||
| 11.11 RECOMMENDED READING AND VIEWING | 261 | ||
| Chapter 12: Biofuels | 263 | ||
| 12.1 DIFFERENT BIOMASS SOURCES | 263 | ||
| 12.2 THE WATER BIOFUEL NEXUS | 264 | ||
| 12.2.1 The big biofuel producers | 265 | ||
| 12.2.2 Water requirements for biofuel | 266 | ||
| 12.2.3 Water quality | 270 | ||
| 12.3 BIOFUELS | 270 | ||
| 12.3.1 Energy balance | 272 | ||
| 12.3.2 Biofuel from corn | 273 | ||
| 12.3.3 Biofuel from sugar canes | 273 | ||
| 12.3.4 Biofuel from cellulose | 274 | ||
| 12.3.5 Biofuel using bacteria | 274 | ||
| 12.3.6 Biofuels from algae | 274 | ||
| 12.3.7 Alternatives for transportation | 275 | ||
| 12.4 FOOD AND BIOFUEL COMPETITION FOR LAND AND WATER | 275 | ||
| 12.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 278 | ||
| 12.6 MORE TO READ | 279 | ||
| Chapter 13: Cooling thermal electrical power plants | 281 | ||
| 13.1 COOLING THERMAL POWER PLANTS | 281 | ||
| 13.1.1 Water requirement | 281 | ||
| 13.1.2 The cooling process | 282 | ||
| 13.1.3 Extreme weather | 282 | ||
| 13.2 DIFFERENT COOLING SYSTEMS | 284 | ||
| 13.2.1 Open loop systems | 284 | ||
| 13.2.2 Closed cycle systems | 286 | ||
| 13.2.3 Dry cooling | 287 | ||
| 13.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS | 287 | ||
| 13.3.1 Pulverized Coal (PC) plants | 287 | ||
| 13.3.2 Gas turbines | 288 | ||
| 13.3.3 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) | 288 | ||
| 13.3.4 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) | 289 | ||
| 13.3.5 Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) | 289 | ||
| 13.3.6 Nuclear power | 289 | ||
| 13.3.7 Geothermal power | 290 | ||
| 13.3.8 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) | 290 | ||
| 13.3.9 Water requirements | 291 | ||
| 13.4 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) | 294 | ||
| 13.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 295 | ||
| 13.6 MORE TO READ | 295 | ||
| Chapter 14: Water management in industry | 297 | ||
| 14.1 INDUSTRIAL COOLING SYSTEMS | 298 | ||
| 14.1.1 Energy consumption | 298 | ||
| 14.1.2 Water | 299 | ||
| 14.2 FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES | 300 | ||
| 14.3 PROCESS CONTROL | 301 | ||
| 14.4 IRON AND STEEL | 302 | ||
| 14.5 PAPER AND PULP | 303 | ||
| 14.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 305 | ||
| 14.7 MORE TO READ | 305 | ||
| PART IV: Energy for water | 307 | ||
| Chapter 15: Energy and carbon footprint of water operations | 309 | ||
| 15.1 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY | 309 | ||
| 15.1.1 Converting energy | 309 | ||
| 15.1.2 Exergy – quality of energy | 310 | ||
| 15.1.3 Example of useful energy | 311 | ||
| 15.1.4 Energy in a wastewater treatment plant | 311 | ||
| 15.2 ISO STANDARD | 311 | ||
| 15.3 ENERGY USE FOR WATER OPERATIONS | 312 | ||
| 15.3.1 Water operations – national levels | 312 | ||
| 15.3.2 Pumping | 315 | ||
| 15.3.3 Drinking water treatment | 316 | ||
| 15.3.4 Water distribution | 317 | ||
| 15.3.5 Wastewater collection and pumping | 317 | ||
| 15.3.6 Wastewater treatment | 317 | ||
| 15.3.7 Household end use | 319 | ||
| 15.4 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM WASTEWATER OPERATIONS | 320 | ||
| 15.4.1 Methane emission in sewers | 320 | ||
| 15.4.2 Nitrous oxide emission in activated sludge systems | 320 | ||
| 15.5 ENERGY SAVINGS | 321 | ||
| 15.6 FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT TO RESOURCE RECOVERY | 322 | ||
| 15.6.1 Biogas | 322 | ||
| 15.6.2 Resource recovery | 322 | ||
| 15.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 323 | ||
| 15.8 MORE TO READ | 323 | ||
| Chapter 16: Pumping water | 325 | ||
| 16.1 PUMPING | 325 | ||
| 16.1.1 Bernoulli’s law | 326 | ||
| 16.1.2 Pump performance curves | 326 | ||
| 16.1.3 Pump efficiency | 329 | ||
| 16.1.4 Changing the flow rate | 329 | ||
| 16.1.5 Pump losses | 330 | ||
| 16.1.6 The relationship between flow rate and power | 331 | ||
| 16.1.7 Friction losses in pipes | 334 | ||
| 16.2 LEAKAGES | 336 | ||
| 16.2.1 Leakage detection and localization | 337 | ||
| 16.2.2 Single pipes | 337 | ||
| 16.2.3 Pipe networks | 338 | ||
| 16.3 PRESSURE CONTROL IN WATER DISTRIBUTION | 339 | ||
| 16.3.1 Variable pressure control | 339 | ||
| 16.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 340 | ||
| 16.5 MORE TO READ | 340 | ||
| Chapter 17: Aeration in biological wastewater treatment | 343 | ||
| 17.1 AIR SUPPLY | 344 | ||
| 17.2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL | 346 | ||
| 17.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 347 | ||
| 17.4 MORE TO READ | 347 | ||
| Chapter 18: Biogas generation and use | 349 | ||
| 18.1 ENERGY CONTENT | 349 | ||
| 18.2 BIOGAS COMPOSITION | 351 | ||
| 18.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION | 352 | ||
| 18.4 ANAEROBIC DIGESTER OPERATION | 353 | ||
| 18.5 BIOGAS DISTRIBUTION AND USE | 355 | ||
| 18.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 356 | ||
| 18.7 MORE TO READ | 357 | ||
| Chapter 19: Heat recovery in the water cycle | 359 | ||
| 19.1 GROUNDWATER | 360 | ||
| 19.2 SURFACE WATER | 360 | ||
| 19.3 HEAT RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER | 361 | ||
| 19.4 HEAT FROM DRINKING WATER | 362 | ||
| 19.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 362 | ||
| 19.6 MORE TO READ | 362 | ||
| Chapter 20: Desalination | 363 | ||
| 20.1 THE GLOBAL DESALINATION PICTURE | 363 | ||
| 20.2 PRINCIPAL METHODS FOR DESALINATION | 364 | ||
| 20.3 MEMBRANE SEPARATION | 365 | ||
| 20.4 REVERSE OSMOSIS | 366 | ||
| 20.5 DESALINATION USING REVERSE OSMOSIS | 367 | ||
| 20.6 NEWER OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGIES | 368 | ||
| 20.7 ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS | 368 | ||
| 20.8 SUPPLYING POWER | 369 | ||
| 20.9 DESALINATION PLANTS – SOME CASES | 370 | ||
| 20.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 372 | ||
| 20.11 MORE TO READ | 372 | ||
| Chapter 21: Customer behaviour – demand side management | 373 | ||
| 21.1 DOMESTIC WATER USE | 373 | ||
| 21.2 WATER CONSUMPTION AT HOME | 374 | ||
| 21.2.1 Simple water saving rules indoor at home | 375 | ||
| 21.2.2 Bottled water | 375 | ||
| 21.3 WARM WATER CONSUMPTION | 376 | ||
| 21.4 OUTDOOR WATER CONSUMPTION | 378 | ||
| 21.5 WATER REUSE AND RAINWATER HARVESTING | 378 | ||
| 21.5.1 Water reuse | 379 | ||
| 21.5.2 Rainwater harvesting | 379 | ||
| 21.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY | 380 | ||
| 21.7 MORE TO READ | 380 | ||
| PART V: Opportunities | 381 | ||
| Chapter 22: Possibilities and solutions | 383 | ||
| 22.1 POSSIBLE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS | 385 | ||
| 22.1.1 Water | 385 | ||
| 22.1.2 Energy consumption | 386 | ||
| Electric drive systems | 386 | ||
| Energy intensive industries | 387 | ||
| Energy at home | 387 | ||
| Energy in buildings | 388 | ||
| Energy storage | 388 | ||
| Communication between water and energy professionals | 389 | ||
| 22.1.3 Energy production | 389 | ||
| 22.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY | 390 | ||
| 22.2.1 Solar PV | 391 | ||
| 22.2.2 Solar PV pricing | 391 | ||
| 22.2.3 Wind power | 392 | ||
| 22.2.4 Geoengineering | 393 | ||
| 22.2.5 Power density – land area requirement for electricity generation | 394 | ||
| 22.3 ATTITUDES AND LIFE STYLES | 397 | ||
| 22.4 POSSIBLE ACTIONS | 397 | ||
| 22.4.1 Urban and industrial areas | 398 | ||
| 22.4.2 Rural areas | 398 | ||
| 22.4.3 Measurements and monitoring | 399 | ||
| 22.4.4 Water conflicts | 399 | ||
| 22.4.5 Research and development | 399 | ||
| 22.4.6 Integrated planning and decision making | 400 | ||
| 22.4.7 Education | 400 | ||
| 22.5 SOME FINAL REFLECTIONS | 401 | ||
| Appendices | 403 | ||
| A1: A note on conversion of units | 403 | ||
| A1.1 LARGE NUMBERS | 403 | ||
| A1.2 POWER AND ENERGY | 403 | ||
| A1.3 PRESSURE | 404 | ||
| A1.4 HEAT CONTENT | 404 | ||
| A1.5 VOLUME, AREA AND LENGTH | 405 | ||
| A1.6 MASS | 405 | ||
| A1.7 CONCENTRATION | 406 | ||
| A1.8 WATER USE IN ENERGY PRODUCTION/GENERATION | 406 | ||
| A1.9 ENERGY USE IN WATER OPERATIONS | 406 | ||
| A1.10 SOME CHINESE UNITS | 406 | ||
| A1.11 FUEL CONSUMPTION IN TRANSPORTATION | 406 | ||
| A2: Energy content of fuels | 407 | ||
| A3: Glossary | 409 | ||
| Bibliography | 415 | ||
| Index | 441 |