BOOK
Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Dr. Arup Roy | Professor Jayanta Bhattacharya
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment is a state of the art reference book. The book is particularly useful for wastewater technology development laboratories and organizations. All professional and academic areas connected with environmental engineering, nanotechnology based wastewater treatment and related product design are incorporated and provide an essentialresource. The book describes the application and synthesis of Ca-based and magnetic nano-materials and their potential application for removal/treatment of heavy metals from wastewater. Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment discusses the rapid wastewater treatment methods using Ca-based nanomaterials and magnetic nanomaterials.
This is an emerging area of new science and technology in wastewater treatment. The main audiences for the book are water industry professionals, research scholars and students in the area of Environmental Engineering and Nanotechnology.
Authors: Dr. Arup Roy Department of Mining Engineering, Geo-Environmental Lab., Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,India; and Professor Jayanta Bhattacharya, Department of Mining Engineering, Geo-Environmental Lab., Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| List of Figures | xi | ||
| List of Tables | xix | ||
| About the Authors | xxi | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Background and Motivation | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Objective of This Book | 3 | ||
| 1.3 Scope of this book | 3 | ||
| 1.4 Organization of this book | 4 | ||
| Chapter 2: Introduction to nanotechnology | 5 | ||
| 2.1 What is nanometer scale? | 5 | ||
| 2.2 What is a nanomaterial? | 5 | ||
| 2.3 Definition of nanoscience and nanotechnology | 7 | ||
| 2.4 History of nanotechnology | 7 | ||
| 2.5 Classification of Nanostructured Materials | 8 | ||
| 2.5.1 Carbon based materials | 8 | ||
| 2.5.2 Metal based materials | 8 | ||
| 2.5.3 Dendrimers | 8 | ||
| 2.5.4 Composites | 8 | ||
| 2.6 Unique Properties of Nanomaterials | 9 | ||
| Chapter 3: Heavy metals and their presence in wastewater | 11 | ||
| 3.1 Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment | 11 | ||
| 3.2 Sources of heavymetals | 12 | ||
| 3.3 Toxicology of common heavymetals | 13 | ||
| 3.3.1 Cadmium (Cd) | 13 | ||
| 3.3.2 Copper (Cu) | 13 | ||
| 3.3.3 Lead (Pb) | 13 | ||
| 3.3.4 Nickel (Ni) | 14 | ||
| 3.3.5 Iron (Fe) | 14 | ||
| 3.3.6 Cobalt (Co) | 14 | ||
| 3.3.7 Zinc (Zn) | 15 | ||
| 3.3.8 Arsenic (As) | 15 | ||
| 3.3.9 Mercury (Hg) | 15 | ||
| 3.3.10 Chromium (Cr) | 16 | ||
| Chapter 4: Treatment techniques of heavy metals in wastewater | 17 | ||
| 4.1 Conventional treatment of metal–laden wastewater | 17 | ||
| 4.1.1 Chemical precipitation | 17 | ||
| 4.1.2 Ion exchange | 20 | ||
| 4.1.3 Coagulation/flocculation | 20 | ||
| 4.1.4 Membrane filtration | 21 | ||
| 4.1.5 Cementation | 21 | ||
| 4.1.6 Flotation | 21 | ||
| 4.1.7 Electrochemical treatment | 22 | ||
| 4.1.8 Adsorption | 22 | ||
| 4.2 Development of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment | 24 | ||
| 4.2.1 Recent application of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment | 25 | ||
| 4.2.2 Adsorption | 25 | ||
| 4.2.3 Photocatalysis in wastewater treatment | 27 | ||
| 4.2.4 Nanomembrane in wastewater treatment | 29 | ||
| 4.2.5 Antimicrobial activity | 30 | ||
| 4.2.5.1 Metal nanomaterials | 31 | ||
| 4.2.5.1.1 Ag Nanoparticles | 31 | ||
| 4.2.5.1.2 Au Nanoparticles | 31 | ||
| 4.2.5.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials | 31 | ||
| 4.2.5.2.1 CuO nanomaterials | 31 | ||
| 4.2.5.2.2 MgO nanomaterials | 32 | ||
| 4.2.5.2.3 TiO2 nanomaterials | 32 | ||
| 4.2.5.2.4 ZnO nanomaterials | 32 | ||
| 4.2.5.2.5 Al2O3 nanomaterials | 33 | ||
| Chapter 5: Synthesis techniques of nanomaterials | 35 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 35 | ||
| 5.2 Chemical synthesis method of Nanomaterials | 36 | ||
| 5.2.1 Chemical precipitation technique | 36 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 Microwave irradiation technique | 37 | ||
| 5.2.1.2 Chemical vapor deposition technique | 39 | ||
| 5.2.1.3 Vapor-phase synthesis technique | 40 | ||
| 5.2.1.4 Hydrothermal synthesis technique | 40 | ||
| 5.2.1.5 Micro-emulsion technique | 40 | ||
| 5.2.1.6 Sonochemical technique | 42 | ||
| 5.2.2 Physical synthesis method of Nanomaterials | 42 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Laser ablation technique | 42 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Sputtering technique | 43 | ||
| 5.2.2.3 Spray route pyrolysis technique | 43 | ||
| 5.2.2.4 Inert Gas Condensation technique | 43 | ||
| Chapter 6: Experimental techniques | 45 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 45 | ||
| 6.2 Technique for characterization of Nanomaterials | 45 | ||
| 6.2.1 X-ray diffraction | 45 | ||
| 6.2.1.1 Calculation of crystallite size from X-ray diffraction | 46 | ||
| 6.2.1.2 Density evaluation from X-ray data | 47 | ||
| 6.2.2 Field emission scanning electron microscopy | 47 | ||
| 6.2.3 Energy dispersive X-ray | 47 | ||
| 6.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy | 48 | ||
| 6.2.5 Surface area analysis | 49 | ||
| 6.2.6 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy | 49 | ||
| 6.2.7 Magnetization measurement | 50 | ||
| 6.2.8 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy | 52 | ||
| 6.2.9 Zeta potential | 52 | ||
| 6.2.10 Atomic absorption spectrometry | 53 | ||
| Chapter 6.1: Case Study: Synthesis of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 54 | ||
| 6.3 Introduction | 54 | ||
| 6.4 Experimental details | 54 | ||
| 6.4.1 Synthesis of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 54 | ||
| 6.4.2 Characterizations of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 55 | ||
| 6.5 Results and discussion | 55 | ||
| 6.5.1 X-ray diffraction of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 56 | ||
| 6.5.2 Microstructure of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 57 | ||
| 6.5.3 FTIR studies of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles | 59 | ||
| Chapter 6.2: Case Study: Synthesis of CaO nanoparticles | 61 | ||
| 6.6 Introduction | 61 | ||
| 6.7 Experimental details | 62 | ||
| 6.7.1 Synthesis of CaO nanoparticles | 62 | ||
| 6.7.2 Characterizations | 62 | ||
| 6.8 Results and discussion | 63 | ||
| 6.8.1 X-ray diffraction studies | 63 | ||
| 6.8.2 Microstructure studies | 64 | ||
| 6.8.3 Infrared spectroscopy studies | 66 | ||
| Chapter 6.3: Case Study: Synthesis of CaS nanoparticles | 67 | ||
| 6.9 Introduction | 67 | ||
| 6.10 Experimental details | 68 | ||
| 6.10.1 Synthesis of CaS nanoparticles | 68 | ||
| 6.10.2 Characterizations | 68 | ||
| 6.11 Results and discussion | 68 | ||
| 6.11.1 X-ray diffraction studies CaS nanoparticles | 68 | ||
| 6.11.2 Microstructure of synthesized particles | 69 | ||
| 6.11.3 Optical properties of synthesized particles | 71 | ||
| 6.11.4 Mechanism of synthesis of CaS nanoparticles | 72 | ||
| Chapter 6.4: Case Study: Synthesis of γ-Fe3O2 nanotubes | 74 | ||
| 6.12 Introduction | 74 | ||
| 6.13 Experimental details | 74 | ||
| 6.13.1 Synthesis of γ-Fe3O2 nanotubes | 75 | ||
| 6.13.2 Characterization | 75 | ||
| 6.14 Results and discussion | 75 | ||
| 6.14.1 XRD analysis and XPS analysis | 75 | ||
| 6.14.2 Microstructure studies | 76 | ||
| 6.14.3 Magnetic studies | 77 | ||
| 6.14.4 Adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution | 78 | ||
| 6.14.5 Mechanism of synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes | 78 | ||
| Chapter 7: Performance of nanomaterials in heavy\rmetals removal | 81 | ||
| 7.1 Performance of Ca(OH)2, CaO, and CaS nanoparticles in heavy metals removal | 81 | ||
| 7.1.1 Introduction | 81 | ||
| 7.1.2 Experimental details | 82 | ||
| 7.1.2.1 Materials | 82 | ||
| 7.1.2.2 Solubility of Ca-based nanoparticles and commercial lime and Calcium sulfide | 82 | ||
| 7.1.2.3 Dose dependent study for heavy metals removal using Ca(OH)2 CaO nanoparticles and Lime | 82 | ||
| 7.1.2.4 Reaction time dependent study for heavy metals removal using Ca(OH)2 and CaO nanoparticles | 83 | ||
| 7.1.2.5 Sludge volume study | 83 | ||
| 7.1.2.6 Leaching study | 83 | ||
| 7.1.2.7 Dose dependent study for heavy metals removal using CaS nanoparticles and bulk Calcium sulfide | 83 | ||
| 7.1.2.8 pH dependent study for sulfide precipitation using CaS nanoparticles | 84 | ||
| 7.1.3 Results and discussion | 84 | ||
| 7.1.3.1 Solubility of Ca-based nanoparticles | 84 | ||
| 7.1.3.2 Heavy metal removal | 85 | ||
| 7.1.3.3 Dose dependent study for heavy metals removal using Ca(OH)2 and CaO nanoparticles | 85 | ||
| 7.1.3.4 The role of pH on surface charge | 85 | ||
| 7.1.3.5 Reaction time dependent study for heavy metals removal | 89 | ||
| 7.1.3.6 Selected treatment conditions study for heavy metals concentration | 90 | ||
| 7.1.3.7 Selected treatment conditions study for heavy metals removal | 91 | ||
| 7.1.3.8 Sludge volume study | 91 | ||
| 7.1.3.9 Precipitate characterization (XRD) | 92 | ||
| 7.1.3.10 Leaching study | 92 | ||
| 7.1.3.11 Dose dependent study for heavy metals removal using CaS nanoparticles | 93 | ||
| 7.1.3.12 pH dependent study for heavy metals removal using CaS nanoparticles | 95 | ||
| 7.2 Performance of γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes in heavy metals removal | 96 | ||
| 7.2.1 Introduction | 96 | ||
| 7.2.2 Experimental details | 97 | ||
| 7.2.2.1 Materials | 97 | ||
| 7.2.2.2 Adsorption experiments | 97 | ||
| 7.2.2.3 Effect of equilibration time | 97 | ||
| 7.2.2.4 Effect of initial metal ions concentration | 97 | ||
| 7.2.2.5 Effect of pH | 98 | ||
| 7.2.2.6 Desorption experiments | 98 | ||
| 7.2.3 Results and discussion | 98 | ||
| 7.2.3.1 Adsorption kinetics | 98 | ||
| 7.2.3.2 Effect of initial metal ions concentration with isothermal models | 100 | ||
| 7.2.3.3 Effect of pH | 103 | ||
| 7.2.3.4 Desorption and reusability | 105 | ||
| Chapter 8: Continuous treatment of heavy metals by nanomaterials | 107 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 107 | ||
| 8.2 Experimental details | 107 | ||
| 8.2.1 Materials | 107 | ||
| 8.2.2 Bench scale system set-up for the multistage treatment system | 107 | ||
| 8.2.3 Operation of the multistage treatment unit | 109 | ||
| 8.2.4 Analytical method | 110 | ||
| 8.2.5 Calculations | 110 | ||
| 8.3 Results and discussion | 111 | ||
| 8.3.1 Performance of plug flow reactor (c) | 111 | ||
| 8.3.2 Performance of stirred tank reactor (f) | 113 | ||
| 8.3.3 Performance of stirred tank reactor (i) and Magnetic filtration unit (j) | 115 | ||
| 8.3.4 Performance of multistage bench scale continuous reactor | 117 | ||
| 8.3.5 Economic feasibility study of multistage bench scale reactor | 117 | ||
| Appendices | 121 | ||
| Appendix A: Dose dependent study for commercial lime | 123 | ||
| A.1 Dose dependent study | 123 | ||
| Appendix B: Continuous multistage bench–scale treatment of heavy metals from wastewater | 127 | ||
| B.1 Image of reactor (c) | 127 | ||
| B.2 Image of reactor (f) | 128 | ||
| B.3 Image of reactor (i) | 128 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| Index | 155 |