Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

Nobutada Nakamoto; Nigel Graham; Rolf Gimbel

BOOK

Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

Nobutada Nakamoto | Nigel Graham | Rolf Gimbel

(2014)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78040-638-1
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 586
Subjects: The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

This book provides a state-of-the-art assessment on a variety of biofiltration water treatment systems from studies conducted around the world. The authors collectively represent a perspective from 23 countries and include academics/researchers, biofiltration system users, designers, and manufacturers.
Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes - Further Developments and Applications offers technical information and discussion to provide perspective on the biological and physical factors affecting the performance of slow sand filtration and biological filtration processes. Chapters were submitted from the 5th International Slow Sand and Alternative Biological Filtration Conference, Nagoya, Japan in June 2014.
Authors: Nobutada Nakamoto, Shinshu University, Japan, Nigel Graham, Imperial College London, UK, M. Robin Collins, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA and Rolf Gimbel,Universität Duisburg, Essen, Germany.

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover	Cover
Title	iii
Copyright	iv
Contents	v
Preface	xi
Conference programme advisory panel	xiii
Part I General Overview	1
1 Slow sand filtration: recent research and application perspectives	3
INTRODUCTION	3
BIOMASS	4
FABRIC LAYERS	6
OZONE PRE-TREATMENT	7
GAC AMENDMENTS	10
SSF MODELLING	11
CONCLUSIONS	14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	15
REFERENCES	15
2 A Review of Biologically-Based Drinking Water Treatment Processes for Organic Micropollutant Removal	17
INTRODUCTION	17
METHODOLOGY	18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	22
CONCLUSIONS	23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	23
REFERENCES	23
3 Overview on the current condition of slow sand filtration and its challenges in Japan	25
INTRODUCTION	25
HISTORICAL OBSERVATION OF JAPAN’S SSF	26
MAIN FACTORS ON SSF’S DECREASE IN JAPAN	30
THE PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES OF SSF IN JAPAN	31
CONCLUSIONS	32
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	32
REFERENCES	32
4 The Centenary Slow Sand Filtration in Nagoya City – A 100 Year Trend of Water Quality	35
INTRODUCTION	35
HISTORY OF THE SLOW SAND FILTRATION	36
OUTLINE OF EXISTING DATA	37
TRENDS OF THE RAW WATER QUALITY	39
TRENDS OF THE QUALITY OF THE SLOW SAND FILTER EFFLUENT	40
MERIT OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION	42
CONCLUSIONS	43
REFERENCES	44
5 The centenary slow sand filtration in Nagoya City - the reconstruction of the slow sand filters	45
INTRODUCTION	45
GEOMORPHOLOGY AND WATERWORKS IN JAPAN	46
WATERWORKS AND SLOW SAND FILTRATION IN NAGOYA	47
BETTER DRINKING WATER	48
RECONSTRUCTION AND FEATURE	48
CONCLUSIONS	49
6 Value of Adenosine Tri-Phosphate and Total Cell Count for the assessment of general microbial water quality after sand filtration	51
INTRODUCTION	52
METHODOLOGY	52
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	53
CONCLUSIONS	57
REFERENCES	57
7 Evaluation of dissolved organic matter fractions removal due to biodegradation	59
INTRODUCTION	59
METHODOLOGY	60
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	61
CONCLUSIONS	65
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	65
REFERENCES	65
8 Comparison between different filter systems as a post treatment after tertiary ozonation	67
INTRODUCTION	67
METHODOLOGY	68
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	70
CONCLUSIONS	73
REFERENCES	73
Part II Slow Sand Filtration – Process Behaviour	75
9 Food chain is the key in ecological purification system: new concept and new name of slow sand filter	77
INTRODUCTION	77
UPGRADE FILTER RATE	78
ALGAL GROWTH IS NOT SERIOUS	79
FOOD CHAIN IS THE KEY FOR PURIFICATION	79
SCRAPE THE SAND SURFACE	80
SUCCESSION OF ALGAE AND GRAZING ACTIVITY	81
ECOLOGICAL PURIFICATION SYSTEM	82
CONCLUSIONS	83
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	84
REFERENCES	84
10 A study of protistan movement speed and filtration rate in slow sand filter as an ecological purification system	85
INTRODUCTION	85
METHODS	86
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	87
REFERENCES	88
11 Analysis of bacterial community structures in slow sand filtration bed on different region and soil depth by PCR-DGGE method	91
INTRODUCTION	91
METHODOLOGY	92
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	92
CONCLUSIONS	95
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	95
REFERENCES	95
12 Gut bacterial floras of aquatic invertebrates inhabiting slow sand filter beds	97
INTRODUCTION	97
METHODOLOGY	98
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	100
CONCLUSIONS	102
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	102
REFERENCES	102
13 The functioning of biological slow sand filtration in relation to the presence and the role of Annelids in the schmutzdecke	103
INTRODUCTION	103
METHODOLOGY	104
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	105
CONCLUSIONS	108
REFERENCES	108
14 The inhibitory effect of Tubificid on head loss in slow sand filtration	111
INTRODUCTION	111
METHODOLOGY	112
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	114
CONCLUSIONS	118
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	119
REFERENCES	119
15 Schmutzdecke development and treated water quality	121
INTRODUCTION	121
STUDY AREA	122
NEW DEVICE TO COLLECT SCHUMITZDECKE	122
REPRESENTATIVENESS VERIFICATION	123
ALGAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCHMUTZDECKE AND HEADLOSS	125
TURBIDITY OF TREATED WATER	126
CONCLUSIONS	128
REFERENCES	129
16 The silicon circulation hypothesis based on slow sand filtration/ecological purification system	131
INTRODUCTION	131
The Si circulation hypothesis by microbe weathering in the past findings	132
The changes of Si concentration in the ecological purification system	133
Significance of increasing amount of Si supply	133
CONCLUSIONS	134
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	134
REFERENCES	134
17 Effect of sudden changes of slow sand filtration rate on number of bacteria and particles in effluent	135
INTRODUCTION	135
METHODOLOGY	136
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	137
CONCLUSIONS	138
REFERENCES	138
Part III Slow Sand Filtration – Treatment Performance	139
18 Slow sand filtration process model for\rremoval of microorganisms	141
INTRODUCTION	141
METHODOLOGY	142
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	143
CONCLUSIONS	146
REFERENCES	146
19 Removal of anti-inflammatory compounds by ecological filtration	147
INTRODUCTION	147
METHODOLOGY	148
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	149
CONCLUSIONS	151
REFERENCES	151
20 Removal of bromophenols by slow sand filtration	153
INTRODUCTION	153
MATERIALS AND METHODS	154
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	156
CONCLUSIONS	159
REFERENCES	159
21 The iron and manganese removal process: Its microbial habitats and functions	161
INTRODUCTION	161
METHODOLOGY	162
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	162
CONCLUSIONS	164
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	165
REFERENCE	165
22 Biological iron removal from community water source - Corriverton, Republic of Guyana	167
BACKGROUND	167
TARGET AREA	168
IRON BACTERIA	168
DESIGN CONDITION	170
RESULTS	171
TOWARD SUSTAINABLE OPERATION	172
CONCLUSION	173
REFERENCES	173
23 Case studies of slow sand filtration/ecological purification system in small scale water supply	175
INTRODUCTION	175
OUTLINE OF THE PROJECTS	176
SPECIFICATIONS OF FACILITIES	176
WATER QUALITY	178
CONCLUSIONS	178
REFERENCES	178
24 Water supply of a small community with a small slow sand filtration/ecological purification system unit	179
INTRODUCTION	179
DISTRICT K OVERVIEW	179
REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND NEEDS OF DISTRICT RESIDENTS	180
PROPOSED MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT, VALIDATION AND EXPERIMENT	181
FULL-SCALE INTRODUCTION	182
RESULTS	182
25 Refocus on slow sand filter in Kakuda city and Marumori town after Great East Japan Earthquake	183
INTRODUCTION	183
SLOW SAND FILTER OF ODA WPP IN KAKUDA CITY	184
DAMAGE OF EARTHQUAKE IN KAKUDA CITY	184
SLOW SAND FITER IN MARUMORI TOWN	185
REFOCUS ON SLOW SAND FILTER	186
26 Small slow sand filter system for rural area in Bolivia	187
INTRODUCTION	187
TARGETED AREA	188
MATERIAL AND METHODS	188
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	189
CONCLUSIONS	190
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	190
REFERENCES	191
Part IV Slow Sand Filtration – Process Developments	193
27 Switching on pesticide degraders in biological filters used in drinking water production	195
INTRODUCTION	195
METHODOLOGY	196
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	197
CONCLUSIONS	200
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	201
REFERENCES	201
28 Bioaugmentation reduces negative effect of estrogens on coliform removal in slow sand filters	203
INTRODUCTION	203
METHODOLOGY	204
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	205
CONCLUSIONS	207
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	207
REFERENCES	207
29 Reduction of water hardness with a compact slow sand filtration system	209
INTRODUCTION	209
METHODOLOGY	210
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	212
CONCLUSIONS	216
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	216
REFERENCES	217
30 Installing a DIY-based home slow sand filter - Is it possible to make it without speciality?	219
INTRODUCTION	219
METHODOLOGY	220
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	221
CONCLUSIONS	222
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	223
REFERENCES	223
31 Development of an unmanned operate system for a slow sand filter/ecological purification system	225
INTRODUCTION	225
OUTLINE OF THE SYSTEM	226
EXPERIMENT AND RESULT	227
RESULT	228
ECONOMICAL EFFICIENCY	228
CONCLUSIONS	229
32 Process Optimization of Solar Energy Based Slow Sand Filtration	231
INTRODUCTION	231
METHODOLOGY	233
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	234
CONCLUSIONS	237
REFERENCES	237
33 Performance of ecological purification system in Samoa	239
INTRODUCTION	239
METHODOLOGY	240
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	241
CONCLUSIONS	244
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	244
REFERENCES	244
34 Household bio-purification device	245
INTRODUCTION	245
DESIGN	245
CONSTRUCTION	247
CONTROLLING THE PUMP	247
MAINTENANCE	247
CONCLUSIONS	248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	249
REFERENCES	249
35 A study to further reduce the turbidity level of slow sand filtered water in Tanigahara water purification plant, Japan	251
INTRODUCTION	251
METHODOLOGY	253
RESULTS	254
DISCUSSION	257
CONCLUSIONS	258
REFERENCES	258
36 The countermeasure against the increase of disinfection by-products concentration by humic substances at a water purification plant using a slow sand filtration system	259
INTRODUCTION	259
COUNTERMEASURE AGAINST HUMIC SUBSTANCES	261
CONCLUSION	262
REFERENCE	263
37 On the function of upflow roughing filter for slow sand filter – pilot experiment in Niigata, Japan	265
INTRODUCTION	265
BACKGROUND OF PILOT PLANT EXAMINATION	266
PILOT PLANT	267
BATCH TEST FOR SEDIMENTATION	268
UPFLOW ROUGHING FILTER EXPERIMENT	268
SLUDGE DRAIN EXPERIMENT	271
CONCLUSION	272
REFERENCES	272
38 Enhancement of the efficiency of upflow slow sand filtration - effect of combined application with a fiber filter unit	273
INTRODUCTION	273
METHODOLOGY	274
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	274
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	276
REFERENCES	276
39 Surface water treatment plant using ecological purification system in Bangladesh	277
INTRODUCTION	277
DESCRIPTION OF PLANT	278
OPERATION AND MAINTEANCE	282
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE	283
CONCLUSION	284
40 Development of ecological purification unit for producing drinking water from organically polluted raw water (BOD~30 mg/L)	285
INTRODUCTION	286
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION OF THE EPU	290
VERIFICATION RESULT OF THE EPU	291
OPERATION COST COMPARISION OF EPU WITH RO-PLANT	293
CONCLUSION	295
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	295
REFERENCES	295
41 Slow sand and slow biochar filtration of raw wastewater	297
INTRODUCTION	297
MATERIAL AND METHODS	298
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	300
CONCLUSIONS	303
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	304
REFERENCES	304
Part V Biosand Filters	307
42 Global Review of the Adoption, Use, and Performance of the Biosand Filter	309
INTRODUCTION	309
METHODOLOGY	311
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	311
CONCLUSIONS	315
REFERENCES	316
43 Recent advances in household biosand filter design	319
INTRODUCTION	319
DIMENSION CHANGE	320
FILTRATION RATE AND SAND SPECIFICATIONS	322
PAUSE PERIOD	323
CLEANING/MAINTENANCE	325
DIFFUSER BASIN	325
RIPENING AND VIRUS REMOVAL	326
IRON-AMENDMENT & ALTERNATE VERSIONS	327
SUMMARY	328
CONCLUSION	329
REFERENCES	329
44 Performance optimisation of household biosand filters	331
INTRODUCTION	331
METHODOLOGY	332
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	334
CONCLUSIONS	337
REFERENCES	338
45 Optimizing intermittent slow sand filters (biosand) construction for more consistent microbial removals	339
INTRODUCTION	339
METHODOLOGY	341
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	341
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS	344
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	344
REFERENCES	345
46 Utilizing structural equation modeling as an evaluation tool for critical parameters of the biosand filter in a pilot study in Para, Brazil	347
INTRODUCTION	347
METHODOLOGY	348
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	351
CONCLUSIONS	353
REFERENCES	353
47 Household filter to remove iron and nitrate for drinking water	355
INTRODUCTION	355
METHODOLOGY	356
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	357
CONCLUSIONS	357
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	358
REFERENCES	358
48 Long-term performance evaluation of biosand filters modified with zero-valent iron	359
INTRODUCTION	359
METHODOLOGY	360
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	361
CONCLUSIONS	364
REFERENCES	365
Part VI Alternative Biofiltration – Process Behaviour	367
49 Mechanisms of DOC removal from secondary effluents in a lab biofilter	369
INTRODUCTION	369
METHODOLOGY	370
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	371
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	374
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	374
REFERENCES	374
50 Change of water treatment efficiency in the transition from granular activated carbon to biological activated carbon on an advanced water purification plant	375
INTRODUCTION	375
RESEARCH POINTS AND ITEMS	376
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	376
CONCLUSION	378
51 Autotrophic growth competition between ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in biological activated carbon filter with nitrification potential	379
INTRODUCTION	379
METHODOLOGY	380
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	382
CONCLUSIONS	384
REFERENCES	384
52 Influence of preozonation on the performance of subsequent bio-filter in water treatment under low temperature condition: Biomass and community analysis	387
INTRODUCTION	388
MATERIALS AND METHODS	388
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	390
CONCLUSIONS	394
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	394
REFERENCES	394
53 Deterioration mechanisms of granular activated carbon in fluidized-bed contactor with biological and physical effects	397
INTRODUCTION	397
METHODS	399
RESULTS AND CONDITIONS	401
CONCLUSIONS	404
REFERENCES	404
54 Living-Filter: an in-reservoir biofiltration system for phytoplankton reduction at the abstraction point	405
INTRODUCTION	405
METHODOLOGY	406
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	407
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	408
REFERENCES	409
Part VII Alternative Biofiltration – Treatment Performance	411
55 Removal of easily and more complex biodegradable NOM by full-scale BAC filters to produce biological stable drinking water	413
INTRODUCTION	413
MATERIALS AND METHODS	415
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	416
CONCLUSIONS	420
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	420
REFERENCES	420
56 Renewal and selection of granular activated carbon in advanced drinking water purification in Tokyo	421
INTRODUCTION	421
METHODOLOGY	423
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	424
CONCLUSIONS	428
REFERENCES	428
57 Biofilm accumulation characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria in tap water produced by biological activated carbon process	429
INTRODUCTION	429
METHODOLOGY	430
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	431
CONCLUSIONS	432
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	432
REFERENCE	432
58 Manganese removal in BAC facilities without ozonation in water purification plants	433
INTRODUCTION	434
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD	435
RESULTS	435
DISCUSSION	437
CONCLUSIONS	438
REFERENCES	439
59 Use of water sensitive urban design systems for biofiltration of urban stormwater: laboratory biodegradation batch studies	441
INTRODUCTION	442
MATERIALS AND METHODS	443
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	445
CONCLUSIONS	448
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	448
REFERENCES	449
Part VIII Alternative Biofiltration – Process Developments	451
60 Applicability of spherical coconut shell activated carbon to biological activated carbon for advanced drinking water treatment	453
INTRODUCTION	454
CURRENT STATUS OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON	454
OVERVIEW OF SPHERICAL COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON	454
MANUFACTURING METHOD	454
PROPERTIES OF EACH ACTIVATD CARBON	455
TREATMENT PERFORMANCE	456
COLUMN FLOW TESTS (DYMAMIC TESTING)	458
TURBIDITY AND WASHING	459
REGENERATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON	459
EVALUATION AS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVATED CARBON AMMONIA NITROGEN IN SIMULATION WATER	460
ABUNDANCE OF AMMONIA-OXIDIZING ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA	461
DIVERSITYIS OF AOA AOMA GENES	461
CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION AT MANUFACTUING	462
CONCLUSIONS	463
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	464
REFERENCES	464
61 Development of biological roughing filter as an alternative to coagulation-sedimentation process	465
INTRODUCTION	465
METHODOLOGY	466
RESULTS AND CONDITIONS	468
CONCLUSIONS	471
REFERENCES	472
62 The environmentally-friendly effects of biotreatments in Osaka Water Supply Authority	473
INTRODUCTION	473
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	474
CONCLUSIONS	479
REFERENCES	479
63 Biofilm development in upflow gravel filters in layers with a fabric cover	481
INTRODUCTION	481
MATERIALS AND METHODS	482
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	484
CONCLUSIONS	488
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	488
REFERENCES	488
64 Up-flow biological contact filter for advanced water treatment system	491
INTRODUCTION	491
WATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCE	494
ECONOMIC ASPECTS	501
CONCLUSION	502
REFERENCES	502
65 pH conditioning using limestone with upflow gravel filters	503
INTRODUCTION	503
METHODOLOGY	504
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	505
CONCLUSIONS	505
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	506
REFERENCES	506
66 Upward biological contact filtration (U-BCF) in Vietnam	507
ABSTRACT	507
BACKGROUND	507
ADVANCED TREATMENT TRANSFERRED	509
BEGINNING OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION	510
CONCLUSIONS	513
ACKNOWLEDGEDGMENTS	513
REFFERENCES	514
67 Biofiltration of pig manure: behavior of nitrogen compounds	515
INTRODUCTION	515
METHODOLOGY	516
RESULT AND DISCUSSION	517
CONCLUSIONS	522
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	522
REFERENCES	523
68 Exploring sand and bentonite - enhanced sand as filter media for nitrate removal	525
INTRODUCTION	526
METHODOLOGY	526
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	528
CONCLUSIONS	531
REFERENCES	532
Part IX River Bank Filtration and Groundwater Recharge	533
69 Reduction of the formation potentials of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in reclaimed water by soil aquifer treatment	535
INTRODUCTION	535
METHODOLOGY	536
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	538
CONCLUSIONS	541
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	542
REFERENCES	542
70 Removals of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in reclaimed water during soil aquifer treatment with different soil types, hydraulic retention time, and saturated condition	543
INTRODUCTION	543
MATERIALS AND METHODS	544
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	547
CONCLUSIONS	550
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	550
REFERENCES	550
71 Behavior of trace organic contaminants in soil aquifer treatment (SAT) process for reuse of secondary sewage effluent	553
INTRODUCTION	553
MATERIALS AND METHODS	554
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	557
CONCLUSIONS	561
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	562
REFERENCES	562
Author Index	563
Keyword Index	567

Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes

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