BOOK
Water and Climate Change Adaptation
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This publication sets out the challenge for freshwater in a changing climate and provides policy guidance on how to navigate this new "waterscape". It examines the range and complexity of possible changes in the water cycle and the challenges of making practical, on-site adaptation decisions for water. It offers policymakers a risk-based framework and guidance to "know", "cap" and "manage" water risks in order to provide flexibility and improve decisions despite the lack of reliable predictions. It draws insights from a stock take of current policy efforts to adapt water systems across all 34 member countries and the European Union, including water-related aspects of National Adaptation Plans and Strategies, specific policy measures, and financing programmes. Finally, the report examines the use of economic instruments to promote adaptation (e.g. insurance schemes, water markets and banks, water pricing), incentives for ‘green’ infrastructure and ecosystem-based approaches, and financing issues.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Table of contents | 5 | ||
| Preface | 9 | ||
| Abbreviations | 11 | ||
| Executive summary | 13 | ||
| Chapter 1: A changing and uncertain future for freshwater\r | 17 | ||
| Key messages | 18 | ||
| Uncertainty and knowledge gaps | 19 | ||
| Uncertainty related to scenarios, emissions trends, and models | 20 | ||
| Coarse resolution/scale mismatch | 20 | ||
| Low confidence for key climate parameters | 20 | ||
| A focus on shifts in the mean | 21 | ||
| A widening range of possible futures | 21 | ||
| A future for freshwater unlike the past | 22 | ||
| Climate change as water change | 23 | ||
| Changing precipitation patterns and increased variability | 23 | ||
| Shifts in runoff and river discharge | 24 | ||
| Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events5 | 24 | ||
| Impacts on freshwater ecosystems | 25 | ||
| Rising sea level | 27 | ||
| Changes in glaciers, snow, ice and permafrost | 27 | ||
| Increasing water temperature | 27 | ||
| Groundwater | 28 | ||
| Impacts on evapotranspiration and soil moisture | 28 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 28 | ||
| Notes | 29 | ||
| References | 29 | ||
| Chapter 2: A risk-based approach to adapting water systems to climate change\r | 31 | ||
| Key messages | 32 | ||
| Why risk? Rationale for a risk-based approach1 | 33 | ||
| Thinking risk: A framework | 34 | ||
| Which water risks? Identifying water risks and risk drivers | 34 | ||
| “Know” the risk: Appraising water risks | 37 | ||
| Decision making under uncertainty | 37 | ||
| “Target the risk”: Judging tolerability and acceptability | 39 | ||
| Fish or farmers? Weighing risk-risk tradeoffs | 40 | ||
| “Manage” the risk and enhance resilience | 41 | ||
| “Know”, “target”, and “manage” water risks: A role for government | 44 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 45 | ||
| Notes | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| Chapter 3: Climate change adaptation for water systems in OECD countries\r | 49 | ||
| Key messages | 50 | ||
| Building the evidence base to “know” the risk | 52 | ||
| Trends, projections, primary concerns and vulnerabilities | 52 | ||
| Risk appraisal: Impact, vulnerability and risk assessments | 55 | ||
| Improving the evidence base and research capacity | 56 | ||
| Policy frameworks to set the strategic direction | 58 | ||
| Water as a priority in adaptation policies | 59 | ||
| Mainstreaming adaptation into water policies | 60 | ||
| Policy instruments to “know”, “target” and “manage” water risks | 62 | ||
| Regulatory instruments | 62 | ||
| Economic instruments | 64 | ||
| Information-based instruments | 67 | ||
| Financing approaches | 71 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 75 | ||
| Notes | 75 | ||
| References | 75 | ||
| Chapter 4: Improving flexibility: Adaptive governance, policy options and financing approaches\r | 77 | ||
| Key messages | 78 | ||
| Adaptive water governance | 79 | ||
| Improving incentives to manage risk and increasing flexibility in water policy | 82 | ||
| Flood insurance schemes | 83 | ||
| Case Study: Co-operation between public and private sectors to manage flood risk\rin the UK | 85 | ||
| Case Study: Reforming the National Flood Insurance Programme in the US | 86 | ||
| Case Study: Assessing options to reform the “CatNat” scheme in France | 87 | ||
| Case Study: Pooling catastrophe risk of excessive rainfall events in the Caribbean | 87 | ||
| Water trading | 88 | ||
| Case Study: Water markets in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia | 91 | ||
| Case Study: Water banking and dry-year options in the Western US | 92 | ||
| Water pricing | 93 | ||
| Case Study: Water pricing promotes efficient use and diversification of supply in Israel | 94 | ||
| Case Study: Low water prices constrain the development of alternative sources,an example from Spain | 95 | ||
| Case Study: Exploring options to improve the efficiency and timing of supply\raugmentation decisions, an example from Sydney, Australia | 95 | ||
| Incentives for ecosystem-based approaches and green infrastructure | 96 | ||
| Case Study: Recharging groundwater and managing stormwater with green spaces\rin Nagoya, Japan | 96 | ||
| Case Study: Reducing flood risks through the restoration of wetlands and green roofs\rin Denmark | 97 | ||
| Case Study: Managing stormwater with green roofs and “bluebelts” in New York City, US | 98 | ||
| Financing issues: Avoiding potential pitfalls and accounting for option values | 99 | ||
| Challenges for financing climate change adaptation for water | 99 | ||
| Mobilising financing for adapting water systems to climate change | 100 | ||
| Real options approaches | 102 | ||
| Case Study: Real options approaches for the Thames Estuary 2100 Project, UK | 103 | ||
| Concluding remarks | 105 | ||
| Notes | 105 | ||
| References | 106 | ||
| Chapter 5: Using hindsight to guide the future: Concluding remarks\r | 109 | ||
| Country Profiles | 113 | ||
| Australia | 115 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 115 | ||
| Key policy documents | 116 | ||
| Policy instruments | 116 | ||
| Main research programmes | 117 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 118 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 118 | ||
| Austria | 119 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 119 | ||
| Key policy documents | 120 | ||
| Policy instruments | 120 | ||
| Main research programmes | 121 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 121 | ||
| Belgium | 123 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 123 | ||
| Key policy documents | 123 | ||
| Policy instruments | 124 | ||
| Main research programmes | 126 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and/or investment programmes | 126 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 126 | ||
| Canada | 127 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 127 | ||
| Key policy documents | 128 | ||
| Policy instruments1 | 129 | ||
| Main research programmes | 129 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 130 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 130 | ||
| Chile | 131 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 131 | ||
| Key policy documents | 132 | ||
| Policy instruments | 132 | ||
| Main research programmes | 133 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and/ or investment programmes | 133 | ||
| Czech Republic | 135 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 135 | ||
| Key policy documents | 135 | ||
| Policy instruments | 136 | ||
| Main research programmes | 137 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 137 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 137 | ||
| Denmark | 139 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 139 | ||
| Key policy documents1 | 139 | ||
| Policy instruments | 140 | ||
| Main research programmes | 140 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and/ or investment programmes | 141 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 141 | ||
| Estonia | 143 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 143 | ||
| Key policy documents | 144 | ||
| Policy instruments | 144 | ||
| Main research programmes | 145 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 145 | ||
| Finland | 147 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 147 | ||
| Key policy documents | 148 | ||
| Policy instruments | 148 | ||
| Main research programmes | 149 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 149 | ||
| France | 151 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 151 | ||
| Key policy documents | 151 | ||
| Policy instruments | 152 | ||
| Main research programmes | 153 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 154 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 154 | ||
| Germany | 155 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 155 | ||
| Key policy documents | 156 | ||
| Policy instruments | 156 | ||
| Main research programmes | 157 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 157 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 157 | ||
| Greece | 159 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 159 | ||
| Key policy documents | 159 | ||
| Policy instruments1 | 160 | ||
| Main research programmes | 160 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 160 | ||
| Hungary | 161 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 161 | ||
| Key policy documents | 162 | ||
| Policy instruments | 162 | ||
| Main research programmes | 162 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 162 | ||
| Iceland | 163 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 163 | ||
| Key policy documents | 163 | ||
| Policy instruments | 163 | ||
| Main research programmes | 164 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 164 | ||
| Ireland | 165 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 165 | ||
| Key policy documents | 165 | ||
| Policy instruments | 166 | ||
| Main research programmes | 166 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 166 | ||
| Israel | 167 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 167 | ||
| Key policy documents | 167 | ||
| Policy instruments | 168 | ||
| Main research programmes | 168 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 168 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 168 | ||
| Italy | 169 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 169 | ||
| Key policy documents | 170 | ||
| Policy instruments | 170 | ||
| Main research programmes | 170 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 170 | ||
| Japan | 171 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 171 | ||
| Key policy documents | 172 | ||
| Policy instruments | 172 | ||
| Main research programmes | 172 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 172 | ||
| Korea | 173 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 173 | ||
| Key policy documents | 174 | ||
| Policy instruments | 174 | ||
| Main research programmes | 175 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 175 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 175 | ||
| Luxembourg | 177 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 177 | ||
| Key policy documents | 178 | ||
| Policy instruments | 178 | ||
| Main research programmes | 178 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 178 | ||
| Mexico | 179 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 179 | ||
| Key policy documents | 179 | ||
| Policy instruments | 180 | ||
| Main research programmes | 180 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 180 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 181 | ||
| The Netherlands | 181 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 181 | ||
| Key policy documents | 181 | ||
| Policy instruments | 182 | ||
| Main research programmes | 182 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 183 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 183 | ||
| New Zealand | 185 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 185 | ||
| Key policy documents | 185 | ||
| Policy instruments | 186 | ||
| Main research programmes | 187 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 187 | ||
| Norway | 189 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 189 | ||
| Key policy documents | 190 | ||
| Policy instruments | 190 | ||
| Main research programmes | 191 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 191 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 191 | ||
| Poland | 193 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 193 | ||
| Key policy documents | 193 | ||
| Policy instruments | 194 | ||
| Main research programmes | 194 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 194 | ||
| Portugal | 195 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 195 | ||
| Key policy documents | 195 | ||
| Policy instruments | 196 | ||
| Main research programmes | 196 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 196 | ||
| Slovak Republic | 197 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 197 | ||
| Key policy documents | 197 | ||
| Policy instruments | 198 | ||
| Main research programmes | 198 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 199 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 199 | ||
| Slovenia | 199 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 199 | ||
| Key policy documents | 200 | ||
| Policy instruments | 200 | ||
| Main research programmes | 200 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 201 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 201 | ||
| Spain | 201 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 201 | ||
| Key policy documents | 201 | ||
| Policy instruments | 202 | ||
| Main research programmes | 202 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 203 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 203 | ||
| Sweden | 205 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 205 | ||
| Key policy documents | 206 | ||
| Policy instruments | 206 | ||
| Main research programmes | 206 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 206 | ||
| Switzerland | 207 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 207 | ||
| Key policy documents | 207 | ||
| Policy instruments | 208 | ||
| Main research programmes | 208 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 209 | ||
| Turkey | 209 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 209 | ||
| Key policy documents | 210 | ||
| Policy instruments | 210 | ||
| Main research programmes | 211 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 211 | ||
| United Kingdom | 213 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 213 | ||
| Key policy documents | 214 | ||
| Policy instruments | 214 | ||
| Main research programmes | 215 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 216 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 216 | ||
| United States | 217 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems1 | 217 | ||
| Key policy documents | 218 | ||
| Policy instruments | 218 | ||
| Main research programmes | 219 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 219 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 219 | ||
| European Commission | 221 | ||
| Climate change impacts on water systems | 221 | ||
| Key policy documents1 | 222 | ||
| Policy instruments1 | 222 | ||
| Main research programmes | 223 | ||
| Principal financing mechanisms and investment programmes | 224 | ||
| Highlights and innovative initiatives | 224 | ||
| ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION\rAND DEVELOPMENT | 225 |