Waste Gas Treatment for Resource Recovery

Piet Lens; C. Kennes; P. le Cloirec; M. Deshusses

BOOK

Waste Gas Treatment for Resource Recovery

Piet Lens | C. Kennes | P. le Cloirec | M. Deshusses

(2006)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78040-531-5
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 512
Subjects: The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

The prevention of over-exploitation and the efficient use of natural resources are key goals of environmental managment in Industry. Waste Gas Treatment for Resource Recovery presents the reader with technical, ecological and economical aspects of gaseous effluent treatment and resource recovery. Practical experience from industry and agriculture is presented, the role of newly developed advanced technology in future recycling of gas streams discussed and attention given to criteria for sustainability in gas treatment. Detailed analysis of material flows, novel process applications and bioreactor designs, odour quantification and removal process techniques and European legislations for waste gas discharge and recovery are highlights of the extensive and comprehensive coverage of this book. Waste Gas Treatment for Resource Recovery will enable production, process and environmental engineers and managers to evaluate internal recycling possibilities, which contribute to an economically and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes with reduced pollution loads and waste gas volumes. Analysis of material flows, e.g. the development of methodologies and techniques to monitor the use and flow of materials on a life cycle basis Novel process applications and bioreactor designs for resource recovery from waste gases Odour quantification techniques and novel odour removal processes European dimension of polluted gas streams and the European legislation for waste gas discharges and recovery

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover\r	Cover
Contents	v
Preface	xiii
Contributors	xv
PART I: Socio-economic aspects of gas pollution and gas recovery	1
1 Introduction on air pollution: the emission–effect relation	3
1.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?	3
1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EMISSION EFFECT RELATIONS	6
1.3 EMISSIONS	7
1.4 FORMATION OF AEROSOLS	9
1.5 LIFETIMES OF POLLUTANTS	10
1.6 AMBIENT CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANTS	11
1.7 CONCLUSION	12
REFERENCES	12
2 Transboundary particulate matter pollution in Europe	13
2.1 INTRODUCTION\r	13
2.1.1 Airborne particulate matter	13
2.1.2 PM size distribution	14
2.1.3 PM chemical composition	14
2.2 EUROPEAN AEROSOL PATTERNS AND TRENDS\r	16
2.2.1 Aerosol monitoring	16
2.2.2 Composition of non-urban aerosol	17
2.2.3 Urban European aerosol pattern	17
2.3 AIR POLLUTION OBSERVATION: EXISTING NETWORKS\r	19
2.3.1 European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme	19
2.3.2 Global Atmosphere Watch	21
2.3.3 EuroAirnet	23
2.4 MODELLING AMBIENT PM TRANSPORT\r	23
2.4.1 Air quality modelling	23
2.4.2 Model application	24
2.4.3 Air quality software	25
2.4.3.1 Mesoscale models	25
2.4.3.2 Long-range transport models	26
2.5 CONCLUSIONS	26
REFERENCES	26
3 Abatement strategies for air pollution	30
3.1 INTRODUCTION	30
3.2 ORIGIN AND FATE OF EMISSIONS\r	31
3.2.1 Emission sources and transport to receptors	31
3.2.2 Transport scales and pollutant interaction	32
3.3 ABATEMENT STRATEGIES\r	34
3.3.1 High chimneys	34
3.3.2 International protocols for emission control	35
3.3.3 Multi-pollutants/multi-effects approach	36
3.3.4 Top-down and bottom-up approaches	37
3.3.5 Decision aid by integrated optimising modelling	38
3.3.6 Flexible instruments	39
3.4 OUTLOOK	40
REFERENCES	41
4 Dealing with waste gas in enhancing sustainable development: the role of the Kyoto mechanisms	43
4.1 INTRODUCTION	43
4.2 DEFINING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT	44
4.3 WASTE GAS RECOVERY UNDER THE CDM	46
4.3.1 Biogas	48
4.3.2 Landfill gas	50
4.3.3 Fugitive emissions	51
4.3.4 Coal mine/bed methane	52
4.4 KYOTO-BASED CASE STUDIES OF WASTE GAS CAPTURE PROJECTS	53
4.4.1 Solid waste management in Latvia	53
4.4.2 Salvador da Bahia landfill, Brazil	54
4.4.3 Coal-mine methane power generation project in China	56
4.4.4 Sustainable development through waste gas reuse	57
4.5 CONCLUSIONS	58
REFERENCES	58
5 Implementation of the European Solvent Directive (1999/13/EC)	60
5.1 INTRODUCTION	60
5.2 INFORMATION EXCHANGE PLATFORM AS A PART OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU SOLVENT DIRECTIVE	61
5.2.1 Development of the internet-based information exchange platform	61
5.2.2 Conclusions from the implementation of the information exchange platform	63
5.3 DECISION SUPPORT THROUGH MASS AND ENERGY FLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE SECTOR OF VEHICLE REFINISHING	64
5.3.1 VOC emission reduction measures in the vehicle refinishing sector	65
5.3.2 Development of the process model	66
5.3.3 Development of the software model IMPROVE	67
5.3.4 Techno-economic evaluation of the material flow network	68
5.3.4.1 Material flows	68
5.3.4.2 Energy flows	68
5.3.4.3 Economic analysis	69
5.3.5 Model customization	69
5.4 FURTHER USE OF MASS AND ENERGY FLOW MODELS	69
5.4.1 Development of a practical guideline for the introduction and use of water-based coatings in smalland medium-sized car refinishing\rbody shops	70
5.4.2 Solvent management plan according to the EU Solvent Directive (1999/13/EC)	71
5.4.3 Linking IMPROVE with time management	72
5.5 CONCLUSION	72
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	73
REFERENCES	73
6 Integration of biological techniques for air pollution control into sustainable development	76
6.1 INTRODUCTION\r	76
6.1.1 Biological techniques for air pollution control	76
6.1.2 Sustainable development	77
6.1.3 Technology selection for sustainable development	77
6.2 VOC CONTROL, THE CASE FOR AVOIDING UNNECESSARY CO2 EMISSIONS	78
6.3 HIGH-RATE BIOTRICKLING FILTERS FOR H2S CONTROL	80
6.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS	82
REFERENCES	82
PART II: Characterization of waste gases	85
7 Characterization of pollutants in gases	87
7.1 INTRODUCTION	87
7.2 CHARACTERIZING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS	88
7.2.1 Composition of the atmosphere	88
7.2.2 Concentration units	89
7.2.3 Sources of trace gases	90
7.2.4 Particles	91
7.2.5 Atmospheric chemistry	92
7.2.6 Removal of atmospheric gases from the atmosphere	93
7.3 MONITORING AND ANALYSIS	94
7.3.1 Sampling	95
7.3.2 Analytical methods	95
7.3.2.1 Optical methods	95
7.3.2.2 Indicative methods	96
7.3.2.3 Sulfur dioxide	97
7.3.2.4 Nitrogen oxides and ammonia	97
7.3.2.5 Hydrocarbons	98
7.3.2.6 Ozone	98
7.3.2.7 Carbon monoxide	98
7.3.2.8 Particulate material	98
7.4 EFFECTS	99
7.4.1 Health	99
7.4.2 Material effects	101
7.4.3 Ecological and agricultural effects	102
7.4.4 Acid rain and climate change	102
7.4.5 Odour and other issues	102
7.5 CONCLUSIONS	103
REFERENCES	104
8 Isotope characterization of gaseous pollutants	107
8.1 INTRODUCTION\r	107
8.1.1 Identification of sources of emissions	107
8.1.2 Isotopes	108
8.1.2.1 Carbon	108
8.1.2.2 Sulfur	108
8.1.2.3 Oxygen	109
8.2 ISOTOPE ABUNDANCE VARIATIONS\r	109
8.2.1 Natural carbon isotope abundance variations	109
8.2.2 Natural oxygen isotope abundance variations	109
8.2.3 Natural sulfur isotope abundance variations	110
8.3 ISOTOPE MASS BALANCE\r	110
8.3.1 Two source mixing	110
8.3.2 Multiple source mixing	111
8.3.3 Source apportionment using C and O isotopes	113
8.3.4 Compound-specific carbon isotope analysis	114
8.4 CONCLUSION	115
REFERENCES	115
9 Use of NMR to study in situ bioconversion of gaseous formaldehyde\r	117
9.1 INTRODUCTION	117
9.2 IN SITU NMR STUDY OF BIOCONVERSION OF GASEOUS COMPOUNDS\r	118
9.2.1 Generalities	118
9.2.2 1H NMR studies\r	119
9.2.3 13C NMR studies\r	120
9.2.4 Deuterium NMR studies	121
9.3 NMR STUDY OF FORMALDEHYDE BIOCONVERSION	122
9.3.1 Identification of formaldehyde metabolites via routes I and II	122
9.3.2 Synthesis of formate by GSH-formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity (route I)	123
9.3.3 Formation of methanol and formate by NADH-oxidoreductase and dismutase (“Cannizzarase”) activities (routes I and II)	124
9.3.4 Formation of methylformate (route III)	126
9.3.5 Dissimilation of formaldehyde via the RuMP cycle (route IV)	127
9.3.6 Transformation of formaldehyde on solid supports	128
9.4 CONCLUSION	130
REFERENCES	130
10 Heavy metal release in waste incineration processes	132
10.1 INTRODUCTION\r	132
10.1.1 Fate of heavy metals during waste incineration	132
10.1.2 Aim of the study	133
10.2 THERMODYNAMIC STUDY	134
10.2.1 Equilibrium calculation method	134
10.2.2 System definition and calculation conditions	135
10.2.3 Results of the theoretical study	135
10.2.3.1 Influence of temperature on the HM speciation	136
10.2.3.2 Effect of the oxygen content on the HM speciation	137
10.2.3.3 Influence of the chlorine content on the HM speciation	138
10.3 CHARACTERISATION OF ULTIMATE RESIDUES	139
10.3.1 Characterisation techniques	139
10.3.2 HM speciation in residue	140
10.4 KINETICS OF HM VAPORISATION	141
10.4.1 Experimental study	141
10.4.1.1 Lab-scale reactor	141
10.4.1.2 On-line gas analysis system	141
10.4.1.3 Model wastes	142
10.4.2 Theoretical study	143
10.4.2.1 Method	143
10.4.2.2 Direct model	143
10.4.2.3 Inverse model	144
10.4.3 Determination of the metal vaporisation kinetics	145
10.4.3.1 Validation of the method with alumina matrix	145
10.4.3.2 Application to RAW	146
10.5 CONCLUSION	148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	148
REFERENCES	148
11 Functional interpretation of gas composition	150
11.1 INTRODUCTION	150
11.2 SOURCES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS\r	151
11.2.1 NMVOCs emissions	151
11.2.2 Biochemistry of the anaerobic environment	152
11.3 ANALYSIS OF NMVOCS	154
11.3.1 Concentrating the sample	155
11.3.2 Gas chromatography	156
11.3.3 Mass spectrometry	156
11.4 NMVOC EMISSION RATES\r	157
11.4.1 Determination of emission rates	157
11.4.2 Physical factors affecting emission rates	157
11.4.2.1 Effects of wind speed	157
11.4.2.2 Henry’s law	158
11.4.2.3 Effect of pH on gas concentration in the headspace	158
11.4.2.4 Non-ideal Henry’s law conditions	158
11.5 DIFFERENTIATING PROCESSES USING THE NMVOC PROFILE	159
11.5.1 Composting	160
11.5.1.1 Composting processes	160
11.5.1.2 The effect of different substrates	161
11.5.2 Sewage sludge cake	162
11.5.3 Differentiating dietary intake	164
11.6 CONCLUSION	165
REFERENCES	166
12 Biomarkers of air pollution	168
12.1 INTRODUCTION\r	168
12.1.1 Air pollution and health	168
12.1.2 Biomarker categories	170
12.2 THE IDEAL BIOMARKER\r	170
12.2.1 Criteria for biomarkers	170
12.2.2 Biomarker validation	171
12.2.3 Legal implications	171
12.3 DIVERSITY OF POLLUTANTS AND BIOMARKERS	173
12.4 EXPOSURE BIOMARKERS\r	174
12.4.1 Exposure biomarkers in environmental medicine	174
12.4.2 Illustrative examples	175
12.4.2.1 Carbon monoxide and tobacco smoke	175
12.4.2.2 Benzene	176
12.4.2.3 1,3-Butadiene	176
12.4.2.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	177
12.4.2.5 Ozone	177
12.4.2.6 Sulfur dioxide	177
12.4.2.7 Nitrogen dioxide	177
12.4.2.8 Particulate matter	178
12.5 BIOMARKERS OF EFFECTS	178
12.5.1 The pneumoproteinaemia concept	178
12.5.2 Markers of airway inflammation such as exhaled NO	180
12.5.3 Markers of oxidative stress	181
12.5.3.1 Oxidative stress using PM as an example	181
12.5.3.2 Biomarkers of oxidative stress	182
12.5.4 Other cellular effects and immunotoxicity	183
12.5.5 Biomarkers of air pollution in organs other than lung	184
12.5.5.1 The kidney	184
12.5.5.2 The central nervous system	184
12.5.5.3 The liver	185
12.6 BIOMARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY	186
12.7 CONCLUSION	187
REFERENCES	187
PART III: Bioreactors for waste gas cleaning	193
13 Gas purification by heterogeneous photocatalysis	195
13.1 INTRODUCTION	195
13.2 GAS-PHASE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS	197
13.2.1 Background and controversy	198
13.2.2 Photocatalysis of selected compounds	201
13.2.2.1 Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and olefins	201
13.2.2.2 Aromatic compounds	203
13.2.2.3 Compounds with heteroatoms (halogens, nitrogen and sulfur)	204
13.2.2.4 Inorganic species	208
13.2.3 Process improvements	209
13.2.3.1 Use of modified catalysts	209
13.2.3.2 Periodic illumination	210
13.2.3.3 Addition of ozone	210
13.2.4 Effect of water and temperature	211
13.2.4.1 Water	211
13.2.4.2 Temperature	211
13.2.5 Behavior of mixtures	212
13.2.6 Deactivation of the photocatalyst	212
13.3 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS\r	215
13.3.1 Treatment of air in building interiors	215
13.3.2 Industry	216
13.3.3 Exteriors	216
13.3.4 Disinfection	216
13.3.5 Odor treatment	217
13.3.6 Passive treatment of architectural elements: self-cleaning materials	217
13.3.7 Treatment of polluted soil and water	218
REFERENCES	219
14 Removal of airborne particulate matter	226
14.1 INTRODUCTION	226
14.2 DEFINITION – PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SOURCES AND IMPACTS	227
14.2.1 Origin of air pollutant particles	228
14.2.2 Structure and physico-chemical properties	229
14.2.2.1 Size, shape and density of particles	229
14.2.2.2 Influence of particle composition	229
14.2.2.3 Influence of electrical resistivity and surface charge	229
14.2.3 Noxious effects on health and the environment	230
14.2.3.1 Effect on human health	230
14.2.3.2 Impact on the environment	230
14.3 MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION	231
14.4 AIRBORNE PARTICLE TRANSPORT – THEORETICAL APPROACHES	231
14.4.1 Particle falling velocity	233
14.4.2 Forces acting on particles in a moving fluid	234
14.4.3 Sphericity correction	235
14.4.4 Influence of particle concentration	235
14.5 AIRBORNE PARTICLE TREATMENT SYSTEMS	235
14.5.1 Fibrous filter media	235
14.5.1.1 Operating conditions and principles	236
14.5.1.2 Design of filters	237
14.5.1.3 Filtration efficiency	240
14.5.1.4 Qualification of filter	242
14.5.2 Cyclones	243
14.5.2.1 Operation principle	243
14.5.2.2 Operating conditions	243
14.5.2.3 Design	244
14.5.3 Electrostatic precipitators	244
14.5.3.1 ESP operation	244
14.5.3.2 ESP design	245
14.5.4 Wet scrubbers	245
14.5.5 Comparison	246
14.6 EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS	246
14.6.1 Industrial effluent gas treatment	246
14.6.2 Indoor air treatment	246
14.6.2.1 Airborne particle treatment processes classified according to application	247
14.6.2.2 Process intensification: combined treatment of inert particles and microbial aerosols/VOCs and odours	247
14.7 CONCLUSION	247
REFERENCES	248
15 Bioprocess engineering aspects of biological waste gas treatments	250
15.1 INTRODUCTION	250
15.2 WASTE GAS TREATMENT PROCESSES\r	251
15.2.1 Air treatment processes	251
15.2.2 Biological treatments of waste gases (Le Cloirec et al., 2005)	251
15.3 BIOFILTERS\r	251
15.3.1 General presentation of the process	251
15.3.2 Practical operating conditions and performances	253
15.3.3 Modeling a biofilter	257
15.3.3.1 Ottengraf’s model	257
15.3.4 An example of biofiltration performances and modeling	262
15.4 BIOTRICKLING FILTERS\r	265
15.4.1 Principle, operating conditions and performance	265
15.4.2 Modeling a biotrickling filter	265
15.5 BIOSCRUBBERS\r	267
15.5.1 Presentation of the process	267
15.5.2 Practical operating conditions and performance	268
15.5.3 Modeling	268
15.5.3.1 Model description	268
15.5.3.2 Comparison of experimental and computed results	272
15.5.3.3 Influence of the biodegradation step on the deodorization efficiency	273
15.6 CONCLUSIONS	274
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	274
REFERENCES	274
16 Fungal and dechlorinating biocatalysts in waste gas treatment	277
16.1 INTRODUCTION	277
16.2 FUNGAL ACTIVITIES USED IN GAS-PHASE BIOREACTORS\r	278
16.2.1 Introduction	278
16.2.2 VOC-degrading fungi	278
16.2.3 Fungal gas-phase bioreactors	281
16.2.3.1 Water content	282
16.2.3.2 pH	282
16.2.3.3 Pressure drop	283
16.3 DECHLORINATING BIOCATALYSTS\r	284
16.3.1 Chlorinated compounds and air pollution	284
16.3.2 Removal of chlorinated compounds from air in bioreactors	285
16.3.2.1 Introduction	285
16.3.2.2 Aerobic dechlorination of DCM	286
16.3.2.3 Aerobic dechlorination of chlorobenzenes	289
16.3.2.4 Aerobic dechlorination of TCE	291
16.3.2.5 Anaerobic dechlorination of highly chlorinated pollutants	296
16.4 OTHER BIOCATALYTIC ACTIVITIES RECENTLY STUDIED IN GAS-PHASE BIOREACTORS	297
16.5 CONCLUSIONS	297
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	298
REFERENCES	298
PART IV: Technologies for resource recovery	303
17\rWet scrubbing for the removal of NH3 from waste gases	305
17.1 INTRODUCTION	305
17.2 CHOICE OF SOLVENTS FOR ABSORPTION	306
17.3 FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER\r	307
17.3.1 Physical absorption	307
17.3.2 Absorption associated with an irreversible chemical reaction	308
17.4 WET SCRUBBING TECHNOLOGIES	310
17.4.1 Packed tower	310
17.4.1.1 Operating principle	310
17.4.1.2 Packing material	311
17.4.2 Spray column	312
17.5 DESIGN OF PACKED AND SPRAY COLUMNS	312
17.5.1 Physical absorption	312
17.5.1.1 Design equation	312
17.5.1.2 Packed column	314
17.5.1.3 Spray column	314
17.5.2 Absorption with an irreversible chemical reaction	315
17.5.2.1 Design equations	315
17.5.2.2 Packed column	316
17.5.2.3 Spray column	316
17.6 EXAMPLES OF DESIGN\r	317
17.6.1 Absorption of NH3 by water in a packed tower	317
17.6.2 Absorption of NH3 by a dilute acid solution in a packed tower	317
17.6.3 Absorption of NH3 by a dilute acid solution in a spray column	318
17.7 CONCLUSIONS	318
REFERENCES	319
18 CO2 capture in energy production	320
18.1 INTRODUCTION	320
18.2 ABSORPTION\r	321
18.2.1 Working principle	321
18.2.2 Use of monoethanolamine as a solvent	321
18.2.3 FGD product recycling	322
18.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages for absorption	323
18.2.5 Process improvements	323
18.2.5.1 New solvents	323
18.2.5.2 New equipment configuration	324
18.2.5.3 Other possible improvements to absorption	325
18.3 ADSORPTION\r	326
18.3.1 Working principle	326
18.3.2 Process improvements	326
18.3.2.1 Electrical desorption	326
18.3.2.2 Hydrotalcite and water–gas shift	327
18.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages for adsorption	327
18.4 CRYOGENIC DISTILLATION\r	328
18.4.1 Working principle	328
18.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages for cryogenic distillation	328
18.5 MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS\r	329
18.5.1 Working principle	329
18.5.2 Advantages and disadvantages for membrane diffusion	330
18.6 CO2 PRECIPITATION\r	331
18.6.1 Hydrate formation and dissociation	331
18.6.1.1 Working principle	331
18.6.1.2 Addition of tetrahydrofuran for hydrate formation	332
18.6.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrate formation	332
18.6.2 Ammonium carbonation	333
18.6.2.1 Working principle	333
18.7 SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT STATUS	334
REFERENCES	334
19 Use of hydrates in gas treatment	336
19.1 GAS HYDRATES AND THEIR PROPERTIES	336
19.2 SELF-PRESERVATION PHENOMENON	339
19.3 HYDRATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOGAS SEPARATION AND TRANSPORTATION	342
19.4 HYDRATE TECHNOLOGIES OF CO2 SEQUESTRATION IN THE COURSE OF OFFSHORE NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION	344
19.5 CONCLUSION	346
REFERENCES	346
20 Application of zeolites in environmental catalysis	348
20.1 INTRODUCTION	348
20.2 ZEOLITES IN CATALYSIS	349
20.3 ZEOLITE CATALYSTS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY	350
20.4 ABATEMENT OF NOx IN OXYGEN-RICH STREAMS WITH ZEOLITE CATALYSTS	351
20.4.1 Catalytic NOx removal	351
20.4.1.1 Decomposition	351
20.4.1.2 NSCR technologies	352
20.4.1.3 SCR technologies	352
20.4.1.4 SCR under lean-burn conditions	353
20.4.2 New developments	354
20.5 VOCs ABATEMENT USING ZEOLITES\r	355
20.5.1 Sources of VOCs	355
20.5.2 VOCs removal and reuse	356
20.5.2.1 Adsorption	356
20.5.2.2 Decomposition	356
20.6 CONCLUSION	357
REFERENCES	358
21 Operation of fuel cells with biomass resources (hydrogen and alcohols)	360
21.1 INTRODUCTION	360
21.2 PRINCIPLES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUEL CELLS\r	361
21.2.1 Working principles of a fuel cell	361
21.2.1.1 FC thermodynamics	362
21.2.1.2 FC kinetics	363
21.2.2 Different types of a fuel cell	367
21.2.2.1 Fuels for fuel cells	367
21.2.2.2 Hydrogen fed fuel cells	369
21.2.2.3 Methanol and ethanol fed fuel cells	369
21.3 WASTE GASES AND BIOMASS TREATMENTS FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELLS	370
21.3.1 Thermo-chemical transformation of solid biomass	370
21.3.1.1 Steam reforming	370
21.3.1.2 Water gas shift reaction	371
21.3.1.3 Partial oxidation	371
21.3.1.4 Cracking	371
21.3.1.5 Impurities	372
21.3.2 Transformation of liquid biomass	372
21.3.3 Utilization of biogas	372
21.3.4 “Syngas” upgrading to high-quality hydrogen	373
21.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC AND DAFC)\r	374
21.4.1 PEMFC	374
21.4.1.1 Principle of a PEMFC	374
21.4.1.2 The proton exchange membrane	375
21.4.1.3 The electrode catalysts	376
21.4.1.4 The MEA	376
21.4.1.5 The bipolar plates	376
21.4.1.6 Auxiliary and control equipment	377
21.4.2 DEFC	378
21.4.2.1 Principle of the DEFC	378
21.4.2.2 DEFC fuel cell tests	379
21.5 CONCLUSIONS	383
REFERENCES	383
22 Resource recovery from synthesis gas	385
22.1 INTRODUCTION\r	385
22.1.1 Synthesis gas	385
22.1.2 The chemical water–gas shift reaction	386
22.1.3 The biological water–gas shift reaction	386
22.2 HYDROGENOGENIC CO CONVERSION IN ANAEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE\r	387
22.2.1 Occurrence of hydrogenogenic CO-converting bacteria in sludges from anaerobic wastewater treatment plants\r	387
22.2.2 Effect of PCO and H2 on CO conversion routes at 55°C\r	387
22.3 APPLICATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS IN THERMOPHILIC BIODESULFURIZATION\r	389
22.3.1 Microbiology	389
22.3.2 H2S inhibition	390
22.3.3 Competition between sulfate reduction and methanogens	391
22.3.4 Biomass retention	392
22.4 DESIGN OF A BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS GAS PURIFICATION PROCESS\r	392
22.4.1 Product specification	392
22.4.2 Product gas purification	394
22.4.3 Bioreactor design	394
22.5 CONCLUSION	395
REFERENCES	395
23 Product recovery from H2S-containing gases	399
23.1 INTRODUCTION	399
23.2 BIOLOGICAL DESULFURIZATION OF GASEOUS FUELS WITH RECOVERY OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR\r	400
23.2.1 Pre-combustion desulfurization	400
23.2.1.1 Aqueous iron processes with bacterial regeneration	401
23.2.1.2 Phototrophic microbial conversion of H2S to elemental sulfur	402
23.2.1.3 Chemotrophic microbial conversion of H2S to elemental sulfur	402
23.2.2 Post-combustion process	405
23.2.3 Elemental sulfur applications	405
23.3 CONCLUSIONS	406
REFERENCES	406
PART V: Implementation of resource recovery from gas streams	409
24 CO2 recovery from flue gas by membrane gas absorption and use in the horticultural industry	411
24.1 INTRODUCTION	411
24.1.1 CO2 in the horticultural industry	412
24.1.2 Integrated supply of heat and CO2	412
24.2 MEMBRANE GAS ABSORPTION\r	413
24.2.1 Principle and process	413
24.2.2 Membrane flow sheet	415
24.2.3 Mass transfer analysis	416
24.3 CASE STUDY: CO2 REUSE IN HORTICULTURE\r	420
24.3.1 Bench scale studies	420
24.3.1.1 Experimental set-up	420
24.3.1.2 Bench scale experimental results	421
24.3.2 Pilot plant study	425
24.3.2.1 Experimental set-up	425
24.3.2.2 CO2 product quality	426
24.3.3 Heat requirement	429
24.4 CONCLUSIONS	430
NOMENCLATURE	430
REFERENCES	431
25 Treatment of carbon disulfide from industrial waste gas emissions: pollutant converted into reusable sulfuric acid	433
25.1 INTRODUCTION\r	433
25.1.1 Quantities of carbon disulfide emissions	433
25.1.2 Adverse effects of carbon disulfide	434
25.1.3 Carbon disulfide treatment	434
25.2 BIOLOGICAL CARBON DISULFIDE DEGRADATION\r	434
25.2.1 Microbial carbon disulfide degradation	434
25.2.2 Carbon disulfide degrading microorganisms isolated from full-scale bioreactors	435
25.2.2.1 Physiological characteristics	435
25.2.2.2 Kinetic parameters	436
25.3 BIOREACTORS TREATING CARBON DISULFIDE WASTE GAS EMISSIONS\r	437
25.3.1 Introduction	437
25.3.2 New developed bioreactors for full-scale applications	437
25.3.2.1 Start-up and removal efficiencies	437
25.3.2.2 Robustness of a biological system	438
25.3.2.3 Formation of sulfuric acid and possibilities for reuse	440
25.4 TRADITIONAL TREATMENT OF CARBON DISULFIDE WASTE GAS EMISSIONS\r	442
25.4.1 Introduction	442
25.4.2 Adsorption	442
25.4.3 Incineration	442
25.5 EXAMPLES OF FULL-SCALE BIOREACTORS APPLIED AT INDUSTRIES EMITTING CS2\r	443
25.5.1 Introduction	443
25.5.1 Treatment of CS2 emissions from a cellulose sponge manufacturer	444
25.5.2 Treatment of CS2 emissions at fungicide manufacturers	444
25.5.3 Treatment of CS2 emissions from manufacturers of cellulose casings	447
25.6 CONCLUSION	448
REFERENCES	448
26 Volatile organic compound treatment by adsorption onto activated carbon fiber cloth and electrothermal regeneration	450
26.1 INTRODUCTION	450
26.2 ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER CLOTH\r	451
26.2.1 Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics	451
26.2.2 Electrical properties	452
26.2.3 Thermal properties	453
26.3 ADSORPTION ONTO ACFC–ELECTROTHERMAL DESORPTION PROCESS	455
26.4 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT PROCESS	457
26.4.1 Characterization of the industrial polluted emission	457
26.4.2 VOC removal system	457
26.4.3 ACFC adsorber module	457
26.4.4 Adsorption: electrothermal desorption procedures	459
26.4.5 Process validation	459
26.5 CONCLUSION	461
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	461
REFERENCES	461
27 Treatment of waste gases from formaldehydeand formaldehyde-resin-producing industries	463
27.1 INTRODUCTION\r	463
27.1.1 Production of formaldehyde and formaldehyde-based resins	463
27.1.1.1 Formaldehyde usage	463
27.1.1.2 Production of formaldehyde	464
27.1.1.3 Production of formaldehyde derivates	465
27.1.2 Emission of volatile pollutants in formaldehyde-resin-producing facilities	466
27.2 NON-BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ABATEMENT OF OFF-GASES FROM THE FORMALDEHYDE INDUSTRY	467
27.3 BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ABATEMENT OF OFF-GASES FROM THE FORMALDEHYDE INDUSTRY\r	468
27.3.1 Bioreactors for waste gas trea	468
27.3.2 Previous studies	469
27.3.3 Optimization of the biological treatment	469
27.3.3.1 Batch studies	469
27.3.3.2 Treatment of formaldehyde and methanol in single-stage bioreactors	470
27.3.3.3 Treatment of formaldehyde and methanol in two-stage bioreactor configuration	473
27.3.3.4 Treatment of mixtures of formaldehyde, methanol, dimethylether and carbon monoxide	474
27.4 CONCLUSIONS	476
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	476
NOMENCLATURE	476
REFERENCES	477
28 Upgrading of biogas for its usage in high-temperature fuel cells and gas grid injection	479
28.1 INTRODUCTION	479
28.2 BIOGAS UPGRADING TECHNOLOGIES\r	480
28.2.1 Advanced biotrickling filter for sulfide removal	480
28.2.2 Microbial removal of siloxanes from biogas	481
28.2.2.1 Measurement of siloxanes	481
28.2.2.2 Microbial degradation of siloxanes	483
28.3 HIGH-TECH APPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS\r	483
28.3.1 Fuel cells	483
28.3.2 Natural gas grid injection	485
28.4 CONCLUSIONS	486
REFERENCES	486
Index	489

Waste Gas Treatment for Resource Recovery

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