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Book Details
Abstract
This book is developed from and includes the presentations of leading international experts and scholars in the 12-14 July, 2006 Wingspread Workshop. With urban waters as a focal point, this book will explore the links between urban water quality and hydrology, and the broader concepts of green cities and smart growth. It also addresses legal and social barriers to urban ecological sustainability and proposes practical ways to overcome those barriers. Cities of the Future features chapters containing visionary concepts on how to ensure that cities and their water resources become ecologically sustainable and are able to provide clean water for all beneficial uses. The book links North American and Worldwide experience and approaches. The book is primarily a professional reference aimed at a wide interdisciplinary audience, including universities, consultants, environmental advocacy groups and legal environmental professionals.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Acknowledgement | ix | ||
| Wingspread Workshop Organizing Committee | x | ||
| Introduction to the book | xi | ||
| Preface:\rCities of the future: The fifth paradigm of urbanization | xiii | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES – PARADIGMS | xiii | ||
| TOWARD HYDROLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF FUTURE CITIES – THE FIFTH PARADIGM | xvi | ||
| WINGSPREAD WORKSHOP | xxii | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | xxiii | ||
| REFERENCES | xxiv | ||
| PART ONE: Urban Water Sustainability\r | 1 | ||
| 1 The importance of water infrastructure and the environment in tomorrow’s cities | 2 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2 | ||
| Increasing the social and economic benefits provided by environmental infrastructure | 3 | ||
| Improving collaboration among agencies and jurisdictions | 3 | ||
| Making the transition from fast-conveyance to closed-loop systems | 4 | ||
| Introducing public stakeholders into decision-making and implementation | 4 | ||
| Preparing for extreme events | 4 | ||
| LEADING IN A TIME OF RAPIDLY CHANGING PRIORITIES | 5 | ||
| REFERENCES | 7 | ||
| 2 Developments towards urban water sustainability in the Chicago metropolitan area | 8 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES\r | 8 | ||
| 19th Century Chicago | 8 | ||
| Before and after the reversal of the river | 9 | ||
| MWRD waterways and facilities | 9 | ||
| TARP system | 12 | ||
| AGENDA TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY\r | 13 | ||
| The Chicago Wilderness region | 13 | ||
| Guide to stormwater best management practices | 13 | ||
| City of Chicago’s water agenda | 14 | ||
| Chicago river agenda | 15 | ||
| Fish species in the Chicago river system | 15 | ||
| Environmental action agenda, building the sustainable city | 16 | ||
| Information sources | 17 | ||
| 3 Water and cities – overcoming inertia and achieving a sustainable future | 18 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 18 | ||
| Managing in a ‘Fuzzy’ environment | 19 | ||
| What is sustainability? | 20 | ||
| Muddling through | 21 | ||
| Accelerating change? | 23 | ||
| Water systems and rapid change | 24 | ||
| Harnessing technology | 24 | ||
| Utilising Awareness | 27 | ||
| Economic Reform | 28 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 29 | ||
| REFERENCES | 30 | ||
| PART TWO: Impact of Extreme Events\r | 33 | ||
| 4 Hurricane realities, models, levees and wetlands | 34 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 34 | ||
| STATE OF THE ART-CURRENT KNOWLEDGE\r | 36 | ||
| The coastal wetlands dilemma | 36 | ||
| Storm surge modeling | 38 | ||
| The levee failures | 44 | ||
| Five surge events | 44 | ||
| General findings | 45 | ||
| Specific findings | 46 | ||
| ASSESSMENT | 46 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 50 | ||
| REFERENCES | 50 | ||
| 5 Water quality and public health – case studies of Hurricane Katrina and the December 2004 tsunami in Thailand | 52 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| Scope and objectives | 55 | ||
| CURRENT KNOWLEDGE\r | 55 | ||
| Pre-storm Thailand | 55 | ||
| Pre-storm New Orleans | 55 | ||
| Pre-storm Mississippi | 56 | ||
| Impact Thailand | 57 | ||
| Storm impact New Orleans | 58 | ||
| Storm impact Mississippi | 60 | ||
| Current and future solutions – Thailand | 61 | ||
| Current and future solutions – New Orleans | 61 | ||
| Current and future solutions – Mississippi | 63 | ||
| ASSESSMENT\r | 63 | ||
| Major similarities | 63 | ||
| Health | 63 | ||
| Structural damage | 65 | ||
| Environmental damage | 65 | ||
| Water and wastewater | 66 | ||
| Other environmental health concerns | 66 | ||
| Data sharing | 67 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEEDS | 67 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 68 | ||
| REFERENCES | 68 | ||
| PART THREE: Monitoring, Urban Observatories and Total Mass Balance of Pollution in Cities\r | 73 | ||
| 6 Design of an environmental field observatory for quantifying the urban water budget | 74 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| BACKGROUND\r | 77 | ||
| Urban water budget studies | 77 | ||
| Baltimore as a model study area | 78 | ||
| Considerations of regional hydrogeology | 81 | ||
| QUANTIFICATION OF URBAN WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS\r | 81 | ||
| Base flow comparative studies | 81 | ||
| Regional groundwater characterization and modeling | 82 | ||
| Groundwater recharge | 84 | ||
| Airborne thermal infrared imagery | 84 | ||
| Seepage transects and tracer tests | 85 | ||
| Precipitation data analysis | 86 | ||
| Evapotranspiration | 86 | ||
| Pipe flows | 87 | ||
| A data model for hydrologic information systems in urban areas | 87 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 88 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 88 | ||
| REFERENCES | 89 | ||
| 7 Ecosystem approaches to reduce pollution in cities | 92 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 92 | ||
| CASE STUDIES OF NUTRIENT FLOWS\r | 94 | ||
| Case study 1: Flow of N through an urban food chain | 94 | ||
| Case study II: Phosphorus in urban stormwater | 97 | ||
| Case study III: Nutrient balances for households | 99 | ||
| POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS | 101 | ||
| REFERENCES | 102 | ||
| 8 Field data requirements for monitoring and modelling of urban drainage systems | 105 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 105 | ||
| EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF A SETTLING TANK | 106 | ||
| Short time scale: event settling efficiency and its uncertainty | 107 | ||
| Long time scale: annual pollutant interception efficiency and its uncertainty | 109 | ||
| FIELD DATA AVAILABILITY AND MODEL CALIBRATION | 111 | ||
| USE OF CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS | 116 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 118 | ||
| REFERENCES | 119 | ||
| PART FOUR: Hydrologic and Pollution Stresses, Response of Receiving Waters\r | 121 | ||
| 9 Ground water and cities | 122 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 122 | ||
| HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION\r | 123 | ||
| Patterns of urban hydrologic modification | 123 | ||
| Impacts of urban hydrologic modification | 126 | ||
| Examples of urban hydrologic modification | 127 | ||
| CITIES AND GROUND-WATER POLLUTION | 131 | ||
| A CASE STUDY EXAMPLE: GROUNDWATER IN BOSTON | 132 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 138 | ||
| 10 Framework for risk-based assessment of stream response to urbanization | 141 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 142 | ||
| STATE OF THE ART – CURRENT KNOWLEDGE | 142 | ||
| Modeling stream responses using hydrogeomorphic descriptors | 144 | ||
| PREDICTING STREAM RESPONSE TO URBANIZATION | 145 | ||
| Risk-based channel response analysis | 147 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 150 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 152 | ||
| 11 Urban diffuse pollution and solutions in Japan | 157 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| Urban diffuse pollution problems in japan | 158 | ||
| Situation of the Lake Biwa Basin | 158 | ||
| NEED TO PROMOTE COUNTERMEASURES FOR UDPs\r | 160 | ||
| Mechanism of water pollution\r | 160 | ||
| National regulations | 161 | ||
| Situation in the Lake Biwa Basin | 162 | ||
| EXISTING REMEDIAL MEASURES AND THEIR EVALUATION\r | 162 | ||
| Existing remedial measures | 162 | ||
| Agricultural areas | 162 | ||
| Urban areas and road surfaces | 162 | ||
| Forests | 163 | ||
| Rivers and in-lake measures | 163 | ||
| Atmosphere | 163 | ||
| Examples of studies of remedial measures employing purification systems | 164 | ||
| Example-1: Pilot study of a soil purification facility (filter) for road runoff | 164 | ||
| Example-2: Evaluation of a treatment facility for stormwater from an urban area | 165 | ||
| Example-3: Study of restoration technique for reed communities on the Lake Biwa shore | 167 | ||
| Social evaluation of remedial measures | 168 | ||
| Example-4: Study on consensus building between citizens and the administration regarding public works | 168 | ||
| BASIC CONCEPTS OF REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR UDP\r | 170 | ||
| Technical aspects | 170 | ||
| Development of purification systems | 170 | ||
| Pollution mechanisms | 170 | ||
| Model development and evaluation of the effectiveness of measures | 170 | ||
| Establishment of monitoring and measuring methods | 170 | ||
| Economic aspects | 170 | ||
| Economic methods and instruments | 170 | ||
| Efficiency | 171 | ||
| Social aspects | 171 | ||
| Integrated basin management | 171 | ||
| Appropriate land use | 171 | ||
| Strengthening of compliance | 171 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS\r | 171 | ||
| Understanding of pollution mechanisms and water circulation | 171 | ||
| Undertaking integrated diffuse pollution measures | 171 | ||
| Undertaking measures to reduce pollutant loads for each land use | 172 | ||
| Developing monitoring methods to evaluate BMPs | 172 | ||
| Undertaking pilot studies to confirm effectiveness | 172 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 172 | ||
| REFERENCES | 173 | ||
| 12 Tools for the evaluation of stormwater management practices that provide ecological stability in urban streams | 174 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 174 | ||
| Approach | 175 | ||
| EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND RUNOFF CONTROLS ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIME OF URBAN STREAMS | 177 | ||
| Effects of uncontrolled development and runoff controls on the peak flow frequency curve | 178 | ||
| Flow duration analysis | 179 | ||
| Hydrologic metrics and their sensitivity of to urban runoff control strategies | 180 | ||
| EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION AND RUNOFF CONTROLS ON IN-STREAM EROSION POTENTIAL | 181 | ||
| Erosion potential analysis | 182 | ||
| Sensitivity analysis of erosion potential | 184 | ||
| Erosion potential analysis for Lenexa, Kansas | 185 | ||
| LINKING URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND RUNOFF CONTROLS TO STREAM ECOLOGIC HEALTH – CURRENT RESEARCH | 186 | ||
| A protocol for linking land use patterns and urban runoff controls to ecologic health in urban streams | 187 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 189 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 189 | ||
| REFERENCES | 189 | ||
| 13 Effluent dominated water bodies, their reclamation and reuse to achieve sustainability | 191 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 191 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES | 192 | ||
| Water – sewage – water cycle | 193 | ||
| Large transfers of water and sewage | 195 | ||
| LEGAL DILEMMA AND MANDATE OF EFFLUENT DOMINATED OR DEPENDENT RECEIVING WATERS | 195 | ||
| PATH TO RESTORATION AND SUSTAINABILITY\r | 199 | ||
| Sustainable development | 199 | ||
| Level of treatment of effluents and stormwater and emerging technologies | 199 | ||
| Total hydrologic (water cycle) and water quality balance | 200 | ||
| Urban aquatic habitat | 201 | ||
| Green cities – smart growth initiatives | 203 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF EFFLUENT DOMINATED WATERS AND THEIR POTENTIAL | 205 | ||
| BARRIERS ON THE PATH TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY | 209 | ||
| Technical barriers | 210 | ||
| Socio-economic barriers | 210 | ||
| Legal barriers | 211 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH | 211 | ||
| Future research | 212 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 213 | ||
| PART FIVE: Integrated Solutions – Water and Landscape\r | 217 | ||
| 14 Reclaimed stormwater and wastewater and factors affecting their reuse | 218 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 218 | ||
| HISTORY OF WATER SUPPY AND WATER BALANCE IN TOKYO\r | 220 | ||
| Escalated water demand and the following problems | 220 | ||
| Water balance in Tokyo | 222 | ||
| ALTERNATIVEWATER RESOURCES FOR SUNTAINABLE WATER USE IN TOKYO\r | 223 | ||
| Rainwater harvest and its use | 223 | ||
| Reclaimed wastewater for miscellaneous use | 224 | ||
| Reclaimed wastewater for environmental use | 226 | ||
| Standards and guidelines for reclaimed wastewater | 227 | ||
| Infiltration facilities and runoff simulation | 229 | ||
| Non-point pollutants in infiltration facilities | 232 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 233 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 234 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| 15 Centralized and decentralized urban water, wastewater & storm water systems | 236 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 236 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT | 237 | ||
| WATER SUPPLY\r | 239 | ||
| Supply | 239 | ||
| Demand management | 239 | ||
| Conclusions on water supply | 241 | ||
| WASTEWATER | 242 | ||
| STORMWATER | 243 | ||
| INTEGRATED SYSTEMS | 245 | ||
| Satellite treatment | 247 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 247 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 248 | ||
| REFERENCES | 248 | ||
| 16 Urban ecological design and urban ecology: An assessment of the state of current knowledge and a suggested research agenda | 251 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 251 | ||
| STATE OF THE ART – CURRENT KNOWLEDGE\r | 252 | ||
| Urban design with ecological principles | 252 | ||
| ASSESSMENT\r | 256 | ||
| Adaptive urbanism: Limits to the state of the art | 256 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH\r | 260 | ||
| Outline of a research agenda\rBrief discussion of the proposed research agenda | 260 | ||
| A1. Eco-mimicry | 260 | ||
| A2. Factor 10\r | 262 | ||
| A3. Human circulation in city regions: Walking, biking, and taking the train | 263 | ||
| A4. Urban brownfield re-development | 263 | ||
| B1. Representation – beyond plan, section, and perspective | 264 | ||
| B2. Decentralized vs. centralized urban systems and designs (water, energy, wastes, transit) | 264 | ||
| C1. Developing a shared conceptual framework across the urban design disciplines, as well as ecology and engineering | 264 | ||
| C2. Reforming urban design curricula | 265 | ||
| C3. Continuing professional education and creating incentives to update skills/knowledge | 265 | ||
| REFERENCES | 265 | ||
| 17 Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension | 267 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 267 | ||
| KEY ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS | 268 | ||
| LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PRINCIPLES FOR GREEN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE | 269 | ||
| Spatial configuration | 270 | ||
| GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING A GREEN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE | 272 | ||
| 1. Articulate a spatial concept | 273 | ||
| 2. Strategic thinking | 274 | ||
| 3. The greening of infrastructure | 275 | ||
| 4. Plan for multiple use | 275 | ||
| 5. Learn by doing | 275 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF GREEN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE | 276 | ||
| Taizhou City China: Metropolitan green infrastructure | 276 | ||
| The staten Island bluebelt: neighborhood/district green infrastructure | 277 | ||
| The Berlin biotope/green area factor, site scale green infrastructure | 280 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 282 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 282 | ||
| REFERENCES | 282 | ||
| 18 Strategic planning of the sustainable future wastewater and biowaste system in Goteborg, Sweden\r | 284 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 285 | ||
| Zero eutrophication | 285 | ||
| A non-toxic environment | 285 | ||
| A good built environment | 285 | ||
| THE GOTEBORGWASTEWATER SYSTEM\r | 286 | ||
| THE URBAN WATER TOOLBOX | 287 | ||
| STRATEGIC PLANNING OF THE FUTURE SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER AND BIOWASTE SYSTEM IN GOTEBORG \r | 287 | ||
| The project system study wastewater | 287 | ||
| Goals | 288 | ||
| Future scenarios for Goteborg\r | 288 | ||
| Criteria and indicators | 288 | ||
| Environmental indicators | 289 | ||
| Economic indicators | 290 | ||
| Indicators for household aspects | 290 | ||
| Indicators for organizational aspects | 290 | ||
| Indicators for hygiene | 292 | ||
| Development of system alternatives | 292 | ||
| Assessment of environmental impact | 293 | ||
| Multi-criteria analysis | 294 | ||
| Sensitivity analyses | 298 | ||
| PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS | 298 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 298 | ||
| REFERENCES | 298 | ||
| 19 The role of low impact redevelopment/development in integrated watershed management planning: Turning theory into practice | 300 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 301 | ||
| IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES | 301 | ||
| STORMWATER REGULATIONS | 305 | ||
| Water quality requirement | 305 | ||
| Channel protection requirement | 306 | ||
| Flood control requirement | 306 | ||
| LID PRINCIPLES | 307 | ||
| GREEN CITY PROGRAM | 308 | ||
| PROGRESS TO DATE | 308 | ||
| Mill creek public housing redevelopment project | 309 | ||
| Mill creek – Fairmount avenue | 309 | ||
| Mill creek – Reno street | 309 | ||
| Courtesy stables project | 309 | ||
| Mill creek recreation center | 309 | ||
| Traffic triangle & street median stormwater demonstration | 310 | ||
| Norris square – El Mercado | 310 | ||
| Woodmere museum porous pavement parking lot | 310 | ||
| Hawthorne community park (12th & Catharine sts.) | 310 | ||
| Lansdale borough park improvements | 310 | ||
| Northern liberties community center | 311 | ||
| Philadelphia school district green roof program | 311 | ||
| Saul high school | 311 | ||
| Wissahickon charter school | 311 | ||
| HOW EFFECTIVE IS LID? | 312 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 314 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 315 | ||
| REFERENCES | 315 | ||
| 20 Automation and real-time control in urban stormwater management | 316 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 317 | ||
| CASE STUDY 1: REAL-TIME CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS\r | 318 | ||
| Background | 318 | ||
| Optimal control module | 318 | ||
| Neural network module | 319 | ||
| Application to west point combined sewer system, King County, Washington USA | 321 | ||
| CASE STUDY 2: REAL-TIME CONTROL OF STORMWATER DISCHARGES FOR COASTAL ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION\r | 325 | ||
| Background | 325 | ||
| Reservoir sizing and rule optimization model | 326 | ||
| Fuzzy operating rules | 327 | ||
| Genetic algorithm | 328 | ||
| Optimal restoration of the St. Lucie Estuary | 328 | ||
| Restoration target flow distribution | 330 | ||
| Reservoir optimization results | 330 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 332 | ||
| REFERENCES | 334 | ||
| PART SIX: Implementing Future Urban Hydrological and Ecological Systems\r | 337 | ||
| 21 Urban drainage at cross-roads: Four future scenarios ranging from business-as-usual to sustainability | 338 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 339 | ||
| CURRENT STATUS OF URBAN DRAINAGE AND NEEDS FOR IMPROVEMENT | 339 | ||
| Continuing expansion of urban areas | 340 | ||
| Increasing exports of sediments and chemicals from urban areas | 340 | ||
| Ageing drainage systems | 340 | ||
| Potential impacts of climate change/variation | 341 | ||
| Progressing deterioration of receiving waters | 341 | ||
| FUTURE SCENARIOS | 342 | ||
| Business as usual scenario | 342 | ||
| BAU scenario main characteristics | 342 | ||
| Risks and problems of this scenario | 343 | ||
| Reasons why this scenario could prevail | 344 | ||
| The technocratic scenario | 344 | ||
| Main characteristics of the technocratic scenario | 344 | ||
| Risks and problems of the technocratic scenario | 345 | ||
| Reasons why this scenario could prevail | 345 | ||
| The privatization scenario | 346 | ||
| Main characteristics of the privatization scenario | 346 | ||
| Risks and problems of the privatization scenario | 347 | ||
| Reasons why this scenario could prevail | 348 | ||
| The green scenario | 348 | ||
| Main characteristics of the green scenario | 349 | ||
| Risks and problems of the green scenario | 350 | ||
| Reasons why this scenario could prevail | 351 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS | 351 | ||
| REFERENCES | 354 | ||
| 22 Overcoming legal barriers to hydrological sustainability of urban systems | 357 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 357 | ||
| CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEM\r | 358 | ||
| Private property law and waterfront development | 358 | ||
| Inadequacy of current legal solutions | 360 | ||
| Public law solutions | 360 | ||
| Property law solutions | 363 | ||
| Constitutional barriers | 364 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH | 365 | ||
| A potential economic solution | 365 | ||
| A potential legal solution | 368 | ||
| REFERENCES | 370 | ||
| 23 Ecosystem resilience and institutional change: the evolving role of public water suppliers | 373 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 373 | ||
| EVOLVING GOALS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF URBAN WATER SYSTEMS: THE METROPOLITAN BOSTON EXAMPLE | 374 | ||
| Acquiring water and land to protect public health and support economic development | 375 | ||
| Protecting ecosystem processes with an integrated approach to land and water | 378 | ||
| Conserving water and eliminating waste | 380 | ||
| Allocating water to serve instream ecological needs in addition to meeting direct human demands | 383 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS | 385 | ||
| REFERENCES | 386 | ||
| 24 Financial, economic, and institutional barriers to “green” urban development: The case of stormwater | 388 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 388 | ||
| URBAN STORMWATER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS | 389 | ||
| BARRIERS TO GREEN DESIGN AND SOME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS | 390 | ||
| Key barriers to “green” stormwater management practices | 390 | ||
| Other barriers to better stormwater management | 398 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 399 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 399 | ||
| REFERENCES | 399 | ||
| 25 Restoring the Charles River watershed using flow trading | 402 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 402 | ||
| EXISTING REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 403 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL TRADING | 405 | ||
| TRADING AND OTHER REGULATORY PROGRAMS IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 406 | ||
| THE CHARLES RIVER | 407 | ||
| TOWARD A CHARLES RIVER FLOW TRADING PROGRAM | 409 | ||
| CHALLENGES | 411 | ||
| FLOW TRADING BENEFITS | 413 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 413 | ||
| REFERENCES | 413 | ||
| Appendix | 415 | ||
| WINGSPREAD WORKHOP SPEAKERS LIST | 415 | ||
| PANEL EXPERTS | 417 | ||
| Index | 419 |