BOOK
Preparing Urban Water Use Efficiency Plans
Lisa Maddaus | William Maddaus | Michelle Maddaus
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Many communities are facing water scarcity in developing and developed countries alike. There are numerous publications and on-going research studies documenting the changes in our climate and potential for worsening shortages in our future. Meeting future potable water demands as communities continue to grow will rely heavily on using our existing water resources more efficiently.
Preparing Urban Water Use Efficiency Plans provides detailed approaches to developing and implementing a water conservation plan. This book covers the broad spectrum of conservation planning for urban communities including achieving more efficiency from:
- Residential domestic uses
- Commercial and governmental facilities use
- Industrial uses
- Pricing Water Loss Control Programs
Author(s): Lisa Maddaus, William Maddaus and Michelle Maddaus, Maddaus Water Management Inc.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| List of Case Studies | xi | ||
| About the authors | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xv | ||
| Foreword | xvii | ||
| Preface | xix | ||
| Abbreviations | xxi | ||
| Chapter 1:\rIntroduction | 1 | ||
| 1.1 PURPOSE OF THIS PUBLICATION | 1 | ||
| 1.2 DEFINITION OF EFFICIENT WATER USE | 1 | ||
| 1.3 BENEFITS OF WATER EFFICIENCY | 1 | ||
| 1.3.1 Summary of water utility benefits | 2 | ||
| 1.3.2 Summary of wastewater utility benefits | 2 | ||
| 1.3.3 Summary of customer benefits | 3 | ||
| 1.3.4 Summary of environmental benefits | 4 | ||
| 1.3.5 Summary of energy utility and other benefits | 4 | ||
| 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF WATER-USE EFFICIENCY PLANNING | 4 | ||
| 1.5 WATER-USE EFFICIENCY PLANS AND FUNDING ASSISTANCE POLICIES | 4 | ||
| 1.6 PUBLICATION OUTLINE | 5 | ||
| CASE STUDY 1:\rThe Australian Urban Water Industry Recognizes the Importance of Water Efficiency | 6 | ||
| Cilla Delacy, Water Services Association Australia, Melbourne, Australia | 6 | ||
| Chapter 2:\rDeveloping a Water-Use Efficiency Plan | 9 | ||
| 2.1 PLAN CONTENTS | 9 | ||
| 2.2 PLAN OUTLINE | 9 | ||
| 2.3 PLAN UPDATES | 12 | ||
| 2.4 SUGGESTED PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PLAN PREPARATION | 13 | ||
| CASE STUDY 2:\rWater Efficiency and Conservation State Scorecard: An Assessment of Laws and Policies in the United States | 14 | ||
| Bill Christiansen, Alliance for Water Efficiency, Chicago, Illinois, United States | 14 | ||
| Chapter 3:\rAssessing Current and Planned Water Supply Sources | 15 | ||
| 3.1 DEFINEWATER SUPPLY RELIABILITYAND CONSERVATION BENEFITS | 15 | ||
| 3.2 SERVICE AREA, WATERSHED AND SEASONAL CLIMATE | 16 | ||
| 3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE SHIFTS IN WATER SUPPLY AVAILABILITY | 16 | ||
| 3.4 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY | 18 | ||
| 3.4.1 Surface water | 18 | ||
| 3.4.2 Groundwater | 19 | ||
| 3.4.3 Recycled water and desalination | 19 | ||
| 3.4.4 Other sources | 19 | ||
| 3.4.5 Water sources quality | 19 | ||
| 3.4.6 Water transfers/exchanges | 20 | ||
| 3.4.7 Water Treatment and Distribution System | 21 | ||
| 3.5 SUPPLY VULNERABILITY | 21 | ||
| 3.6 EFFECT OF WATER-USE EFFICIENCY ON WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS | 21 | ||
| 3.6.1 Lowering water system operating costs and green house gases | 22 | ||
| 3.6.2 Downsizing water systems | 23 | ||
| 3.6.3 Cost Saving on wastewater system operations | 23 | ||
| 3.6.4 Downsizing wastewater systems | 24 | ||
| CASE STUDY 3:\rUSAID’s Reclaimed Water Reuse for Industry, Agriculture and Landscaping Project, Jordan | 25 | ||
| CDM-Smith | 25 | ||
| CASE STUDY 4:\rManaging for Changing Climate Conditions: The Experience of Melbourne, Australia 1997–2009 | 26 | ||
| Bruce Rhodes, Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Australia | 26 | ||
| Introduction | 26 | ||
| The millennium drought | 27 | ||
| Climate change and the millennium drought | 28 | ||
| Water conservation | 29 | ||
| Directions | 30 | ||
| Conclusion | 31 | ||
| Chapter 4:\rAssessing Current and Future Water Demands | 33 | ||
| 4.1 EVALUATING CURRENT WATER USE | 33 | ||
| 4.1.1 Describing the service area | 33 | ||
| 4.1.2 Describing water use | 33 | ||
| 4.1.3 Analysing historical water use | 36 | ||
| 4.2 FORECASTING FUTURE WATER DEMAND | 38 | ||
| 4.2.1 Method 1 – total per capita water use\r | 40 | ||
| 4.2.2 Method 2 – projection by customer class\r | 41 | ||
| 4.3 USE OF DEMAND FORECASTS IN DEMAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING | 41 | ||
| CASE STUDY 5:\rSingapore’s Water Demand Management Programme | 41 | ||
| Wai Cheng Wong, PUB, Singapore’s national water agency\rIncreasing Water Demand | 41 | ||
| Water Demand Management | 42 | ||
| Chapter 5:\rDeveloping Water Use Efficiency Goals | 43 | ||
| 5.1 FRAME WATER USE EFFICIENCY NEEDS | 43 | ||
| 5.1.1 Supply | 44 | ||
| 5.1.2 Demand | 44 | ||
| 5.2 ASSESSMENT OF WATER SAVINGS POTENTIAL FOR CUSTOMERS | 44 | ||
| 5.2.1 Assess water usage by customer category | 44 | ||
| 5.2.2 Estimate end uses | 44 | ||
| 5.2.3 Understanding water using behaviours to focus efficiency efforts | 48 | ||
| 5.3 DESCRIBE CURRENT DEMAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME | 49 | ||
| 5.4 IDENTIFY POSSIBLE WATER SUPPLY OPTIONS FOR MEETING FUTURE DEMAND | 51 | ||
| 5.5 ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER EFFICIENCY GOALS | 51 | ||
| CASE STUDY 6:\rRigorous Analysis Undertaken to Understand Potential for Water Use Efficiency, Santa Cruz, California, United State | 53 | ||
| Toby Goddard, City of Santa Cruz, California, United States | 53 | ||
| CASE STUDY 7:\rAnalysis of Non-Domestic Water End Uses in the Lower Hunter Valley, Australia | 58 | ||
| Stephen Askew, Hunter Water, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia | 58 | ||
| Introduction | 58 | ||
| Methodology | 58 | ||
| Results of sector analysis | 59 | ||
| Major customers | 59 | ||
| Sub-sector analysis | 60 | ||
| Benchmarking | 62 | ||
| End use assessment | 62 | ||
| Chapter 6:\rDetermining Feasibility of Water-Use Efficiency Measures | 65 | ||
| 6.1 WATER DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY MEASURES FOR UTILITIES | 65 | ||
| 6.1.1 Water system audits, leak detection and repair | 65 | ||
| (a) Influences on real water losses | 67 | ||
| (b) Technical performance indicators for real water losses | 68 | ||
| 6.1.2 Metering with tariffs based on volume of water use | 71 | ||
| Non-promotional efficiency water pricing programmes | 72 | ||
| Multi-tiered tariffs | 73 | ||
| (a) Tariff structure | 73 | ||
| (b) Two-tiered structure | 73 | ||
| (c) Structures of three tiers or more | 73 | ||
| Seasonal tariffs | 74 | ||
| Billing cycle | 74 | ||
| Integration of efficiency and tariffs | 74 | ||
| Recommended approach | 75 | ||
| 6.2 WATER EFFICIENCY MEASURES FOR CUSTOMERS | 75 | ||
| 6.2.1 Developing a list of alternative evaluation measures | 75 | ||
| (a) Device | 75 | ||
| (b) Measure | 76 | ||
| (c) Programme | 76 | ||
| (d) Plan | 76 | ||
| 6.2.2 Water efficient devices, fixtures and fittings | 76 | ||
| (a) Codes and standards | 76 | ||
| (b) Available devices and appliances | 76 | ||
| 6.3 MEASURE SCREENING PROCESS | 80 | ||
| (a) Technology/market maturity | 80 | ||
| (b) Service area match | 80 | ||
| (c) Customer acceptance/equity | 80 | ||
| (d) Best available measure | 80 | ||
| 6.3.1 Suggested menu of water efficiency measures | 80 | ||
| 6.3.2 Example of a screening process | 80 | ||
| CASE STUDY 8:\rWater Use Reduction in Public Schools, São Paulo, Brazil | 82 | ||
| Reviewed by Noa Uni, Global Marketing Director, Miya Water Corporation, Tel Aviv, Israel | 82 | ||
| Project description | 83 | ||
| Water consumption reduction measures | 83 | ||
| Training | 84 | ||
| Results | 84 | ||
| CASE STUDY 9:\rNational, State, and Local Municipal Codes and Regulations and Appliances and Plumbing Fixtures, United States | 84 | ||
| Maddaus Water Management | 84 | ||
| National plumbing code | 84 | ||
| State plumbing code | 85 | ||
| Local county, city or utility municipal codes | 86 | ||
| CASE STUDY 10:\rThe Portuguese System of Certification and Labeling of Water Efficiency of\rProducts, Associação Nacional Para a Qualidade Nas Instalações Prediais,\rPortugal | 86 | ||
| Reviewed by Noa Uni, Global Marketing Director, Miya Water Corporation, Tel Aviv, Israel | 86 | ||
| CASE STUDY 11:\rAn End-Use Study About the Comfort in the Use of Water Efficient Showerheads | 90 | ||
| Armando Silva-Afonso, Professor, Associaçäo Nacional para a Qualidade nasInstalaçäes Prediais, Portugal | 90 | ||
| Chapter 7:\rEvaluating Cost Effectiveness of Water Efficiency Measures | 93 | ||
| 7.1 APPROACH TO BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS | 93 | ||
| 7.2 BASIS FOR BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS | 94 | ||
| 7.2.1 Responsibility of the efficiency programme manager | 94 | ||
| 7.2.2 Benefit-cost analysis methodology | 95 | ||
| 7.3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTIMATING BENEFITS AND COSTS | 97 | ||
| 7.3.1 Utility benefits (avoided costs) | 98 | ||
| 7.3.2 Utility costs | 100 | ||
| 7.4 ESTIMATED CUSTOMER BENEFITS | 101 | ||
| 7.5 ESTIMATED OTHER BENEFITS AND COSTS | 102 | ||
| 7.6 RE-EVALUATION OF PROGRAMME COST EFFECTIVENESS | 102 | ||
| 7.7 EXAMPLE OF EVALUATING PROGRAMME COST EFFECTIVENESS | 102 | ||
| CASE STUDY 12:\rSustainability Goals Achieved Through a Cost Effective Domestic Rain Barrel Education Programme, Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii, United States | 105 | ||
| Edited by Carolyn Sawai, Conservation Section Manager | 105 | ||
| Overall benefits from the BWS’ water conservation program | 106 | ||
| Resource sustainability | 106 | ||
| Economic sustainability | 106 | ||
| Social sustainability | 107 | ||
| Specific benefits from the BWS’ ongoing domestic rain barrel education program | 108 | ||
| Customer Testimonials | 111 | ||
| CASE STUDY 13:\rCost-effectiveness Analysis Non-domestic Water Efficiency in the Lower Hunter Valley, Australia | 112 | ||
| Stephen Askew, Hunter Water, Newcastle, New South Wales,Australia | 112 | ||
| Introduction | 112 | ||
| Methodology | 113 | ||
| Results | 113 | ||
| Source Substitution | 113 | ||
| Demand Management Programs | 114 | ||
| Chapter 8:\rFinancing Water-Use Efficiency Programmes | 117 | ||
| 8.1 INFRASTRUCTURE COST SAVINGS | 117 | ||
| 8.2 WATER TARIFF PRICING AND FEE-BASED FUNDING SCHEMES | 117 | ||
| 8.3 PRIVATE FUNDING AND PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING | 118 | ||
| 8.4 OUTSIDE SOURCES OF FUNDING | 119 | ||
| CASE STUDY 14: Allocation Based Tariff Structure to Support Water Efficiency Programme Funding, Irvine Ranch Water District, California, United States2 | 121 | ||
| Fiona Sanchez, Assistant Director of Water Policy, Irvine Ranch Water District | 121 | ||
| CASE STUDY 15:\rThe Sebokeng and Evaton Advanced Pressure Management Project: A 5-Year Public Private Partnership, South Africa | 122 | ||
| Ronnie McKenzie et al. 2007 | 122 | ||
| Benefits of the project | 124 | ||
| CASE STUDY 16:\rFinancing Through Self-Initiated Student Fund to Support Climate Change,\rGreenhouse Gases, Energy and Water Efficiency University of California\rSanta Cruz, United States | 127 | ||
| Edited by Dean Fitch, Senior Planner Physical Planning and Construction andLacey Raaka, Sustainability Director, University of California, Santa Cruz | 127 | ||
| Students working together to funding efficiency projects | 127 | ||
| 2020 Water vision | 128 | ||
| Example projects | 129 | ||
| CASE STUDY 17:\rFundingWater Use Efficiency Through Government Bond Financing, Texas, United States | 131 | ||
| Maddaus Water Management | 131 | ||
| CASE STUDY 18 ECO-ASIAWater Operator Partnerships Based in Bangkok, Thailand | 133 | ||
| Reviewed by Arie Istandar, AECOM, WaterLinks.org, Bangkok, Thailand | 133 | ||
| Chapter 9:\rCommunity Involvement and Capacity Development in Water Use Efficiency | 135 | ||
| 9.1 ENGAGING PUBLIC STAKEHOLDERS | 135 | ||
| 9.1.1 Developing a public participation strategy | 135 | ||
| 9.1.2 Identifying target audiences | 136 | ||
| 9.1.3 Techniques for consensus building | 137 | ||
| 9.1.4 Tools for engaging the public for setting plan goals | 137 | ||
| 9.1.5 Guidelines for conducting a successful process | 138 | ||
| 9.2 BUILDING PUBLIC AWARENESS ON WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER EFFICIENCY | 138 | ||
| 9.2.1 Developing a public awareness program | 138 | ||
| 9.2.2 Achieving social acceptance through cultural awareness and community based marketing | 139 | ||
| 9.3 BUILDING COMMUNITY CAPACITY AND LEVERAGING NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | 141 | ||
| 9.3.1 Engaging local professionals and trade organizations | 141 | ||
| 9.3.2 Role of non-governmental organizations | 143 | ||
| 9.3.3 Role of local community leaders and citizens | 145 | ||
| 9.3.4 Gaining support from local institutions and universities | 146 | ||
| CASE STUDY 19:\rStakeholder Participation inWater Sector Planning, Jiangsu Province, China | 148 | ||
| Reviewed by Arie Istandar, AECOM, WaterLinks.org, Bangkok, Thailand | 148 | ||
| CASE STUDY 20: Public Involvement Through Education and Outreach Programs Regional Water Authority, Sacramento Region, California, United States\r | 149 | ||
| Amy Marie Talbot, Program Manager, Regional Water Authority,\rCalifornia, United States | 149 | ||
| CASE STUDY 21:\rRegional Integrated Water Efficiency Program, Western Australia | 155 | ||
| Meredith Blias, Perth Water Corporation, Australia | 155 | ||
| Chapter 10:\rApproaches for Programme Implementation | 157 | ||
| 10.1 IMPLEMENTATION | 157 | ||
| 10.1.1 Responsibilities of an efficiency programme manager | 157 | ||
| 10.1.2 Developing a work plan | 157 | ||
| 10.1.3 Responsibility of programme participants | 158 | ||
| 10.2 OVERCOMING CONSTRAINTS | 160 | ||
| 10.2.1 Lack of data | 160 | ||
| 10.2.2 Knowledge of efficiency measures | 163 | ||
| 10.2.3 Availability of long-range capital facility plans | 163 | ||
| 10.3 PROGRAMME MONITORING AND EVALUATION | 163 | ||
| 10.3.1 Measuring water savings | 163 | ||
| 10.3.2 Other techniques for measuring effectiveness | 164 | ||
| 10.4 UTILIZATION OF THE EFFICIENCY NETWORKS | 165 | ||
| CASE STUDY 22:\rLeakage Reduction Through Pressure Management in Khayelitsha:Western Cape, South Africa | 166 | ||
| McKenzie R., Mostert H. and Wegelin W. (2003) | 166 | ||
| Introduction | 166 | ||
| Project implementation | 167 | ||
| Results from the project | 169 | ||
| Local community involvement | 170 | ||
| Summary and conclusions | 172 | ||
| CASE STUDY 23:\rImplementation Approaches to Domestic Water Use Reduction | 172 | ||
| Maddaus Water Management | 172 | ||
| Incentive programs | 172 | ||
| Sydney water’s domestic water efficiency program (Sydney Water, 2013) | 172 | ||
| Government Agency (EBMUD’s) 2013 Domestic Conservation Rebate and\rServices Program (East Bay Municipal Utility District, 2013) | 173 | ||
| PUB Singapore’s initiative to promote water efficiency in the domestic sector | 174 | ||
| 10-litre challenge | 174 | ||
| Water efficient homes programme (PUB Singapore, 2011) | 174 | ||
| Mandatory water efficiency labeling | 175 | ||
| Water conservation awareness programme (PUB Singapore, 2013) | 175 | ||
| Singapore’s World Water Day–Record 35,000 people come together to spread the\rmessage of water conservation | 176 | ||
| CASE STUDY 24:\rImplementation Approaches to Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Water Use Reduction | 177 | ||
| Maddaus Water Management | 177 | ||
| (1) Regulatory Approach–Require Water Management Plans | 177 | ||
| (2) Incentive Programs–Offer Technical Assistance and Rebates | 177 | ||
| East Bay Municipal Utility District’s (EBMUD’s) 2013 commercial conservation rebate and services program | 178 | ||
| PUB Singapore’s water efficiency management plan and water efficiency fund | 178 | ||
| CASE STUDY 25:\rControl of Water Quality in a Supply System with Rainwater Harvesting for Garden Watering, Portugal | 179 | ||
| Armando Silva-Afonso, Professor, Associaçäo Nacional para a Qualidade nas\rInstalaçäes Prediais, Portugal | 179 | ||
| Appendix 1:\rGlossary of Key Terms | 183 | ||
| Appendix 2:\rInternet Resources for Water Efficiency | 189 | ||
| Appendix 3:\rExample Water Use Efficiency Measures for Water Utilities | 195 | ||
| Appendix 4:\rGuide to Making Benefit-Cost Calculations | 203 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 203 | ||
| A. Choosing an accounting perspective | 203 | ||
| B. Calculating benefits in terms of water savings | 203 | ||
| C. Determining the benefits of efficiency measures | 204 | ||
| 1. Cost savings from the reduced purchase of water | 205 | ||
| 2. Cost savings from reduced operation and maintenance expenses | 205 | ||
| (a) Energy cost savings | 205 | ||
| (b) Chemical cost savings | 205 | ||
| 3. Cost savings from downsized, delayed or eliminated capital facilities | 206 | ||
| (a) Downsized | 206 | ||
| (b) Delayed | 206 | ||
| (c) Eliminated | 206 | ||
| D. Determining the costs of efficiency measures | 206 | ||
| 1. Direct costs to the water utility | 206 | ||
| (a) Administrative costs | 206 | ||
| (b) Field labour costs | 207 | ||
| (c) Unit costs of each measure | 207 | ||
| (d) Publicity costs | 207 | ||
| (e) Evaluation and follow-up costs | 207 | ||
| 2. Costs of reduced water revenues | 207 | ||
| E. Performing a benefit-cost analysis | 208 | ||
| F. Determining the benefit-to-cost ratio using present value analysis | 208 | ||
| 1. Estimating the cost of water saved: simplified approach | 209 | ||
| G. Determining a benefit-cost ratio for all efficiency measures combined into one programme | 209 | ||
| Appendix 5:\rSample Checklist for Water Saving Measures | 211 | ||
| References | 215 |