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Book Details
Abstract
Sewage Treatment Plants: Economic Evaluation of Innovative Technologies for Energy Efficiency aims to show how cost saving can be achieved in sewage treatment plants through implementation of novel, energy efficient technologies or modification of the conventional, energy demanding treatment facilities towards the concept of energy streamlining. The book brings together knowledge from Engineering, Economics, Utility Management and Practice and helps to provide a better understanding of the real economic value with methodologies and practices about innovative energy technologies and policies in sewage treatment plants.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| About the Editors | xv | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| Part I: Innovative technologies and economics in sewage treatment plants – an overview | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Reducing the energy demands of wastewater treatment through energy recovery | 3 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 3 | ||
| 1.1.1 Wastewater management | 3 | ||
| 1.1.2 Energy demands for wastewater treatment | 4 | ||
| 1.2 ENERGY RECOVERY | 6 | ||
| 1.2.1 Use of efficient mechanical parts and sensors | 7 | ||
| 1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion | 8 | ||
| 1.2.3 Fermentation | 9 | ||
| 1.2.4 Microbial fuel cells | 10 | ||
| 1.2.5 Energy recovery from sewage sludge | 10 | ||
| 1.2.5.1 Pyrolysis | 11 | ||
| 1.2.5.2 Gasification | 12 | ||
| 1.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS | 12 | ||
| 1.4 REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| Chapter 2: The principles of economic evaluation and cost-benefit analysis implemented in sewage treatment plants | 15 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 15 | ||
| 2.2 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY | 16 | ||
| 2.2.1 Cost benefit analysis basis | 16 | ||
| 2.2.2 Internal benefit | 19 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 Internal cost | 20 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 Internal income | 22 | ||
| 2.2.3 External benefit | 23 | ||
| 2.2.3.1 External cost | 23 | ||
| 2.2.3.2 External benefits | 24 | ||
| 2.3 CONCLUSIONS | 28 | ||
| 2.4 REFERENCES | 28 | ||
| Chapter 3: Introduction to energy management in wastewater treatment plants | 33 | ||
| 3.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS PUT INTO CONTEXT | 33 | ||
| 3.2 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ISO 50001 | 36 | ||
| 3.3 ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE ASSET MANAGEMENT | 40 | ||
| 3.4 A FRAMEWORK OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND INDICES FOR WWTPS | 42 | ||
| 3.4.1 Background | 42 | ||
| 3.4.2 Energy performance indicators | 43 | ||
| 3.4.3 Energy performance indices | 49 | ||
| 3.4.4 Methodology for PAS application | 51 | ||
| 3.5 REFERENCES | 52 | ||
| Chapter 4: Innovative energy efficient aerobic bioreactors for sewage treatment | 57 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 57 | ||
| 4.2 AERATION | 58 | ||
| 4.2.1 Innovative process design and improvement | 58 | ||
| 4.3 INCREASING OXYGEN TRANSFER FROM A BUBBLE | 59 | ||
| 4.3.1 Fine bubble diffusers and oxygen transferring technologies | 59 | ||
| 4.3.1.1 Smaller bubbles | 60 | ||
| 4.3.2 Increasing contact time | 61 | ||
| 4.3.2.1 Diffusaire | 61 | ||
| 4.3.2.2 Sorubin | 61 | ||
| 4.3.2.3 Sansox OY | 61 | ||
| 4.4 BUBBLELESS AERATION–MEMBRANE AERATED BIOFILM REACTOR | 61 | ||
| 4.4.1 Submerged membrane aerated biofilm reactors | 63 | ||
| 4.4.2 Passively membrane aerated biofilm reactors | 65 | ||
| 4.5 LOW ENERGY AMMONIA REMOVAL | 66 | ||
| 4.5.1 Ammonia removal | 66 | ||
| 4.5.2 Shortcut nitrification | 67 | ||
| 4.5.3 Anammox | 67 | ||
| 4.6 OTHER AEROBIC TECHNOLOGIES | 68 | ||
| 4.6.1 Aerobic granules | 68 | ||
| 4.7 CONCLUSIONS | 68 | ||
| 4.8 REFERENCES | 68 | ||
| Chapter 5: Integration of energy efficient processes in carbon and nutrient removal from sewage | 71 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 71 | ||
| 5.2 REGULATORY BACKGROUND | 72 | ||
| 5.3 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS | 73 | ||
| 5.4 CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESSES | 74 | ||
| 5.4.1 Description of alternative conventional BNR processes and configurations | 74 | ||
| 5.4.2 BNR processes implemented in Europe and Northern America | 80 | ||
| 5.4.3 Energy requirements and cost of conventional BNR processes | 81 | ||
| 5.5 INNOVATIVE BIOPROCESSES IN THE MAINSTREAM AND SIDESTREAM | 86 | ||
| 5.6 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS IN BNR | 89 | ||
| 5.7 CONCLUSION | 90 | ||
| 5.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 91 | ||
| 5.9 REFERENCES | 91 | ||
| Chapter 6: The aerobic granulation as an alternative to conventional activated sludge process | 95 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| 6.2 BASICS OF AEROBIC GRANULATION | 96 | ||
| 6.2.1 Conditions for aerobic granular biomass formation | 97 | ||
| 6.2.1.1 Feast–famine regime | 97 | ||
| 6.2.1.2 Short settling times | 98 | ||
| 6.2.2 Sequencing batch reactors | 99 | ||
| 6.2.3 Factors affecting aerobic granule characteristics and stability | 100 | ||
| 6.2.3.1 Substrate composition | 101 | ||
| 6.2.3.2 Organic loading rate | 102 | ||
| 6.2.3.3 Exopolymeric substances | 102 | ||
| 6.2.3.4 Presence of divalent cations | 102 | ||
| 6.2.3.5 Dissolved oxygen concentration | 103 | ||
| 6.2.3.6 Hydrodynamic shear forces | 103 | ||
| 6.2.4 Biological processes inside the aerobic granules | 103 | ||
| 6.3 COMPARISON WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS | 105 | ||
| 6.4 FULL SCALE APPLICATIONS OF THE AEROBIC GRANULAR TECHNOLOGIES | 108 | ||
| 6.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 110 | ||
| 6.6 REFERENCES | 110 | ||
| Chapter 7: Anaerobic digestion of sewage wastewater and sludge | 115 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| 7.2 THE PROCESS | 116 | ||
| 7.3 THE TECHNOLOGY | 118 | ||
| 7.4 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE | 119 | ||
| 7.4.1 Sonication | 122 | ||
| 7.4.2 Microwave | 123 | ||
| 7.4.3 Thermal hydrolysis | 123 | ||
| 7.4.4 Autohydrolyis – Enzymatic hydrolysis | 123 | ||
| 7.4.5 Other methods | 123 | ||
| 7.4.6 Economic analysis of the pretreatment methods | 124 | ||
| 7.5 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE | 129 | ||
| 7.5.1 Pretreatment of sewage via anaerobic digestion | 130 | ||
| 7.5.2 Treatment of preconcentrated sewage via anaerobic digestion | 132 | ||
| 7.6 CONCLUSIONS | 133 | ||
| 7.7 REFERENCES | 134 | ||
| Chapter 8: Resource recovery from sewage sludge | 139 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 139 | ||
| 8.2 DEFINING TRENDS FOR MUNICIPAL SLUDGE TREATMENT | 140 | ||
| 8.3 SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A RESOURCE | 141 | ||
| 8.3.1 Nutrient recovery from sewage sludge | 141 | ||
| 8.3.2 Volatile fatty acids | 145 | ||
| 8.3.3 Polymers | 145 | ||
| 8.3.4 Proteins | 146 | ||
| 8.4 LEGISLATION COVERING DISPOSAL OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE ON LAND | 147 | ||
| 8.5 EXISTING AND EMERGING ISSUES CONCERNING THE RE-USE OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE ON LAND | 148 | ||
| 8.5.1 Societal issues | 148 | ||
| 8.5.2 Nutrient and metal losses | 148 | ||
| 8.5.3 Pathogens | 148 | ||
| 8.5.4 Pharmaceuticals | 150 | ||
| 8.6 QUANTIFICATION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS FROM RE-USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE | 151 | ||
| 8.6.1 Impact of nutrient recovery, energy/product generation on energy and cost savings in a sewage treatment plant | 154 | ||
| 8.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 155 | ||
| 8.8 REFERENCES | 155 | ||
| Chapter 9: Odour abatement technologies in WWTPs: energy and economic efficiency | 163 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 163 | ||
| 9.2 ODOUR ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES | 165 | ||
| 9.2.1 Design and economical parameters | 168 | ||
| 9.3 COMPARATIVE PARAMETRIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS | 173 | ||
| 9.3.1 Energy consumption | 173 | ||
| 9.3.2 Energy efficiency parameter | 174 | ||
| 9.3.3 Sustainability efficiency parameter | 177 | ||
| 9.3.4 Robustness efficiency parameter | 179 | ||
| 9.3.5 Influence of the H2S concentration | 181 | ||
| 9.3.6 Exploring alternatives to increase technology efficiency: L/D ratio | 182 | ||
| 9.4 CONCLUSIONS | 184 | ||
| 9.5 REFERENCES | 185 | ||
| Chapter 10: Instrumentation, monitoring and real-time control strategies for efficient sewage treatment plant operation | 189 | ||
| 10.1 INTRODUCTION | 189 | ||
| 10.2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL PURPOSES | 190 | ||
| 10.3 CONTROL OF AERATION SYSTEMS | 193 | ||
| 10.4 CONTROL OF CHEMICAL ADDITION | 197 | ||
| 10.5 CONTROL OF THE INTERNAL, EXTERNAL AND SLUDGE WASTAGE FLOW-RATES | 198 | ||
| 10.5.1 Control of the nitrates internal flow-rate and the carbon external addition | 198 | ||
| 10.5.2 Control of the external flow-rate or sludge recirculation | 200 | ||
| 10.5.3 Control of the sludge wastage flow-rate | 200 | ||
| 10.6 CONTROL OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES | 201 | ||
| 10.6.1 Technological barriers | 202 | ||
| 10.6.2 Applications of control in anaerobic digestion | 202 | ||
| 10.7 PLANT-WIDE CONTROL | 205 | ||
| 10.8 CONCLUSIONS | 206 | ||
| 10.9 REFERENCES | 207 | ||
| Chapter 11: Microbial Fuel Cells for wastewater treatment | 213 | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | 213 | ||
| 11.2 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A MFC | 214 | ||
| 11.3 FUNDAMENTALS AND CHALLENGES | 215 | ||
| 11.4 SCALE UP | 217 | ||
| 11.5 OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS | 220 | ||
| 11.5.1 Effect of pH | 220 | ||
| 11.5.2 Effect of temperature | 223 | ||
| 11.5.3 Organic load | 224 | ||
| 11.5.4 Feed rate and shear stress | 225 | ||
| 11.6 MODELLING STUDIES | 226 | ||
| 11.7 ECONOMIC EVALUATION | 228 | ||
| 11.8 SUMMARY | 230 | ||
| 11.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 231 | ||
| 11.10 REFERENCES | 231 | ||
| Part II: Innovative technologies and economics in sewage treatment plants – case studies | 237 | ||
| Chapter 12: Management optimisation and technologies application: a right approach to balance energy saving needs and process goals 239 | 239 | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| 12.2 ENERGY SAVING WITH MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL OPERATIONS | 240 | ||
| 12.2.1 Initial situation of plants | 240 | ||
| 12.2.2 Interventions on pumps and piping system | 242 | ||
| 12.2.3 Interventions on mixers and engines | 243 | ||
| 12.2.4 Interventions on air compression and distribution | 244 | ||
| 12.2.5 When energy and process efficiency do not agree | 246 | ||
| 12.3 ENERGY SAVING CHOOSING THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY | 247 | ||
| 12.4 CONCLUSIONS | 248 | ||
| 12.5 REFERENCES | 249 | ||
| Chapter 13: Energy factory: the Dutch approach on wastewater as a source of raw materials and energy | 251 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 251 | ||
| 13.1 ENERGY FACTORY | 252 | ||
| 13.1.1 The concept | 252 | ||
| 13.1.2 The history | 253 | ||
| 13.1.3 The present state | 254 | ||
| 13.1.4 Economic aspects | 255 | ||
| 13.1.5 The future (Wastewater management roadmap towards 2030) | 256 | ||
| 13.2 CASES | 257 | ||
| 13.2.1 LNG production at ‘s-hertogenbosch | 257 | ||
| 13.2.2 Thermophilic digestion at STP Echten | 262 | ||
| 13.2.3 Delivering biogas from STP Olburgen to potato industry | 263 | ||
| 13.2.4 Centralised sludge treatment at STP Tilburg | 264 | ||
| Tendering | 264 | ||
| 13.2.5 Hydrolizing secondary sludge with TPH at STP Venlo | 265 | ||
| 13.2.6 Digestion of external biomass at STP Apeldoorn | 266 | ||
| 13.2.7 Reclamation of energy and resources at STP Amersfoort | 267 | ||
| 13.3 CONCLUSION(S) | 268 | ||
| 13.4 REFERENCES | 268 | ||
| Chapter 14: A new perspective on energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of sewage treatment plants | 269 | ||
| 14.1 INTRODUCTION | 269 | ||
| 14.2 METHODS AND DATA | 271 | ||
| 14.2.1 Application of eSEA for the assessment of the N-removal performance of STPs | 271 | ||
| 14.2.2 Data of Austrian STPs | 273 | ||
| 14.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 274 | ||
| 14.3.1 Assessment of the N-removal performance of STPs: eSEA vs N-removal rate | 274 | ||
| 14.3.2 Determination of the best practice STP: energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness | 275 | ||
| 14.3.3 The influence of plant size | 276 | ||
| 14.4 CONCLUSIONS | 279 | ||
| 14.5 REFERENCES | 279 | ||
| Chapter 15: Techno-economic assessment of sludge dewatering devices: A practical tool | 283 | ||
| 15.1 INTRODUCTION | 283 | ||
| 15.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY | 284 | ||
| 15.2.1 Operating procedure for test execution | 284 | ||
| 15.2.2 Data processing | 288 | ||
| 15.3 APPLICATION TO A REAL CASE STUDY | 288 | ||
| 15.3.1 Technical issues | 289 | ||
| 15.3.2 Economic issues | 290 | ||
| 15.4 CONCLUSIONS | 292 | ||
| 15.5 REFERENCES | 293 | ||
| Chapter 16: Short-cut enhanced nutrient removal from anaerobic supernatants: Pilot scale results and full scale development of the S.C.E.N.A. process | 295 | ||
| 16.1 INTRODUCTION | 295 | ||
| 16.1.1 Removal or recovery? | 296 | ||
| 16.2 SHORT-CUT NITROGEN REMOVAL AND VIA-NITRITE ENHANCED PHOSPHORUS BIOACCUMULATION: FUNDAMENTALS | 297 | ||
| 16.3 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST OF ANAEROBIC SIDESTREAM TREATMENT | 298 | ||
| 16.3.1 Energy consumptions and costs of short-cut nitrogen removal from anaerobic sidestream | 298 | ||
| 16.4 S.C.E.N.A. SYSTEM | 301 | ||
| 16.4.1 Pilot-scale results | 301 | ||
| 16.4.1.1 S.C.E.N.A. system integrated in co-digestion of WAS and OFMSW for bio-hythane production | 301 | ||
| 16.4.2 S.C.E.N.A. system integrated in conventional treatment of sewage sludge | 302 | ||
| 16.5 CONCLUSIONS | 306 | ||
| 16.6 REFERENCES | 307 | ||
| Chapter 17: Investigation of the potential energy saving in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor | 311 | ||
| 17.1 INTRODUCTION | 311 | ||
| 17.1.1 Sequencing batch reactors | 312 | ||
| 17.1.2 Automation of sequencing batch reactors | 313 | ||
| 17.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE STUDY | 314 | ||
| 17.2.1 Pilot plant | 314 | ||
| 17.2.2 Process monitoring | 315 | ||
| 17.2.3 EDSS architecture | 317 | ||
| 17.3 RESULTS | 320 | ||
| 17.3.1 Nitrification time | 321 | ||
| 17.3.2 Dissolved oxygen consumption | 322 | ||
| 17.3.3 Cost analysis | 323 | ||
| 17.4 CONCLUSIONS | 323 | ||
| 17.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 324 | ||
| 17.6 REFERENCES | 324 | ||
| Chapter 18: Economic impact of upgrading biogas from anaerobic digester of sewage sludge to biomethane for public transportation: Case study of Bekkelaget wastewater treatment plant in Oslo, Norway | 327 | ||
| 18.1 INTRODUCTION | 327 | ||
| 18.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND SLUDGE HANDLING AT BEKKELAGET WWTP | 330 | ||
| 18.3 BIOGAS HANDLING AT BEKKELAGET WWTP | 331 | ||
| 18.4 THE ECONOMICS OF THE UPGRADING FACILITY | 333 | ||
| 18.5 CONCLUSION | 338 | ||
| 18.6 REFERENCES | 339 | ||
| Chapter 19: A wind PV hybrid system for power supply of a sewage treatment plant in a small town in Southern Brazil | 341 | ||
| 19.1 INTRODUCTION | 341 | ||
| 19.2 THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY | 342 | ||
| 19.3 COMPONENTS OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM | 345 | ||
| 19.4 SIMULATIONS WITH HOMER | 348 | ||
| 19.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 349 | ||
| 19.6 FINAL REMARKS | 353 | ||
| 19.7 REFERENCES | 354 |