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Climate Change, Water Supply and Sanitation

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Climate Change, Water Supply and Sanitation

Adriana Hulsmann | Gesche Grützmacher | Gerard van den Berg | Wolfgang Rauch | Anders Lynggaard-Jensen | Victor Popovych | Mario Rosario | Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia | Dragan A. Savic

(2015)

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Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN
978-1-78040-500-1
Edition
1
Language
English
Pages
406
Subjects
The environment
Water supply & treatment
Mining technology & engineering

Abstract

Climate Change, Water Supply and Sanitation: Risk Assessment, Management, Mitigation and Reduction pulls together the final outcomes and recommendations from the PREPARED project that originated from the WSSTP (Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform) thematic working group Sustainable Water Management in Urban areas. 
The PREPARED project confirms and demonstrates the technological preparedness of water supply and sanitation systems of ten cities in Europe and also Melbourne and Seattle to adapt to the expected impacts of climate change. It shows that the water supply and sanitation systems of cities and their catchments can adapt and be resilient to the challenges of climate change; and that the technological, managerial and policy adaptation of these PREPARED cities can be cost effective, carbon efficient and exportable to other urban areas within Europe and the rest of the world. 
The book: addresses issues related to the management of water, waste water and storm water that are impacted by climate change both in quantitative and qualitative aspects; addresses many of the Pan-European problems and optimises tests and implements adaptive solutions that contribute towards an integrated and coordinated approach; develops adaptation strategies, considering and weighting the mitigation side of solutions to minimise our carbon- and water footprint; improves resilience to deal with the impact of climate change; and contributes to the development of the knowledge base where it concerns the water supply and sanitation sector. 
Editors: Adriana Hulsmann, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands, Gesche Grützmacher Berliner Wasser Betriebe, Germany, Gerard van den Berg, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands, Wolfgang Rauch, University Innsbruck, Austria, Anders Lynggaard Jensen, DHI Aarhus, Denmark, Victor Popovych, Institute of Agriculture of Crimea, Mario Rosario, Mazzola University of Palermo, Italy. Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, University of Exeter, UK, Dragan A. Savic, University of Exeter, UK

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Cover Cover
Contents v
About the Authors xxi
Chapter 1: Demonstrations 1
Chapter 1.1: Demonstration of early warning and distributed disinfection control for water distribution network in Lisbon 3
1.1.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1.2 FINDINGS 4
1.1.2.1 The Lisbon drinking water distribution system 4
1.1.2.2 Description of work 4
1.1.2.3 PREPARED WP4.4/WP1.2 workshop 5
1.1.2.4 Preliminary monitoring and modelling studies 5
1.1.2.5 Demonstration studies 6
1.1.2.6 PREPARED WP4.4/WP1.2 workshop 6
1.1.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7
1.1.3.1 Conclusions 7
1.1.3.2 Recomendations 7
1.1.4 REFERENCES 8
Chapter 1.2: Demonstration of water deterioration model in distribution network in Eindhoven, Demonstration Report 9
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.2.2 FINDINGS 9
1.2.2.1 Model description 9
1.2.2.2 Results 10
1.2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 11
1.2.4 REFERENCES 12
Chapter 1.3: Demonstration of Integrated real time control of sanitation systems incl. early warning for WQ in receiving waters in Aarhus 13
1.3.1 INTRODUCTION 13
1.3.2 FINDINGS 14
1.3.2.1 Real time integrated control 14
1.3.2.2 Warning system 15
1.3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17
1.3.4 REFERENCES 17
Chapter 1.4: Demonstration system for early warning of faecal contamination in recreational waters in Lisbon 18
1.4.1 INTRODUCTION 18
1.4.2 FINDINGS 19
1.4.2.1 Field surveys 19
1.4.2.2 Urban drainage modelling and forecast 19
1.4.2.3 Estuary modelling and forecast 20
1.4.2.4 On-line monitoring system 20
1.4.2.5 RDFS-PREPARED platform to support early warnings 21
1.4.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 22
1.4.4 REFERENCES 23
Chapter 1.5: Demonstration of enhanced real-time measuring and forecasting technologies for combined sewer system in Gliwice 24
1.5.1 INTRODUCTION 24
1.5.2 FINDINGS 25
1.5.2.1 Flow monitoring in the sewer system 25
1.5.2.2 Rainfall monitoring and forecasting system 25
1.5.2.3 Combined sewer system model (SWMM) 25
1.5.2.4 Coupling 27
1.5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27
1.5.4 REFERENCES 28
Chapter 1.6: Developing adaptive capacity in a water utility 29
1.6.1 ADAPTATION 29
1.6.2 ADAPTATION PLANNING PROCESS – ITS DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION 30
1.6.3 REFERENCES 32
Chapter 1.7: Demonstration of DSS for planning complex urban water systems for regions under water stress in Barcelona 33
1.7.1 INTRODUCTION 33
1.7.2 FINDINGS 34
1.7.2.1 Scope of the envisaged DSS tool 34
1.7.2.2 Findings obtained through a state-of-the-art review 34
1.7.2.3 Conceptual framework 34
1.7.2.4 Describing DSS for ranking mitigation and adaptation strategies 36
1.7.2.5 DSS demonstration applied to Barcelona water supply system 36
1.7.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 37
1.7.4 REFERENCES 38
Chapter 1.8: Recommendations for the operation and maintenance of surface infiltration systems to be PREPARED. Application to the Llobregat Delta aquifer (Barcelona) 39
1.8.1 INTRODUCTION 39
1.8.2 FINDINGS 40
1.8.2.1 Methodology: Multi-evaluation analysis adapted to the site 40
1.8.2.2 Evaluated hydraulic impacts 41
1.8.2.3 Discussion of the quality limits 42
1.8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42
1.8.3.1 Sensors and automatisation of the aquifer recharge system 42
1.8.3.2 Operational periods suggested 43
1.8.3.3 Maintenance tasks 43
1.8.3.4 Future research work 43
1.8.4 REFERENCES 43
Chapter 1.9: Demonstration of conceptual scheme for rainwater harvesting and grey water management in Istanbul 45
1.9.1 INTRODUCTION 45
1.9.2 FINDINGS 46
1.9.2.1 Grey water treatment and reuse pilot experiments 46
1.9.2.2 Rain water harvesting experiments 47
1.9.2.3 Energy requirements and cost assesment for GW reuse and RWH 48
1.9.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48
1.9.4 REFERENCES 49
Chapter 1.10: Demonstration of DSS for competing uses of source water and protection of water intakes in Genoa 50
1.10.1 INTRODUCTION 50
1.10.1.1 System description 50
1.10.1.2 Challenges 50
1.10.1.3 Objectives 51
1.10.2 FINDINGS 51
1.10.2.1 General overview on the DSS’s components 51
1.10.2.2 Demonstrating the DSS: daily shadow management of the system from 2007 to 2012 52
1.10.2.3 The simulation model as a negotiation tool 53
1.10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 54
1.10.3.1 Utility’s involvement 54
1.10.3.2 Actions to end-users 54
1.10.4 REFERENCES 54
Chapter 1.11: Demonstration of Natural Organic Matter removal to prevent adverse effects of re-growth in networks in Oslo 55
1.11.1 INTRODUCTION 55
1.11.2 FINDINGS 56
1.11.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
1.11.4 REFERENCES 57
Chapter 1.12: Demonstration of an urban risk management plan in Barcelona 58
1.12.1 INTRODUCTION 58
1.12.2 FINDINGS 59
1.12.2.1 Scenarios 59
1.12.2.2 Urban flood modelling 60
1.12.2.3 Risk 60
1.12.2.4 Results 61
1.12.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 62
1.12.4 REFERENCES 63
Chapter 1.13: Demonstration of a planning instrument for integrated and impact based CSO control under climate change conditions in Berlin 65
1.13.1 INTRODUCTION 65
1.13.2 FINDINGS 65
1.13.2.1 Model validation 65
1.13.2.2 Scenario analysis 67
1.13.2.2.1 CSO management scenarios 67
1.13.2.2.2 Climate change scenarios 68
1.13.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 69
1.13.4 REFERENCES 69
Chapter 1.14: Demonstration of increasing the capacity of a wastewater treatment plant by process transformations during high flows in Oslo 70
1.14.1 INTRODUCTION 70
1.14.2 FINDINGS 71
1.14.2.1 The demonstration site 71
1.14.2.2 The concept of process transformation 71
1.14.2.3 Results from the demonstration periods 72
1.14.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 73
1.14.4 REFERENCES 74
Chapter 1.15: Demonstration of Water Cycle Safety Planning (WCSP) in Eindhoven 75
1.15.1 INTRODUCTION 75
1.15.1.1 Climate change challenges in Eindhoven 75
1.15.1.2 Water cycle safety planning in Eindhoven 75
1.15.2 FINDINGS 76
1.15.2.1 Characterisation of the water cycle and initial risk inventory 76
1.15.2.2 Risk analysis and risk treatment 76
1.15.2.3 Management and communication 77
1.15.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS 77
1.15.4 REFERENCES 77
Chapter 1.16: Demonstration of a Water Cycle Safety Plan in Lisbon 78
1.16.1 INTRODUCTION 78
1.16.2 FINDINGS 79
1.16.2.1 Commitment, team and establishment of water cycle safety policy and context 79
1.16.2.2 Risk identification 80
1.16.2.3 Risk analysis 80
1.16.2.4 Risk treatment 81
1.16.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 81
1.16.4 REFERENCES 83
Chapter 1.17: Demonstration of a Water Cycle Safety Plan in Oslo 84
1.17.1 INTRODUCTION 84
1.17.1.1 Climate change challenges in Oslo 84
1.17.1.2 Water Cycle Safety Planning in Oslo 84
1.17.2 FINDINGS 84
1.17.2.1 Characterisation of the water cycle and initial risk inventory 84
1.17.2.2 Water supply 85
1.17.2.3 Water distribution 85
1.17.2.4 Wastewater collection and transport 86
1.17.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS 86
Chapter 2: Risk assessment and management 87
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE: P. W. M. H. Smeets and M. C. Almeida 87
2.2 WATER CYCLE SAFETY PLANNING 88
2.2.1 Introduction to the Water Cycle Safety Planning: M. C. Almeida, P. Vieira and P. W. M. H. Smeets 88
2.2.2 Risk Assessment and Risk Management in European Directives: Adriana Hulsmann and Patrick Smeets 88
Summary 88
Risk-based approaches in EU water related legislation 89
Conclusions from current Directives 89
2.2.3 Water Cycle Safety Planning Concept and Structure: M. C. Almeida, P. Vieira and P. Smeets 89
Background 89
Water cycle safety plan development criteria 90
Steps of the WCSP framework 90
Main advantages in adopting the WCSP framework 93
2.2.4 Water Cycle Safety Plan Website WCSP.eu 94
2.3 WATER CYCLE HAZARD DATABASE (WCHDB) 94
2.3.1 Introduction to WCSP Risk Identification and Tools: R. Ugarelli and M. C. Almeida 94
2.3.2 Overview of Climate Change Effects which May Impact the Urban Water Cycle: R. Ugarelli, M. C. Almeida, J. P. Leitão and Stian Bruaset 95
2.3.2.1 Trends in climate change and its effects in Europe 95
2.3.2.2 Selected climate change indicators and effects 96
2.3.2.3 Specific climate change effects in urban water cycle systems 96
Effects of climate changes at integrated water cycle level 96
Effects of climate changes at water supply systems 97
Effects of climate changes at wastewater and stormwater systems 97
2.3.3 Risk Identification Database Structure and Contents: M. C. Almeida, R. Ugarelli and P. Vieira 98
Risk identification database brief description 98
2.3.4 Guidance on Risk Identification using RIDB in the Scope of WCSP: M. C. Almeida, M. A. Cardoso, P. Vieira and R. Ugarelli 99
Procedure to risk identification 100
Tools to support risk identification 102
2.4 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT (QRA): Janez Sušnik, Lydia S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, Clemens Strehl, Dragan A. Savić and Zoran Kapelan 102
2.4.1 Introduction to QRA 102
2.4.2 Role of QRA in Risk Management 103
2.4.3 Deterministic QRA 104
2.4.4 Stochastic QRA 105
2.4.5 Results from the QRA Case Study in Eindhoven 106
Deterministic results 107
Probabilistic results 108
2.5 RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS 109
2.5.1 Introduction to WCSP Risk Treatment and Tools: C. Strehl and M. C. Almeida 109
2.5.2 Risk Reduction Measures Database Structure and Contents: M. C. Almeida and C. Strehl 109
2.5.2.1 Risk reduction database structure 109
2.5.2.2 RRM catalogue 110
2.5.2.3 RRM directory 110
2.5.3 Catalogue and Quantification of Risk Reduction Measures: C. Strehl, H.-J. Mälzer, M. C. Almeida, P. Vieira, J. Sušnik and L. Postmes 112
2.5.3.1 The catalogue of risk reduction measures and qualitative attributes 112
2.5.3.2 Preliminary steps for quantification of risk reduction measures 112
2.5.3.3 Methods for risk reduction quantification 113
Cost-benefit analysis 113
Cost-effectiveness analysis 113
2.5.3.4 Application of risk reduction quantification in Eindhoven with CBA 114
Risk identification 114
Risk assessment 114
Risk treatment 114
CBA of risk reduction and climate change scenarios 115
Results and conclusion 115
2.5.4 Guidance on WCSP Risk Treatment Steps: M. C. Almeida, C. Strehl, P. Vieira, H.-J. Mälzer and M. A. Cardoso 116
Decision framework 117
Identification of risk reduction measures 117
Assessment, prioritization and selection of risk reduction measures 118
Assessment of residual risk 118
Develop a risk treatment programme 118
2.6 GIS TO MANAGE CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE 119
2.6.1 GIS Introduction 119
2.6.2 Overview of GIS Software and Applications 119
2.6.3 Examples of GIS Applications in the Cities 120
Simferopol applications 121
Water resources availability (Simferopol-Ukraine, CSRC) 122
Eindhoven applications 122
Flood risk mapping GIS applications (Eindhoven-The Netherlands) 123
Flood risk mapping GIS applications (Eindhoven-The Netherlands) 124
Application of interactive GIS table for Water Cycle Safety Planning (Eindhoven-The Netherlands, KWR) 124
Genoa applications 124
GIS for Flood Maps procedure (Genoa-Italy, IrenAcquaGas) 126
2.6.4 GIS Toolbox 127
2.7 REFERENCES 128
Chapter 3: Real Time Monitoring and Modelling, Tools, Methodologies and Models 131
Chapter 3.1: Introduction 133
3.1.1 OBJECTIVE 133
3.1.2 STRUCTURE 133
Chapter 3.2: Off-line and On-line Data Validation 135
3.2.1 OVERVIEW 135
3.2.2 FINDINGS 136
3.2.2.1 Off-line batchwise data validation using EVOHE 136
3.2.2.2 On-line continuous data validation using DIMS.CORE 140
3.2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 144
Chapter 3.3: Rainfall measurement by radar in the Greater Lyon area 145
3.3.1 OVERVIEW 145
3.3.2 FINDINGS 145
3.3.2.1 Rainfall mesurements by radar on a building roof at INSA 145
3.3.3 RAINFALL MESUREMENTS BY RADAR ON PARILLY WATER TOWER 147
3.3.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 148
3.3.5 REFERENCES 150
Chapter 3.4: Real-time integrated monitoring system for improved rainfall monitoring in Aarhus 151
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION 151
3.4.1.1 Bias adjustment 151
3.4.2 FINDINGS 151
3.4.2.1 Partial beam blockage 152
3.4.2.2 Changes in the LAWR radar 153
3.4.2.3 Processing 153
3.4.2.4 Comparing rain gauge data with radar estimates 153
3.4.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 153
3.4.4 REFERENCES 154
Chapter 3.5: Datahandling/integration of DHI Radar and S::can Spectro::lyser 155
3.5.1 OVERVIEW 155
3.5.2 FINDINGS 156
3.5.2.1 Measuring and prediction of distributed rainfall using local weather radar 156
3.5.2.2 Monitoring station at water-intake for drinking water production 158
3.5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 163
Chapter 3.6: Sensor macrolocation tool 165
3.6.1 OVERVIEW 165
3.6.2 FINDINGS 165
3.6.2.1 Optimal macro-location in practice 165
3.6.2.2 Limitatons 166
3.6.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 167
3.6.4 REFERENCES 167
Chapter 3.7: Sensors placement (micro location) for discharge measurements in sewers 168
3.7.1 OVERVIEW 168
3.7.2 FINDINGS 169
3.7.2.1 Instrumentation of CSOs 169
3.7.2.2 Optimization of sensors placement in a downstream channel near open channel junctions 170
3.7.2.3 Optimization of sensors placement downstream open channel bends 170
3.7.2.4 Geometry and meshes 170
3.7.2.5 Boundary conditions 172
3.7.2.6 Free surface modelling approach 172
3.7.2.7 Results and discussion 172
3.7.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 173
3.7.4 REFERENCES 174
Chapter 3.8: Tool for the location of discharge and water quality sensors in Combined Sewer Overflow structures 175
3.8.1 OVERVIEW 175
3.8.2 FINDINGS 175
3.8.2.1 Case study: Fichsvej CSO in aarhus 176
3.8.2.2 Results 176
3.8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 179
3.8.4 REFERENCES 180
Chapter 3.9: On-line monitoring of CSO: sewer and receiving waters 181
3.9.1 OVERVIEW 181
3.9.2 FINDINGS 182
3.9.2.1 Synoptic field surveys: from the sewer to the receiving waters 182
3.9.2.2 Design, installation, operation and maintenance of the on-line monitoring network 182
3.9.2.3 Calibration, verification, data processing and analysis 183
3.9.2.4 On-line monitoring in support of model forecasts and early-warning 184
3.9.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 185
3.9.4 REFERENCES 185
3.9.5 ANNEX 186
Chapter 3.10: Improved measurement and modeling of sediments in sewer systems 189
3.10.1 OVERVIEW 189
3.10.2 FINDINGS 190
3.10.2.1 Assessment and test of the monitoring options 190
Manual sediment monitoring 190
Automatic sediment depth monitoring 190
Sediment sampling and quality monitoring 191
3.10.2.2 Assessment and test of sewer sediments modelling options 191
3.10.2.3 Technical guidelines 193
3.10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 193
3.10.4 REFERENCES 194
Chapter 3.11: Model uncertainty assessment through calibration and data assimilation 195
3.11.1 OVERVIEW 195
3.11.2 FINDINGS 196
3.11.2.1 Findings summary 196
3.11.2.2 Model calibration 196
3.11.2.3 Data assimilation and error correction 197
3.11.2.4 Technical guidelines 198
3.11.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 200
3.11.4 REFERENCES 200
Chapter 3.12: DIMS.CORE data assimilation toolbox 201
3.12.1 OVERVIEW 201
3.12.2 FINDINGS 201
3.12.2.1 DIMS.CORE DA toolbox implementation 202
3.12.2.2 Real-time mode 203
3.12.2.3 Limitations 203
3.12.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 203
3.12.4 REFERENCES 204
Chapter 3.13: Real-time monitoring and forecast platform to support early warning of faecal contamination in recreational waters 205
3.13.1 OVERVIEW 205
3.13.2 FINDINGS 206
3.13.2.1 Innovative methodology for real-time information system in support of early warning of CSO discharges into receiving waters 206
3.13.2.2 Integrated modeling system for hydrodynamics and water quality in CSO and receiving waters 206
3.13.2.3 Nowcast-forecast system for multi-scale hydrodynamics and water quality in water bodies 207
3.13.2.4 Real-time monitoring and forecast WebGIS platform in support of early warning of faecal contamination 208
3.13.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 208
3.13.3.1 Conclusions 208
3.13.3.2 Recommendations 209
3.13.4 REFERENCES 210
3.13.5 ANNEX 211
3.13.5.1 RDFS- PREPARED – a forecast engine for integrated urban wastewater prediction 211
Physical architecture 211
Technologies and interface 211
3.13.5.2 RDFS – PREPARED platform: concepts, technology and services 211
Chapter 3.14: Real time monitoring, modeling and control of sewer systems 214
3.14.1 OVERVIEW 214
3.14.2 FINDINGS 215
3.14.2.1 Definition of control layers and fall back strategy 215
3.14.2.2 Layer 0: emergency control 216
3.14.2.3 Layer 1: local control 216
3.14.2.4 Layer 2: global control 217
3.14.2.5 Layer 3: global predictive control 221
3.14.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 222
Chapter 3.15: Increased capacity of waste water treatment plants during rain 223
3.15.1 OVERVIEW 223
3.15.2 FINDINGS 224
3.15.2.1 Flux based clarifier state diagrams and estimation of settling velocity 224
3.15.2.2 Optimal return sludge rate 225
3.15.2.3 Dynamic maximum hydraulic load 225
3.15.2.4 Distribution of return sludge rate between clarifiers 226
3.15.2.5 Distribution of load between secondary clarifier lines 227
3.15.2.6 Selective sludge storage control during rain 229
3.15.2.7 The controller in practice – implementation at Marselisborg WWTP 229
3.15.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 233
3.15.4 REFERENCES 233
Chapter 3.16: Water quality warning system for urban areas 234
3.16.1 OVERVIEW 234
3.16.2 FINDINGS 235
3.16.2.1 Sewer network modeling 236
3.16.2.2 River and lake model 238
3.16.2.3 Overview of communication from Aarhus Water to marine model 239
3.16.2.4 Modeling bathing water quality in the harbour and beaches of Aarhus 240
3.16.2.5 The warning system 241
3.16.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 242
Chapter 3.17: Decision support system for competing uses of source water and protection of water intakes 243
3.17.1 INTRODUCTION 243
3.17.1.1 Challenges 243
3.17.1.2 Motivation 243
3.17.1.3 Applications 243
3.17.2 FINDINGS 244
3.17.2.1 State of the art 244
3.17.2.2 Building a DSS for the Genoa Water Resources system (GWRS) 244
3.17.2.3 The optimization model 244
3.17.2.4 The simulation model 245
3.17.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 247
3.17.4 REFERENCES 248
Chapter 4: Planning for resilient water supply and sanitation systems 249
Chapter 4.1: Introduction and state-of-the-art 251
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION 251
4.1.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART 251
4.1.2.1 Water scarcity 251
4.1.2.1.1 Gaps between present practise and identified or expected needs 251
4.1.2.2 Water supply systems 252
4.1.2.2.1 Gaps between present practise and identified or expected needs 252
4.1.2.3 Stormwater 252
4.1.2.3.1 Gaps between present practise and identified or expected needs 252
4.1.2.4 Adaption of sanitation system 253
4.1.2.4.1 Gaps between present practise and identified or expected needs 253
4.1.2.5 Adaption of operation and maintenance 253
4.1.2.5.1 Gaps between present practise and identified or expected needs 254
4.1.2.6 Conclusions state-of-the-art 254
Chapter 4.2: Models simulating the effect of different price system and regulation schemes on demand of water in urban areas 255
4.2.1 OVERVIEW 255
4.2.2 FINDINGS 256
4.2.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 258
4.2.4 REFERENCES 258
Chapter 4.3: Demonstration of decision support system for planning complex urban water systems for regions under water stress in Barcelona 259
4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 259
4.3.2 FINDINGS 260
4.3.2.1 Scope of the envisaged DSS tool 260
4.3.2.2 Findings obtained through a state-of-the-art review 260
4.3.2.3 Conceptual framework 260
4.3.2.4 Describing DSS for ranking mitigation and adaptation strategies 262
4.3.2.5 DSS demonstration applied to Barcelona water supply system 262
4.3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 263
4.3.4 REFERENCES 264
Chapter 4.4: Identification of control parameters in water catchment and conservation systems under high flow events 265
4.4.1 OVERVIEW 265
4.4.1.1 Context 265
4.4.1.2 Objective 266
4.4.2 FINDINGS 266
4.4.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 268
4.4.4 REFERENCES 268
Chapter 4.5: Flood proof wells: guidelines for the design and operation of water abstraction wells in areas at risk of flooding 270
4.5.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 270
4.5.2 FINDINGS 270
4.5.2.1 Flooding of water wells: associated risks 270
4.5.2.2 Guidelines for the design of water wells in areas at risk of flooding 271
4.5.2.3 Management procedures 274
4.5.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 275
4.5.4 REFERENCES 275
Chapter 4.6: ASR: Design and operational experiences for subsurface water storage through wells 276
4.6.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 276
4.6.2 FINDINGS 276
4.6.2.1 Aquifer storage and recovery: Functions and concepts 276
4.6.2.2 Design of ASR systems 277
4.6.2.2.1 Step 1: Define the recharge objectives 277
4.6.2.2.2 Step 2: Determine water demand, availability and storage requirement 277
4.6.2.2.3 Step 3: Characterize the local hydrogeology 278
4.6.2.2.4 Step 4: Select an ASR concept and a preliminary design 278
4.6.2.2.5 Step 5: Cost evaluation 278
4.6.2.2.6 Step 6: Environmental impact assessment 279
4.6.2.3 ASR showcases 279
4.6.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 282
4.6.4 REFERENCES 283
Chapter 4.7: Assessment of current treatment works to handle climate change related pollutants and options to make current multi-barrier systems climate change proof 284
4.7.1 OVERVIEW 284
4.7.2 FINDINGS 284
4.7.2.1 Impacts of climate change on raw water quality 284
4.7.2.2 Adaptation and mitigation strategies 285
4.7.2.3 Multi-barrier approach 285
4.7.2.4 Findings from the water treatment survey of partner cities 286
4.7.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 287
4.7.4 REFERENCES 287
Chapter 4.8: Methodology for urban runoff risk assessment caused by climate change 288
4.8.1 OVERVIEW 288
4.8.2 FINDINGS 289
4.8.2.1 Literature review and surveys 289
4.8.2.2 Methodology for climate change assessment 289
4.8.2.3 Oslo case study 290
4.8.2.4 Guidelines for urban runoff modelling taking into account climate change 290
4.8.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 292
4.8.4 REFERENCES 292
Chapter 4.9: Recommendations on the management of increased urban runoff, including knowledge base for SUDS and proposal for RWH in urban context 293
4.9.1 INTRODUCTION 293
4.9.2 FINDINGS 293
4.9.2.1 SUDS 293
4.9.2.1.1 Application of SUDS in Europe 294
4.9.2.1.2 Recommendations for the implementation of SUDS 294
4.9.2.1.3 Case studies 295
4.9.2.1.4 SUDS modeling 295
4.9.2.2 RWH 296
4.9.2.2.1 Use of harvested RW 296
4.9.2.2.2 Legislative issues of RWH 296
4.9.2.2.3 Implementation examples 296
4.9.2.2.4 Constraints for the use of harvested RW 296
4.9.2.2.5 Findings 297
4.9.2.2.6 Advantages and disadvantages of domestic RWH considering climate change 297
4.9.2.2.7 Risks of RWH implementations 297
4.9.2.2.8 Pilot study on RWH 297
4.9.2.3 Pollution control 298
4.9.2.3.1 Introduction 298
4.9.2.3.2 Findings 298
4.9.2.3.3 Conclusions and recommendations 299
4.9.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 299
4.9.3.1 Conclusions 299
4.9.3.2 Recommendations 300
Chapter 4.10: A knowledge base of existing techniques and technologies for sanitation system adaptation 301
4.10.1 OVERVIEW 301
4.10.2 FINDINGS 301
4.10.2.1 Odour and corrosion abatement 301
4.10.2.2 Increase storage volumes/handling of volumes: retrofitting of CSO stormwater removal systems, CSO control, RTC strategies 302
4.10.2.3 Improvement of sewer system: CSO treatment 303
4.10.2.4 A methodology for the identification of infiltration in sewer system 303
4.10.2.5 First flush management for reducing pollution (separate sewer system) 304
4.10.2.6 Decentralised solutions: controlled infiltration, retention of rainwater 304
4.10.2.7 Adaptation measures for joint effect of rainfall and sea level rise 305
4.10.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 305
4.10.4 REFERENCES 305
4.10.5 ANNEX 1 ODOUR AND CORROSION ABATEMENT 306
4.10.6 ANNEX 2 INCREASE STORAGE VOLUMES/HANDLING OF VOLUMES: RETROFITTING OF CSO STORMWATER REMOVAL SYSTEMS, CSO CONTROL, RTC STRATEGIES 308
4.10.7 ANNEX 3 CSOS TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 309
Chapter 4.11: A planning instrument for an integrated and recipient/impact based CSO control under conditions of climate change 312
4.11.1 OVERVIEW 312
4.11.1.1 Motivation 312
4.11.1.2 Objective 312
4.11.1.3 Implementation 312
4.11.2 FINDINGS 313
4.11.2.1 Approach 313
4.11.2.2 Planning instrument tool-box 313
4.11.2.3 Setup of a planning instrument for Berlin 314
4.11.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 316
4.11.3.1 How to apply the tool box to set up a planning instrument 316
4.11.3.2 Recommendations on the use of a planning instrument 316
4.11.4 REFERENCES 316
Chapter 4.12: New concepts and best management practices for mitigating impact of sea water level rise on drainage systems 318
4.12.1 OVERVIEW 318
4.12.2 FINDINGS 319
4.12.2.1 Main impacts and needs for action 319
4.12.2.2 Overview of existing techniques and technology 319
4.12.2.3 New concepts and best management practices for adaptation 320
4.12.2.3.1 Integrated multidisciplinary system aproach 320
4.12.2.3.2 Surveillance, early warning systems and real-time operation 320
4.12.2.3.3 Planning adaptation through infrastructure asset management 321
4.12.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 321
4.12.4 REFERENCES 322
Chapter 4.13: Exploration of existing technologies for maintenance 324
4.13.1 OVERVIEW 324
4.13.1.1 Introduction 324
4.13.1.2 Knowledge database description 324
4.13.2 FINDINGS 325
4.13.2.1 Purpose and effects of operation and maintenance measures 325
4.13.2.2 Different types of operation and maintenance measures 326
4.13.2.2.1 Management systems 326
4.13.2.2.2 Analysis systems and tools 327
4.13.2.2.3 Leakage control in the water distribution system 328
4.13.2.2.4 Maintenance management systems in wastewater treatment plants 328
4.13.2.2.5 O&M of sewers and storm water systems 329
4.13.2.3 Modified O&M of sewers and storm water systems to adapt to climate change 330
4.13.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 330
4.13.4 REFERENCES 331
Chapter 4.14: Optimised operation of drinking water systems 332
4.14.1 INTRODUCTION 332
4.14.2 FINDINGS 332
4.14.2.1 Risks to the water cycle 332
4.14.2.2 Responding to cyanotoxins 333
4.14.2.3 Responding to increase in NOM 333
4.14.2.4 Responding to microbial growth in distribution systems 334
4.14.2.5 Adapting drinking water treatment 335
4.14.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 337
4.14.4 REFERENCES 337
Chapter 4.15: Impacts of climate change on maintenance activities: a case study on water pipe breaks 338
4.15.1 QUESTIONS AND APPROACH 338
4.15.2 EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON WATER PIPE FAILURES AND POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE OF THE GREATER LYON WATER NETWORK 338
4.15.2.1 Failure data and weather data 338
4.15.2.2 Analyses 339
4.15.2.2.1 Seasonal effects: winter months vs non-winter months 339
4.15.2.2.2 Trends of weather variables 339
4.15.2.2.3 Deriving the effect of aging from non-winter failure numbers 340
4.15.2.2.4 Calculating the effect of the freezing duration on the winter failure number 340
4.15.2.2.5 Separating the effect of the trend and variations of the freezing duration 340
4.15.2.2.6 Comparing the effects of the aging and of the freezing trend 341
4.15.2.2.6.2 Effects on the annual number of failures 341
4.15.2.3 Climate change and water pipe failures: results interpretation 342
4.15.2.3.1 Possible interpretation 342
4.15.2.3.2 Discussion based on the output of the statistical tests 342
4.15.2.3.2.1 Possible bias due to management practices 342
4.15.2.3.2.2 Statistical significance of the p-values obtained with a set of 47 statistical tests 343
4.15.2.3.2.3 Another statistical test does not reject the null hypothesis 343
4.15.3 IMPLEMENTING CLIMATE CHANGE IN REHABILITATION PLANNING 343
4.15.3.1 Climate change effects and asset management 343
4.15.3.2 Implementing climate change effects in CARE-W tools 344
4.15.4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 344
4.15.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 346
4.15.6 REFERENCES 346
Chapter 4.16: Guidelines for improved operation of drinking water treatment plants and maintenance of water supply and sanitation networks 348
4.16.1 FOREWORD 348
4.16.2 FINDINGS 348
4.16.2.1 Challenges and improved operation of drinking water treatment plants: Maria João Rosa and Elsa Mesquita 348
4.16.2.1.1 Input deliverables 348
4.16.2.1.2 Challenges 349
4.16.2.1.3 Improved operation 349
4.16.2.2 Challenges and improved maintenance of water supply networks: José Menaia and Ana Poças 349
4.16.2.2.1 Input deliverables 349
4.16.2.2.2 Challenges 349
4.16.2.2.3 Adaptive maintenance 350
4.16.2.3 Challenges and improved maintenance of wastewater networks: Stian Bruaset 350
4.16.2.3.1 Input deliverables 350
4.16.2.3.2 Challenges 350
4.16.2.3.3 Adaptive maintenance 350
4.16.2.4 Challenges and improved maintenance of stormwater systems: Stian Bruaset 351
4.16.2.4.1 Input deliverables 351
4.16.2.4.2 Challenges 351
4.16.2.4.3 Adaptive maintenance 351
4.16.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 351
4.16.3.1 Improvement of adaptive operation of drinking water treatment plants 351
4.16.3.2 Adaptive maintenance of water supply networks 352
4.16.3.3 Adaptive maintenance of wastewater networks 352
4.16.3.4 Adaptive operation and maintenance of stormwater systems 352
4.16.4 REFERENCES 352
Chapter 5: Enabling change: Institutional adaptation 355
5.1 INTRODUCTION 355
5.2 SOFTWARE FOR ADAPTION: DAnCE4WATER – CONCEPT 355
5.2.1 Model framework 356
5.2.2 Software implementation 357
5.2.3 Application test example 359
5.2.4 Conclusions and outlook 361
5.3 SOFTWARE FOR ADAPTION: DAnCE4WATER – APPLICATION 361
5.3.1 Case study details 361
5.3.2 Initial state and input scenarios 362
5.3.2.1 Societal Transitions Module (STM) 362
5.3.2.2 Urban Development Module (UDM) 363
5.3.2.3 Biophysical Module (BPM) 363
Centralised drainage system 363
Decentralised technologies 363
Conductor 364
5.3.3 Results and discussion 364
5.3.3.1 Societal transitions module 364
5.3.3.2 Urban Development Model 364
5.3.3.3 Biophysical Module 364
5.3.4 Conclusion 365
5.4 INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION 366
5.4.1 Adaptive management 367
5.4.2 The case for institutional adaptation 368
5.4.3 Frame – reflective approach to support institutional adaptation 369
5.4.4 The adaptation planning process: Institutional adaptation in practice 371
5.4.5 Conclusions 372
5.5 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 372
5.6 REFERENCES 373

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