BOOK
Southeast Asian Water Environment 5
Kazuo Yamamoto | Hiroaki Furumai | Hiroyuki Katayama | Chart Chiemchaisri | U. Puetpaiboon | Chettiappan Visvanathan | Hiroyasu Satoh
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This is the fifth volume in the series of books on the Southeast Asian water environment. The most important articles presented at the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth International Symposiums on Southeast Asian Water Environment have been selected for this book. It covers monitoring, treatment, and management issues related with environmental water, water supply, and wastewater. As the emerging issues, pollution with micropollutants and effects of climate change on water environment are also included. This publication is the result of building an academic network among researchers of related fields from different regions to exchange information.
This book is an invaluable source of information for researchers, policy makers, NGOs, NPOs, and those who are concerned with achieving global sustainability within the water environment in developing regions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\r | Cover | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Chapter 1:\rGroundwater Quality and Its Management | 1 | ||
| The impact of local water supply and sanitation in slum dwelling of Dhaka City | 3 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 3 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 4 | ||
| Sample collection and field measurements | 4 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 4 | ||
| Chemical analysis of water samples and groundwater characteristics | 4 | ||
| Nitrate leaching from pit latrine | 7 | ||
| Sediment sample analysis | 8 | ||
| Required recharge in the aquifer | 8 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 8 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| Assessment of groundwater for human use in Thoubal district of Manipur, India | 11 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 11 | ||
| Study area\r | 11 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 12 | ||
| General expressions of hydro-geochemical data | 12 | ||
| The suitability of groundwater for agricultural vs. human consumption\r | 12 | ||
| Water classification | 15 | ||
| Gibbs diagram | 16 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 17 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 17 | ||
| REFERENCES | 17 | ||
| Application of groundwater sustainability infrastructure index (GSII) to evaluate groundwater sustainability in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal\r | 19 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 19 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 19 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 20 | ||
| Study area | 20 | ||
| Methodology | 20 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 21 | ||
| Groundwater monitoring (GwM) | 21 | ||
| Knowledge generation and dissemination (KgD) | 23 | ||
| Regulatory interventions (ReI) | 23 | ||
| Public participation (PuP) | 23 | ||
| Institutional responsibility (InR) | 24 | ||
| The GSII-value | 24 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 24 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 25 | ||
| REFERENCES | 25 | ||
| Assessment of groundwater contamination with nitrate in a heavily fertilized and intensively cultivated floodplain of Thailand using GIS and column transport experiments\r | 27 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 27 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 27 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 28 | ||
| General information of suphanburi province | 28 | ||
| Laboratory-scale nitrate transport experiments | 28 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 29 | ||
| Regional-scale land use map of suphanburi province | 29 | ||
| Estimated groundwater recharge using GIS | 29 | ||
| Laboratory-scale column transport experiments | 31 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 32 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| Saline groundwater in the National Capital Territory Delhi: Clues to its origin and evolution | 33 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 34 | ||
| Study area | 34 | ||
| Field methods and sample collection | 34 | ||
| Isotope analysis | 34 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 35 | ||
| The scenario of paleohydrological linkage with the Arabian Sea | 35 | ||
| The evaporative enrichment of salts scenario | 36 | ||
| The salt leaching scenario | 37 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 38 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 38 | ||
| REFERENCES | 38 | ||
| Chapter 2:\rWater Environment and Management | 39 | ||
| Application of Material Flow Analysis in assessing nutrient fluxes in Day-Nhue river basin, Vietnam | 41 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 41 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 41 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY\r | 42 | ||
| Study area | 42 | ||
| Data collection and development of a draft conceptual model | 42 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 43 | ||
| Data collection and first MFA model of whole Day-Nhue river basin | 43 | ||
| Calibration results and discussion | 43 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 46 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 46 | ||
| REFERENCES | 46 | ||
| The water environment of the Tapi River and the coast of Bandon Bay, Surat Thani Province, Thailand: A review of 10 years monitoring\r | 47 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| METHODOLOGY | 48 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 48 | ||
| Tapi River watershed and Bandon Bay characteristics | 48 | ||
| Pollution sources | 48 | ||
| Water quality, water pollution and its management | 49 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 51 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 51 | ||
| REFERENCES | 52 | ||
| Time trends of concentrations and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in lagoon sediment, Niigata, Japan | 53 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 53 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 54 | ||
| Description of the sampling area and sampling method | 54 | ||
| Sample preparation and analysis | 54 | ||
| Determination of the sedimentation rate | 55 | ||
| Statistical analysis | 55 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 55 | ||
| Sedimentation rate | 55 | ||
| Concentration and homologue profile in Toyano lagoon | 55 | ||
| Temporal trend and identification and contribution of source | 55 | ||
| Difference in residue rate of each homologue based on half-life of PCBs | 58 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 59 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 59 | ||
| Detection of genus Kobuvirus for evaluation as \rvirus indicator for fecal contamination source\r\rtracking from Nhue River in Hanoi, Vietnam | 61 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 61 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 61 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 62 | ||
| Sampling campaigns | 62 | ||
| Sample concentration | 62 | ||
| DNA/RNA extraction and reverse transcription of RNA viruses | 62 | ||
| Quantification of Aichi virus and other enteric viruses by real-time PCR | 63 | ||
| Detection of the Bovine and Porcine kobuvirus by RT-PCR | 63 | ||
| Enumeration of total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC)\r | 63 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 63 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 66 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 66 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| Estimation of diarrhoea incidence through flooding simulation in low-income community areas in Dhaka City, Bangladesh | 67 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 67 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 67 | ||
| STUDY AREA AND DATASET\r | 68 | ||
| Study area | 68 | ||
| Dataset | 69 | ||
| Epidemiology data | 69 | ||
| METHODOLOGY\r | 69 | ||
| Basic equations for 2-dimentional unsteady water flow | 69 | ||
| River channel | 69 | ||
| Embankment | 69 | ||
| Percentage of land occupied by buildings | 70 | ||
| Diarrhoea incidence exposure | 70 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 71 | ||
| Flood analysis | 71 | ||
| Diarrhoea incidence | 72 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 72 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 73 | ||
| REFERENCES | 73 | ||
| Chapter 3:\rWater Supply Management and Technology | 75 | ||
| Residential water demand curve by using behavioral economics approach: a case of Thailand | 77 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 77 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 77 | ||
| METHODOLOGY\r | 77 | ||
| Questionnaire design by behavioral economics approach | 77 | ||
| Method of survey | 78 | ||
| RESULTS | 79 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 81 | ||
| REFERENCES | 81 | ||
| Designing a raw water fee scheme as a groundwater conservation strategy for Cagayan de Oro, Philippines | 83 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY | 83 | ||
| Estimation of safe yield | 84 | ||
| Estimating groundwater extraction | 85 | ||
| Designing the raw water fee scheme | 85 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 85 | ||
| Safe yield estimate | 85 | ||
| Groundwater abstraction and depletion | 85 | ||
| Raw water fee design | 87 | ||
| Legal framework and institutional set-up | 87 | ||
| Proposed pilot implementation plan | 87 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 87 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 88 | ||
| REFERENCES | 88 | ||
| Chemical-free and carbon neutral membrane based emergency water supply system | 89 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 89 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 89 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 90 | ||
| PVDF hollow fiber membrane system | 90 | ||
| Different feed water sources and analytical methods | 91 | ||
| Actual demonstration and feedback | 91 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 91 | ||
| Treated water capacity, alteration of TMP and NOMs fractions | 91 | ||
| Treated water quality | 92 | ||
| Turbidity and micro-particles removal | 92 | ||
| Removal of total and fecal coliforms | 93 | ||
| Actual demonstration and feedback questionnaire | 93 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 94 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| Removal of hydrophobic, transphilic and hydrophilic organic fractions and their THMFP in raw water supply from the U-Tapao Canal by enhanced coagulation\r | 95 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 96 | ||
| Sample collection and preservation | 96 | ||
| DOM characterization | 96 | ||
| DOM removal | 96 | ||
| Analytical methods | 96 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 96 | ||
| Characteristics of raw water | 96 | ||
| Removal of DOM fractions and their THMFP | 97 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 100 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 100 | ||
| REFERENCES | 100 | ||
| Chapter 4:\rWastewater Treatment Technologies | 101 | ||
| Performance of long-term operation of membrane bioreactor with in-line sludge thickener enhanced by inclined tubes (itMBR) | 103 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 103 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 103 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 103 | ||
| Reactor design of itMBR | 103 | ||
| Parameters of reactor operation | 104 | ||
| Analytical methods | 104 | ||
| Experiment to evaluate effect of influent point on reactor performance | 105 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 105 | ||
| Performance of itMBR in Run 1 | 105 | ||
| Factors for controlling the sludge concentration in the sludge production tank | 106 | ||
| Properties of sludge in sludge thickener | 106 | ||
| Wastewater treatment efficiency | 107 | ||
| Performance of itMBR when raw wastewater flowed into sludge production tank | 107 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 108 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Degradation of excess sludge accumulating polyhydroxybutyrate produced from energy saving activated sludge process under anaerobic digestion\r | 111 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 112 | ||
| Anaerobic digested sludge (DS) | 112 | ||
| Preparation of excess sludge for batch experiment | 112 | ||
| Batch experiment | 112 | ||
| Analysis | 113 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 113 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 115 | ||
| REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| Mesophilic and thermophilic production of volatile fatty acids from palm oil mill effluent for polyhydroxyalkanoates generation | 117 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 117 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 118 | ||
| Characterization of POME | 118 | ||
| Mesophilic and thermophilic acidogenic fermentation | 118 | ||
| Production of PHA by mixed culture | 118 | ||
| Analytical methods | 118 | ||
| Performance evaluation | 119 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 119 | ||
| Characteristics of POME | 119 | ||
| Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic VFA production | 120 | ||
| PHA production from fermented POME | 121 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 121 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 122 | ||
| REFERENCES | 122 | ||
| Pre-treatments to enhance the biomethanation and energy recovery from kitchen waste and sewage | 123 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 123 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 123 | ||
| MATERIAL AND METHODS\r | 124 | ||
| Substrate and inoculum | 124 | ||
| Pretreatment experiments | 124 | ||
| Anaerobic experiments | 124 | ||
| Analytical techniques | 125 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 125 | ||
| Effect of pretreatments on kitchen waste solubilization | 125 | ||
| Effect of pre-treatments on kitchen waste biodegradability | 126 | ||
| Effect of pre-treatments in the anaerobic treatment of kitchen waste | 126 | ||
| Economical considerations | 127 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 128 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 128 | ||
| REFERENCES | 128 | ||
| Evidence of heterotrophic anoxic nitrification using seed biomass from activated sludge process | 131 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 132 | ||
| Mineral media for anoxic nitrification | 132 | ||
| Seed biomass | 132 | ||
| Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) studies for development of heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 132 | ||
| Reconfirmation of heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 132 | ||
| Optimization of environmental conditions | 132 | ||
| Determination of bio-kinetic parameters | 132 | ||
| SBR operation with sewage for heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 133 | ||
| Analytical techniques | 133 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 133 | ||
| SBR studies for development of heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 133 | ||
| Reconfirmation of heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 134 | ||
| Optimization of environmental conditions | 134 | ||
| Determination of bio-kinetic parameters | 135 | ||
| SBR operation with sewage for heterotrophic anoxic nitrification | 135 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 136 | ||
| REFERENCES | 136 | ||
| Does common reed (Phragmites spp.) contribute to\rthe removal of phosphorous and nitrogen from\rdomestic wastewater in constructed subsurface\rflow wetlands?\r | 137 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 138 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 140 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 141 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 142 | ||
| REFERENCES | 142 | ||
| Utilization of concentrated leachate for plant cultivation on municipal solid waste landfill | 143 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 143 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 143 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 144 | ||
| Experimental system | 144 | ||
| Monitored parameters and analysis of samples | 144 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 145 | ||
| Effect of concentrated leachate on plant growth | 145 | ||
| Impact of concentrated leachate irrigation on seepage water qualities | 145 | ||
| Methane emission rate from the soil-plant root system | 146 | ||
| Impact of irrigated leachate on soil contamination | 146 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 147 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 147 | ||
| REFERENCES | 147 | ||
| Removal of phosphate from wastewater by zirconium ferrite adsorption | 149 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 149 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 150 | ||
| Equilibrium isotherms | 150 | ||
| Kinetic study | 151 | ||
| Thermodynamic parameters | 152 | ||
| Removal of Zr ferrite from aqueous solution | 154 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 154 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 154 | ||
| Chapter 5:\rMicropollutants | 157 | ||
| Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewaters and surface waters in industrial estates in Thailand\r | 159 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 159 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 159 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 160 | ||
| Sampling and sample preparation | 160 | ||
| Solid-Phase Exraction and LC-MS/MS analysis | 160 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 160 | ||
| Occurrence of PPCPs in wastewater | 160 | ||
| Occurrence of PPCPs in surface waters | 162 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 163 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 163 | ||
| REFERENCES | 163 | ||
| Evaluation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in downstream of Chao Phraya River and in raw sewage in Thailand | 165 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 165 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 165 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 166 | ||
| Sampling and analysis of PPCPs | 166 | ||
| Prediction model | 166 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 166 | ||
| Prediction results of PPCPs in raw municipal sewage | 166 | ||
| Evaluation of PPCPs detected in Chao Phraya down stream | 167 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 170 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES | 170 | ||
| Biodegradation of 17ß-estradiol (E2) in a lab-scale membrane bioreactor: Effect of initial concentrations on degradation kinetic | 173 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 173 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 173 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 174 | ||
| The synthetic influent | 174 | ||
| SMBR operation | 174 | ||
| Batch degradation tests | 174 | ||
| Analytical methods | 175 | ||
| Kinetics of E2 biodegradation | 175 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 175 | ||
| E2 degradation by AS and SMBR sludge and effect of AOB | 175 | ||
| Degradation rates of E2 as affected by the initial concentrations | 176 | ||
| E2 removal in lab-scale submerged MBR | 178 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 178 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 178 | ||
| REFERENCES | 178 | ||
| Removal of organic micro-pollutants and bio-toxicity from municipal solid waste landfill leachate in two-stage membrane bioreactor\r | 179 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 180 | ||
| Experimental set-up | 180 | ||
| Analysis of organic micropollutants | 180 | ||
| Bio-toxicity testing | 181 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 181 | ||
| Treatment performance of MBR | 181 | ||
| Removals of phenolics compounds and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) | 181 | ||
| Bio-toxicity testing | 183 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 184 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 184 | ||
| REFERENCES | 184 | ||
| Environmental survey on organic micro-pollutants in rain, river and waste water samples in Cambodia | 187 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 187 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 187 | ||
| Sample collection | 187 | ||
| Pretreatment of samples | 188 | ||
| GC-MS analysis | 188 | ||
| Target substances | 189 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 189 | ||
| Overview of the survey results | 189 | ||
| Sterols | 190 | ||
| PAHs | 190 | ||
| Organochlorine pesticides | 190 | ||
| PPCPs | 191 | ||
| Sources of chemicals | 191 | ||
| Evaluation of ecological risk by the pollutants in water | 192 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 192 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 192 | ||
| REFERENCES | 193 | ||
| Screening analysis of a thousand micro-pollutants in Vietnamese rivers | 195 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 196 | ||
| Sample collection | 196 | ||
| Chemical analysis | 196 | ||
| Quality control | 197 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 197 | ||
| Overview | 197 | ||
| Sterols and caffeine | 197 | ||
| Pesticides | 197 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals and personal care products | 199 | ||
| Polychlorinated biphenyls | 200 | ||
| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 200 | ||
| Bisphenol A and nonylphenol | 200 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 200 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 201 | ||
| REFERENCES | 201 | ||
| Chapter 6:\rClimate Change and Water | 203 | ||
| Water conflict vulnerability of Mekong countries in the near future | 205 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 205 | ||
| Identification of countries vulnerable to water conflicts | 205 | ||
| Comparison of conflict vulnerabilities of countries with actual water conflicts | 206 | ||
| Water conflict vulnerability in the Mekong countries by parameter comparison | 206 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | 207 | ||
| Water conflict vulnerability of Mekong countries from the global classification | 208 | ||
| Confirmation of conflict vulnerabilities of countries with actual conflict occurrences | 208 | ||
| Water conflict vulnerability within Mekong countries from parameter comparison | 209 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 210 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 210 | ||
| REFERENCES | 211 | ||
| Data quality control and assurance (QCQA) on eddy covariance flux measurement by the fractional uncertainty analysis | 213 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 213 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 213 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS\r | 214 | ||
| Field data | 214 | ||
| Data quality assessment | 214 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 215 | ||
| Characteristics of wind flow | 215 | ||
| Turbulence characteristics | 216 | ||
| Tolerance analysis | 217 | ||
| Quality Control and Assurance | 219 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 219 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 219 | ||
| REFERENCES | 220 | ||
| Extreme daily rainfall in Thailand using a gridded daily rainfall dataset: A frequency analysis with 6 types of plotting position formulae\r | 221 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 221 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 221 | ||
| MATERAILS AND METHODS\r | 222 | ||
| Datasets | 222 | ||
| Gauged daily rainfall data | 222 | ||
| Gridded daily rainfall data | 222 | ||
| Elevation data | 222 | ||
| Methodology | 222 | ||
| Comparison of annual maximum daily rainfall | 222 | ||
| Bias-correction of annual maximum daily rainfall | 223 | ||
| Frequency analysis to estimate extreme daily rainfall | 223 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 224 | ||
| Goodness-of-fit in the frequency analysis | 224 | ||
| Extreme daily rainfall with 5-year return period | 224 | ||
| Incorporating orographic rainfall | 226 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 228 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 228 | ||
| REFERENCES | 228 | ||
| Coastal erosion and sea-level change in the Lower Gulf of Thailand | 229 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 229 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 229 | ||
| SEA-LEVEL CHANGE | 230 | ||
| BEACH EROSION | 231 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 232 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 233 | ||
| REFERENCES | 233 | ||
| How uncertain are future climate predictions? An assessment in a Himalayan river basin | 235 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| STUDY AREA | 236 | ||
| MATERIALS AND METHODS | 236 | ||
| RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\r | 237 | ||
| Performance analysis of LARS-WG | 237 | ||
| Future climate predictions | 238 | ||
| Uncertainties in annual change | 239 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 240 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 240 | ||
| REFERENCES | 240 | ||
| Index | 243 |