Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries

Andreas N. Angelakis; Joan B. Rose

BOOK

Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries

Andreas N. Angelakis | Joan B. Rose

(2014)

Additional Information

Book Details

ISBN: 978-1-78040-485-1
Edition: 1
Language: English
Pages: 558
Subjects: The environment
Environmental science, engineering & technology
Water supply & treatment

Abstract

Most of the technological developments relevant to water supply and wastewater date back to more than to five thousand years ago. These developments were driven by the necessity to make efficient use of natural resources, to make civilizations more resistant to destructive natural elements, and to improve the standards of life, both at public and private level.
Rapid technological progress in the 20th century created a disregard for past sanitation and wastewater and stormwater technologies that were considered to be far behind the present ones. A great deal of unresolved problems in the developing world related to the wastewater management principles, such as the decentralization of the processes, the durability of the water projects, the cost effectiveness, and sustainability issues, such as protection from floods and droughts were intensified to an unprecedented degree. New problems have arisen such as the contamination of surface and groundwater. Naturally, intensification of unresolved problems has led to the reconsideration of successful past achievements.
This retrospective view, based on archaeological, historical, and technical evidence, has shown two things: the similarity of physicochemical and biological principles with the present ones and the advanced level of wastewater engineering and management practices. Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries presents and discusses the major achievements in the scientific fields of sanitation and hygienic water use systems throughout the millennia, and compares the water technological developments in several civilizations. It provides valuable insights into ancient wastewater and stormwater management technologies with their apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability to the environment, and sustainability. These technologies are the underpinning of modern achievements in sanitary engineering and wastewater management practices. It is the best proof that “the past is the key for the future”.
Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries is a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses of Water Resources, Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Ancient History, Archaeology, Environmental Management and is also a valuable resource for all researchers in the these fields.
Authors: Andreas N. Angelakis, Institute of Iraklion, Iraklion, Greece and Joan B. Rose, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Section Title	Page	Action	Price
Cover\r	Cover
Contents	v
List of reviewers	xix
List of authors	xxiii
Prolegomena: Probing the past and facing\rthe future	xxvii
Chapter 1: Sanitation and wastewater technologies\rin Minoan Era	1
1.1 PROLEGOMENA\r	1
1.2 PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE ISLAND CRETE\r	2
1.2.1 Location\r	2
1.2.2 Climatic conditions\r	3
1.2.3 Hydrology\r	4
1.3 MAJOR SANITARY TECHNOLOGIES IN MINOAN ERA\r	4
1.3.1 Use of harvested water in minoan crete\r	5
1.3.2 Sewerage and drainage systems\r	6
1.3.3 Bathrooms and lustral basins\r	10
1.3.4 Roads\r	14
1.3.5 Toilets or lavatories\r	16
1.3.6 Outlets and disposal and reuse sites\r	19
1.4 CONCLUSIONS\r	20
Acknowledgements\r	22
1.5 REFERENCES\r	22
Chapter 2: Sanitation and wastewater technologies\rin Harappa/Indus valley civilization(ca. 2600–1900 BC)	25
2.1 Introduction\r	25
2.2 Physical Settings\r	26
2.3 History, Calture, and Town Planning of Indus Valley Civilization\r	27
2.3.1 Introduction\r	27
2.3.2 History\r	27
2.3.3 Calture\r	28
2.3.4 Town planning\r	29
2.4 Water and Sanitation\r	32
2.4.1\rThe great bath	32
2.4.2\rWater treatment	33
2.4.3 Baths and wells	33
2.4.4 Drainage system\r	35
2.4.5 Irrigation system\r	35
2.4.6 Rainwater harvesting and storage system\r	36
2.4.7 Public toilets\r	38
2.4.8 Dockyard at Lothal\r	39
2.5 Conclusion\r	39
2.6 Refrences\r	40
Chapter 3: Sanitation and water management\rin ancient South Asia	43
3.1 Introduction\r	43
3.2 Wastewater Management during the Harappan Perdiod\r	43
3.2.1 Indus Valley palaeogeography and culture\r	44
3.2.2 Sanitation centralised systems\r	44
3.2.3 Sanitation decentralised systems\r	46
3.2.4 Harappan wastewater management perspectives\r	46
3.3 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DURING EARLY HISTORIC TIMES\r	47
3.3.1 Northern and Central South Asia\r	47
3.3.2 Southern South Asia\r	47
3.4\rDiscussion: Cultural and Technical Innovations and Diffusions in Ancient South Asia	49
3.5 Conclusion and Perspectives\r	51
3.6 REFERENCES\r	52
Chapter 4: Evolution of sanitation and wastewater\rtechnologies in Egypt through centuries	55
4.1 INTRODUCTION\r	55
4.1.1 Historical Perspective\r	55
4.1.2 Evolution of Sanitation in Ancient Time\r	56
4.1.2.1 Wastewater management\r	56
4.1.2.2 Wastewater management in ancient time\r	57
4.1.2.3 Ancient urban drainage systems\r	58
4.2 SANITATION IN ANCIENT EGYPT\r	61
4.3. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THE MODERN WORLD\r	62
4.3.1 International Level\r	62
4.3.2 Trends in the Development of Wastewater Services in Egypt\r	63
4.3.2.1 Development of Cairo’s wastewater system\r	64
4.3.2.2 Development of sanitation on the National level\r	65
4.4 CONCLUSIONS\r	67
4.5 REFERENCES\r	67
Chapter 5: Sanitation and wastewater in the Central Andean Region, Peru: An overview from Pre-Columbian and Colonial times to\rnowadays	69
5.1 Introduction\r	69
5.1.1 The environment\r	69
5.1.1.1 Geography and hydrology\r	69
5.1.1.2 Climate\r	72
5.1.1.3 Natural ocurrences\r	72
5.1.2 Indicative timeline\r	73
5.1.3 Population development\r	74
5.1.4 Water qualities over time\r	74
5.1.5 Water availability versus demand\r	76
5.2 Pre-Columbian Era (ca. 3000 BC to 1532 AD)\r	76
5.2.1 Eradication of hunger\r	79
5.2.2 No water-related diseases\r	80
5.3 From the Spanish Colony (1532–1821) to Early Republican Times Around the Beginning of the XX Century\r	80
5.3.1 Colonial settlements\r	80
5.3.2 Water resources management\r	81
5.3.2.1 Mining\r	81
5.3.2.2 Agriculture\r	81
5.3.3 Urban water supply and sanitation\r	81
5.3.3.1 Urban water supply system\r	81
5.3.3.2 Aguadores\r	82
5.3.3.3 Urban sanitation and hygiene\r	84
5.3.4 Rural water supply and sanitation\r	85
5.4 From Around the Beginning of the XX Century Till Today\r	86
5.4.1 Snap-shots of water supply and sanitation development\r	86
5.4.1.1 First chlorination plant in the country\r	86
5.4.1.2 Water supply coverage\r	86
5.4.1.3 Wastewater collection\r	87
5.4.1.4 Water drainage in Cuzco’s city center\r	87
5.4.1.5 The drinking water supply source of the city of Tumbes around the year 2000\r	88
5.4.1.6 Waste disposal and mobile water supply devices in Pisco around 2010\r	90
5.4.1.7 Water, sanitation and hygiene between 1990 and 2011\r	91
5.4.1.8 Water supply and sewerage in today’s Lima\r	91
5.4.1.9 Wastewater treatment and reuse\r	92
5.4.2 Protection of water sources, pollution hazards, and water qualities\r	93
5.4.3 Actual developments and trends\r	94
5.5 Conclusion\r	95
References\r	95
Chapter 6: History of urban wastewater and stormwater sanitation technologies\rin Hellas	99
6.1 Prolegomena\r	99
6.2 Prehistoric Times\r	101
6.2.1 Minoan crete\r	101
Baths, toilets, and others sanitary infrastructures (or systems)\r	102
Sewerage and drainage systems\r	104
6.2.2 Other locations\r	106
6.3 Historical Times\r	107
6.3.1 Introduction\r	107
6.3.2 Classical period\r	108
6.3.3 Hellenistic period\r	109
6.3.4 Roman period (ca. 67 BC-330 AD)\r	116
6.4 Medieval Times\r	123
6.4.1 Introduction\r	123
6.4.2 The Byzantine period (ca. 330–1453 AD)	124
6.4.3 The Venetian period (ca. 1204-1669 AD)\r	128
6.5 Modern Times\r	130
6.5.1 The Ottoman period (ca. mid 14th–1923 AD)\r	130
6.5.2 The Present times (1900 AD to the present)	135
6.6 Future Trends\r	135
6.7 Discussion and Conclusions\r	136
6.8 References\r	141
Chapter 7: Evolution of sanitation and wastewater technologies in Iran through the\rcenturies: Past and present	147
7.1 INTRODUCTION\r	147
7.2 TRADITIONAL WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS IN URBAN AND RURAL REGIONS OF IRAN\r	148
7.2.1 Coastal regions near Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea\r	148
7.2.2 Central regions\r	149
7.2.3 Mountains\r	149
7.3 ABSORBING WELL (SEPTIC AND LEACHING CESSPOOL OR CESSPIT)\r	149
7.3.1 The location of absorbing well within the building\r	150
7.3.2 Discharge of absorbing wells\r	151
7.3.3 The role of absorbing wells in treating domestic wastewater\r	153
7.3.4 Problems and consequences of absorbing wells\r	153
7.3.4.1 Impacts on groundwater basins\r	153
7.3.4.2 Impact on soil surrounding the absorbing wells\r	154
7.3.4.3 Environmental impacts\r	155
7.3.4.4 Impact on soil fertility\r	155
7.3.4.5 Health impacts\r	155
7.3.5 Operation and maintenance of absorbing wells\r	156
7.3.6 Social acceptability\r	156
7.3.7 The overall economic impacts\r	156
7.4 SANITATION\r	157
7.4.1 Comparison between the traditional Iranian baths with those of other nations Common traits\r	157
7.4.2 The architecture of ancient baths in Iran\r	158
7.4.3 The bath’s spatial connection\r	158
7.4.4 The climatology of traditional baths\r	159
7.4.5 The bath’s position at the construction site\r	159
7.4.6 Materials used in the construction of the baths\r	159
7.4.7 Heating system in traditional baths\r	160
7.4.8 Water Supply\r	160
7.4.9 Light and lighting\r	160
7.4.10 Decoration of Bath\r	161
7.4.11 Frameworks and arches\r	162
7.4.12 Hoorno\r	162
7.4.13 Bathing rites and customs\r	162
7.4.14 Customs inside the bath\r	162
7.4.15\rBathing materials	163
7.4.16 People working in public baths\r	163
7.4.17\rThe time for using public baths in the past	164
7.4.18 Ancient baths in Iran\r	164
7.5 PRESENT SITUATION\r	166
7.5.1 Management\r	166
7.5.2 Technologies\r	167
7.5.3 Achievements\r	170
7.6 CONCLUSIONS\r	173
7.7 REFERENCES\r	174
Chapter 8: Sanitation and wastewater and stormwater management in ancient\rKingdom of Macedonia, Hellas	175
8.1 INTRODUCTION	175
8.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER SUPPLY\r	176
8.3\rSANITATION AND WASTEWATER HYDRAULIC WORKS IN ANCIENT MACEDONIA	177
8.3.1 Aigai (Vergina)\r	178
8.3.2 Pella\r	179
8.3.3 Dion\r	181
8.3.4 Olynthus\r	184
8.3.5 Thessaloniki\r	185
8.3.6 Amphipolis\r	186
8.3.7 Philippoi\r	187
8.4 CONCLUSIONS\r	189
8.5 REFERENCES\r	189
Chapter 9: The history of the development of urban sanitation and wastewater technologies\rin Cyprus	191
9.1 Prolegomena\r	191
9.2 PHYSICAL SETTING\r	191
9.2.1 Location\r	191
9.2.2 Climatic Conditions\r	192
9.3 HYDROLOGY\r	193
9.3.1 Precipitation\r	193
9.3.2 Air Temperatures\r	193
9.3.3 Winds\r	194
9.4\rDEVELOPMENT OF SANITATION AND WASTEWATER THROUGH THE MELLENIA	194
9.4.1 Prehistoric Times\r	194
9.4.2 Historical Times\r	195
9.4.3 Medieval Times\r	204
9.4.4 Modern Times (1571–1960 AD)\r	204
9.4.5 Present Time (Republic of Cyprus) (1960-today)\r	205
9.5 EPILOGUE\r	206
9.6 REFERENCES\r	206
Chapter 10:\rThe history of sanitation and wastewatermanagement in Portugal	209
10.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT\r	209
10.2 MIDDLE AGES SANITATION IN PORTUGAL\r	213
10.3 SANITATION IN RECENT TIMES: EVACUATION, DRAINAGE AND TREATMENT\r	215
10.4 EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE SANITATION IN PORTUGAL THE CHRIST CONVENT	218
10.4.1 Introduction\r	218
10.5 WATER SUPPLY TO THE CASTLE AND THE MONASTERY\r	219
10.5.1 Rain water supply\r	219
10.5.2 Water supply of the monastery by an aqueduct\r	220
10.5.3 Storage and distribution of water\r	221
10.5.4 Runoff and drainage\r	222
10.6 SEWAGE DRAINAGE AND TREATMENT\r	223
10.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS\r	225
Acknowledgements	226
10.8 REFERENCES\r	226
Chapter 11: From Volubilis to Fez: Water, witnessed\ra transfer of an International Heritage	227
11.1 Introduction\r	227
11.2 Volubilis Hydraulic System\r	228
11.2.1 Public fountains\r	231
11.2.2 Volubilis houses\r	232
11.2.3 Thermal baths\r	233
11.2.4 Latrines\r	233
11.3 Management and Maintenance of The Volubilis Hydraulic System\r	234
11.4 Fes Hydraulic System\r	235
11.4.1 Mosques and Islamic schools\r	239
11.4.2 Fez houses\r	241
11.4.3 Public latrines\r	241
11.4.4 Handicraft\r	242
11.4.5 Bathhouse\r	242
11.5 The Issue of Maintenance of The Fez Hydraulic System: The Al-Fachtali Model\r	242
11.5.1 The legal constraints of the model\r	242
11.5.2 The mathematical formulation of the model\r	243
11.5.3 The terminological aspects of the problem\r	245
11.5.4 Scope and contributions of the mathematical model of al-Fachtali\r	245
11.6 Similarities Between Fes and Volubilis Hydraulic Systems\r	246
11.7 Evolution of The Hydraulic System of Fes and Volubilis\r	247
11.8 Discussion and Conclusions\r	248
Acknowledgments\r	249
11.9 References\r	249
Chapter 12: Sanitation and wastewater technologies\rin ancient Roman cities	251
12.1 INTRODUCTION\r	251
12.2 SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGIES IN POMPEII\r	252
12.2.1 Toilets and cesspits\r	252
12.2.2 Drainage and sewerage systems\r	253
12.3 SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGIES IN HERCULANEUM\r	255
12.3.1 Toilets and cesspits\r	255
12.3.2 Drainage and sewerage systems\r	256
12.4 SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGIES IN OSTIA\r	261
12.4.1 Toilets and cesspits\r	262
12.4.2 Drainage and sewerage systems\r	262
12.5 CONCLUSIONS\r	266
12.6 REFERENCES\r	266
Chapter 13: The sanitary system in ancient Roman\rcivilization: An insight on Tunisia	269
13.1 INTRODUCTION\r	269
13.1.1 A historical glimpse on Roman Tunisia (Africa Proconsularis)\r	269
13.1.2 Chapter structure and scope\r	270
13.2 WATER RESOURCES AND SUPPLY\r	271
13.3 SANITARY SYSTEM IN ROMAN TUNISIA\r	275
13.3.1 Sanitary system and urban planning\r	275
13.3.2 Access to sanitation and social considerations\r	277
13.4 CONNECTION TO SEWERS AND WASTEWATER COLLECTION\r	278
13.4.1 Public premises\r	279
13.4.1.1 Public baths\r	279
13.4.1.2 Latrines\r	280
13.4.1.3 Other premises\r	281
13.4.2 Private houses\r	281
13.5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE\r	282
13.6 ROMAN SANITARY SYSTEM AND PUBLIC HEALTH\r	283
13.7\rConclusion	285
13.8 Sanitary facilities in selected Roman cities in Tunisia\r	286
13.8.1 Sanitation facilities in Carthage\r	286
13.8.1.1 Antonine Baths\r	286
13.8.1.2 Latrines	290
13.8.2 Sanitation and water facilities in Bulla Regia (Henchir Hammam Darradji)\r	291
13.8.3 Sanitation facilities in Tuburbo Majus (Henchir Kasbat)\r	293
13.8.4 Sanitation facilities in Thugga (Dougga)\r	293
13.9 Conclusions\r	296
13.10 References\r	296
Chapter 14: Revisiting the technical and social aspects of wastewater management\rin ancient Korea	301
14.1 INTRODUCTION\r	301
14.2 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN TRADITIONAL HOUSES OF ANCIENT KOREA\r	302
14.2.1 Water and wastewater flow in a traditional household\r	302
14.2.2 Nutrient flow generated by typical traditional house\r	303
14.2.3 Wastewater management system in a traditional village\r	303
14.3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT\r	305
14.3.1 Water dropwort fields\r	305
14.3.2 Jetgan toilet\r	305
14.3.3 Pit latrine toilet\r	306
14.3.4 Separated excreta jars (Ojum-janggun and Ddung-janggun)\r	307
14.4 SOCIAL EDUCATION FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT\r	307
14.5 IMPORTANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES\r	308
14.5.1 The separation of faeces with urine\r	308
14.5.2 Resource recovery from wastewater\r	308
14.5.3 Small-scaled and decentralized management\r	308
14.5.4 Ecological concepts in wastewater management system\r	308
14.5.5 Emphasis on social responsibility\r	309
14.6 LESSONS FROM THE PAST FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF CURRENT WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS\r	309
14.7 CONCLUSIONS\r	310
14.8 REFERENCES\r	311
Chapter 15: Drainage and sewerage systems at\rancient Athens, Hellas	313
15.1 INTRODUCTION\r	313
15.2\rTYPES OF DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE STRUCTURES: PIPELINES, CHANNELS AND GALLERIES	315
15.3 DRAINAGE OF REPRESENTATIVE AREAS\r	317
15.3.1 Drainage in the hydrologic basin north of the Acropolis hill\r	317
15.3.2 Drainage at the southern slopes of the Acropolis hill\r	318
15.3.2.1 Area south of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus\r	319
15.3.2.2 Excavation for the New Acropolis Museum and the Metro Station\r	319
15.4 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES OF DOUBTFUL INTERPRETATION\r	320
15.5 LAVATORIES AND LATRINES\r	322
15.6 POSSIBLE SANITATION PROBLEMS\r	323
15.6.1 Sanitation and water supply at the excavation for the New Acropolis Museum\r	323
15.6.2 The Plague during the Peloponnesian war\r	325
15.7 CONCLUSIONS\r	326
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\r	327
15.8 REFERENCES\r	327
Chapter 16: Sewerage system of Diocletian’s\rPalace in Split – Croatia	331
16.1 Introduction\r	331
16.2 Palace Water System\r	333
16.3 Drainage System of the Palace\r	334
16.3.1 The concept\r	334
16.3.2 Elements of the sewerage system and its characteristics\r	336
16.3.3 After roman period\r	338
16.4 The Discussion and Conclusion – Lesson Learned\r	341
16.5 References\r	343
Chapter 17: The evolution of sanitation in the rural area of Southwest China: With case of Dai villages of Xishuangbana, Yunnan\rprovince	345
17.1 INTRODUCTION\r	345
17.2 Sanitation in the Dai traditional society\r	346
17.2.1 Personal sanitation\r	346
17.2.2 Water facilities of daily life\r	347
17.2.3 Tap water\r	350
17.3 TRANSFORMATION OF SANITATION IN DAI AREAS\r	350
17.3.1 Water supply\r	350
17.3.2 Current situation of water use\r	350
17.3.3 Sanitation change\r	351
17.3.4 Popularization of toilet\r	352
17.3.5 The changes of the wastewater management\r	353
17.4 EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SANITATION\r	354
17.4.1 The social changes\r	354
17.4.2 Environmental impacts\r	355
17.4.3 Cultural impacts\r	356
17.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS\r	358
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT\r	359
17.6 REFERENCES\r	359
Chapter 18: Evolution of sanitation services in the city of Rome between urban development and environmental quality\r	361
18.1 INTRODUCTION\r	361
18.2 The Cloaca Maxima\r	362
18.3 The Role of the Roman Sewer System\r	364
18.3.1 Management aspects\r	364
18.3.2 Organizational and regulatory aspects\r	370
18.4 Development of the Sewerage-Water Treatment System After the Fall of the Roman Empire\r	373
18.4.1 Sewer network development from the Middle Ages until the end of the 19th century\r	373
18.4.2 Present-day configuration of the sewer system of the Capital\r	377
18.4.3 Future development of a sustainable urban drain system for the city of Rome\r	379
18.5 Discussion and Conclusions\r	381
18.6\rReferences	382
Chapter 19: History of the sewerage systemin Barcelona, Spain: From its Originsto Garcia Faria Plan	383
19.1 Introduction\r	383
19.2 Roman Sewerage\r	385
19.3 Medieval Barcelona\r	387
19.4 18th and 19th Century\r	389
19.5 The Problem of Soil’s and Water’s Putrefaction: The Miasmas\r	390
19.6 Characteristics of the Sewer System in Barcelona before the Cerdà Plan\r	392
19.7 From Cerdà to García Fària\r	392
19.8 “Salus Populi Suprema Lex Est”: The Utopia of Garcia Faria\r	394
19.9 Conclusions\r	398
19.10 References\r	398
Chapter 20: A brief history of the sewerage system in Prague and the role of William\rHeerlein Lindley	401
20.1 A Short History of Sanitation in the City of Prague\r	401
20.1.1 Prague–history and first sewers\r	401
20.1.2 Progress over next centuries\r	402
20.2 Towards a Modern Concept of Sanitation System\r	402
20.2.1 The first tender for the prague master plan\r	402
20.2.2 The second master plan tender\r	404
20.3 The Arrival of W.H. Lindley\r	405
20.3.1 When two are fighting ...\r	405
20.3.2 Building the new sewers of prague\r	407
20.4. The First Wastewater Treatment Plant\r	409
20.4.1. Construction and operation start-up\r	409
20.4.2. Between the Wars\r	413
20.4.3. Post-War Years\r	415
20.5. Epilogue\r	416
20.7 References\r	416
Appendix I\r	417
Terminology\r	417
Appendix II\r	417
Biography of Sir William Heerlein Lindley\r	417
Chapter 21: Waterborne diseases in the Hippocratictreatise \rAirs, Waters, Places	419
21.1 Introduction\r	419
21.2 Cities Exposed to Warm Winds – Profusive and Saltish Waters\r	420
21.3 Cities Exposed to Cold Winds – Hard and Cold Waters\r	423
21.4 Cities which Lie Between the Summer and the Winter Rising of the Sun\r	423
21.4.1 Cities lying towards sunrise\r	423
21.4.2 Cities lying towards sunset\r	423
21.5 other kinds of healthy and unhealthy waters\r	424
21.5.1 Stagnant waters\r	424
21.5.2 Waters flowing from rocks and from soils which produce thermal waters\r	424
21.5.3 Salty waters\r	424
21.5.4 Rain and snow waters\r	425
21.5.5 River and lake waters\r	425
21.6 Conclusion\r	426
21.7 Appendix of Hippocratic Medical Terms\r	426
21.8 References\r	427
Websites	427
Chapter 22:\rAncient Greek and Roman authorson health and sanitation	429
22.1 Introduction\r	429
22.2 Therapeutics Above All\r	429
22.3 Airs, Waters, Places\r	431
22.4 Galen\r	431
22.5 Sanitation After All\r	432
22.6 Non-Medical Authors on Sanitation\r	433
22.7 Epilogue\r	434
22.8 References\r	435
APPENDIX I	436
Chapter 23: Historical development of sanitation from the 19th century to nowadays: Centralized vs decentralized wastewater\rmanagement systems	437
23.1 Introduction\r	437
23.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment in the 19th Century\r	438
23.3 Centralized Wastewater Treatment Plants: The Gold Technology\r	444
23.4 Decentralized Systems\r	448
23.5 Kuhn and the Scientific Revolution: is Back Progress the Future ECO-Sanitation?\r	454
23.6 References\r	454
Chapter 24: The history of land application and hydroponic systems for wastewater\rtreatment and reuse	457
24.1 Introduction\r	457
24.2 Evolution of Wastewater Collection and Land Application and Hydroponic Treatment Systems	458
24.2.1 Bronze ages (ca. 3200–1100 BC)\r	458
24.2.2 Indus valley civilizations (ca. 2600–1900 BC)\r	459
24.2.3 Historical times (ca. 800 BC–330 AD)\r	460
Etruscan civilization (ca. 800–100 BC)	460
The Classical and Hellenistic periods (ca. 480–67 BC)	460
The Roman period (ca. 67BC–330 AD)	463
24.2.4 Medieval times (ca. 300–1500 AD)\r	463
24.2.5 Aztecs (ca. 1100–1521 AD)\r	464
24.2.6 Modern times (ca. 15th to the present)\r	464
Land application and reuse of wastewater	464
The use of hydroponic systems for waste water treatment and reuse	466
24.3 Environmental Concerns and Public Health \r	468
24.4 \r Emerging Trends	472
24.5\r Discussion and Conclusions	473
Acknowledgement\r	474
24.6 References\r	474
Chapter 25:\rEvolution and impacts of water andindustrial wastewater management inLavrion, Hellas	481
25.1 Introduction\r	481
25.2 Ancient Activities\r	483
25.3 Modern Activities and Related Environmental Impacts\r	485
25.4 Conclusions\r	491
25.5 References\r	491
Chapter 26:\rThe Water Court of Valencia, Spain(Wastewater)	493
26.1 Origen\r	493
26.2 The Scope of the Water Court: Huerta De Valencia\r	493
26.3 Managing the Farmer Communities\r	496
26.4 Constitution and Organisation of the Water Court\r	497
26.5 Water Court Processes\r	498
26.6 Spoken Trials\r	499
26.7 Enforcement of Judgments\r	501
26.8 Other Issues\r	502
26.9 Conclusions\r	503
26.10 References\r	503
Chapter 27: An overview and synthesis of the evolution of sanitation, and wastewater technologies through the centuries:\rpast, present, and future	505
27.1 Prolegomena\r	505
27.2 Prehistorical Times\r	506
Chapter 2	507
Chapter 3	507
27.3 Historical Times\r	508
Chapter 4	508
Chapter 5	508
Chapter 6	509
Chapter 7	509
Chapter 8	510
Chapter 9	510
Chapter 10	511
Chapter 11	511
Chapter 12	512
Chapter 13	512
Chapter 14	512
27.4 Case Studies\r	513
Chapter 15	513
Chapter 16	513
Chapter 17	514
Chapter 18	514
Chapter 19	514
Chapter 20	515
27.5 History of Water Borne Diseases\r	515
Chapter 21	515
Chapter 22\r	516
27.6 Sanitation in Modern Times\r	516
Chapter 23\r	516
Chapter 24	517
Chapter 25	518
Chapter 26\r	518
27.7 Sanitation in Present Times and for Cities of the Future\r	519
27.7.1 Healthy waters understood\r	519
27.7.2 Resource Recovery Facilities\r	520
27.7.3 Potable Water Reuse\r	521
27.7.4 Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)\r	524
27.8 Epilogue\r	524
27.9 References\r	525

Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries

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