BOOK
Applications of Activated Sludge Models
Damir Brdjanovic | S. C. F. Meijer | C. M. Lopez-Vazquez | C. M. Hooijmans | Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
In 1982 the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control (IAWPRC), as it was then called, established a Task Group on Mathematical Modelling for Design and Operation of Activated Sludge Processes. The aim of the Task Group was to create a common platform that could be used for the future development of models for COD and N removal with a minimum of complexity.
As the collaborative result of the work of several modelling groups, the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) was published in 1987, exactly 25 years ago. The ASM1 can be considered as the reference model, since this model triggered the general acceptance of wastewater treatment modelling, first in the research community and later on also in practice. ASM1 has become a reference for many scientific and practical projects, and has been implemented (in some cases with modifications) in most of the commercial software available for modelling and simulation of plants for N removal. The models have grown more complex over the years, from ASM1, including N removal processes, to ASM2 (and its variations) including P removal processes, and ASM3 that corrects the deficiencies of ASM1 and is based on a metabolic approach to modelling. So far, ASM1 is the most widely applied.
Applications of Activated Sludge Models has been prepared in celebration of 25 years of ASM1 and in tribute to the activated sludge modelling pioneer, the late Professor G.v.R. Marrais. It consists of a dozen of practical applications for ASM models to model development, plant optimization, extension, upgrade, retrofit and troubleshooting, carried out by the members of the Delft modelling group over the last two decades.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover\x0B | Cover | ||
| Contents | xv | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to modelling of activated sludge processes | 1 | ||
| 1.1 What is a model? | 1 | ||
| 1.2 Modeling basics | 6 | ||
| 1.2.1 Model building | 6 | ||
| 1.2.2 General model set-up | 7 | ||
| 1.2.3 Stoichiometry | 9 | ||
| 1.2.4 Kinetics | 10 | ||
| 1.2.5 Transport | 11 | ||
| 1.2.6 The matrix notation | 13 | ||
| 1.3 The stepwise development of biokinetic model: ASM 1 | 15 | ||
| 1.4 ASM3 | 21 | ||
| 1.5 The metabolic model | 24 | ||
| 1.6 Other developments on metabolic modelling | 30 | ||
| 1.7 Activated sludge model development history | 31 | ||
| 1.8 Simulator environments | 33 | ||
| 1.9 Introduction to general modeling protocols | 35 | ||
| 1.9.1 The inception phase | 37 | ||
| 1.9.2 The initial model construction | 38 | ||
| 1.9.3 Data acquisition and evaluation | 38 | ||
| 1.9.4 The model simulation and calibration phase | 39 | ||
| 1.9.5 The model retrofit and validation | 39 | ||
| 1.9.6 The operational plant assessment | 40 | ||
| 1.9.7 The model scenarios | 40 | ||
| 1.10 The STOWA protocol | 41 | ||
| 1.11 Influent characterization guidelines | 42 | ||
| 1.12 Model calibration | 43 | ||
| 1.13 The stepwise data approach to data acquisition | 44 | ||
| 1.14 Measurements planning | 44 | ||
| 1.15 Standards for project presentations | 45 | ||
| 1.16 Errors and inconsistent information | 46 | ||
| 1.17 Model accuracy | 46 | ||
| 1.18 Modeling and modern wastewater management | 47 | ||
| 1.19 Conclusions | 53 | ||
| References | 53 | ||
| Annex 1.1 Combined ASM2 and TUDP model | 60 | ||
| Chapter 2: WWTP Holten, the Netherlands: Model development and full-scale testing | 69 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 69 | ||
| 2.2 Model kinetics and stoichiometry | 70 | ||
| 2.2 Process description of WWTP Holten | 71 | ||
| 2.3 Sensitivity analysis | 73 | ||
| 2.3.1 Sludge production | 74 | ||
| 2.3.2 Concentrations | 74 | ||
| 2.3.3 Set-up of hydraulic model | 74 | ||
| 2.4 Calibration and validation | 75 | ||
| 2.4.1 Performance | 75 | ||
| 2.5 Discussion | 77 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusions | 78 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 78 | ||
| References | 78 | ||
| Chapter 3: WWTP Haarlem Waarderpolder, the Netherlands: Model Evaluation of a full-scale bio-P side-stream process\r | 81 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 81 | ||
| 3.2 Materials and methods | 82 | ||
| 3.2.1 Configuration of WWTP Haarlem Waarderpolder | 82 | ||
| 3.2.2 Influent characterization | 87 | ||
| 3.2.3 Batch experiments | 89 | ||
| 3.2.4 Sampling program and analytical methods | 90 | ||
| 3.2.5 Modeling tools | 91 | ||
| 3.2.6 Modeling strategy | 92 | ||
| 3.3 Results | 92 | ||
| 3.3.1 Sampling program | 92 | ||
| 3.3.2 Influent and sludge characterization | 92 | ||
| 3.3.3 Hydraulic set-up of the plant model | 92 | ||
| 3.3.4 Model calibration | 95 | ||
| 3.3.5 Model evaluation | 97 | ||
| 3.3.6 Alternative EBPR process configurations | 100 | ||
| 3.4 Discussion | 102 | ||
| 3.4.1 Influent characterization | 102 | ||
| 3.4.2 Model calibration | 103 | ||
| 3.4.3 Operational aspects | 104 | ||
| 3.4.4 Practical aspects | 104 | ||
| 3.5 Conclusions | 106 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 106 | ||
| References | 106 | ||
| Annex 3.1: Influent characterization procedure according to Dutch guidelines (STOWA, 1996) | 108 | ||
| Annex 3.2: Results of the sampling program and data collected by the plant staff (April 1997) | 110 | ||
| Annex 3.3: Process configurations schemes of the WWTP Haarlem Waarderpolder | 112 | ||
| Chapter 4: WWTP Katwoude, the Netherlands: Development of wastewater treatment data verification techniques | 115 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 115 | ||
| 4.2 WWTP Katwoude | 116 | ||
| 4.2.1 Process description | 116 | ||
| 4.2.2 Measurements | 118 | ||
| 4.2.3 The process model | 118 | ||
| 4.2.4 Introducing Macrobal | 119 | ||
| 4.3 Error detection and data reconciliation | 121 | ||
| 4.3.1 Estimation of the SRT | 121 | ||
| 4.3.2 Balancing operational data | 121 | ||
| 4.4 Model calibration and simulation | 123 | ||
| 4.4.1 Fitting the sludge production | 123 | ||
| 4.4.2 Calibrating nitrification, denitrification and EBPR | 124 | ||
| 4.5. Discussion | 124 | ||
| 4.5.1 Balancing conserved compounds | 124 | ||
| 4.5.2 Calibrating EBPR | 125 | ||
| 4.5.3 Calibrating N fractions | 125 | ||
| 4.6 Conclusions | 126 | ||
| References | 126 | ||
| Chapter 5: WWTP Hardenberg, the Netherlands: Modelling full-scale start-up of the BCFS® process | 129 | ||
| PART 1: Modelling regular operation of WWTP Hardenberg | 129 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 129 | ||
| 5.2 Materials and methods | 130 | ||
| 5.2.1 WWTP Hardenberg | 130 | ||
| 5.2.2 Measurements | 131 | ||
| 5.2.3 The WWTP Hardenberg model | 131 | ||
| 5.2.4 Model adjustments | 133 | ||
| 5.2.5 Influent characterisation | 133 | ||
| 5.3 Data evaluation | 133 | ||
| 5.3.1 Initial simulation | 133 | ||
| 5.3.2 Evaluation of the SRT | 133 | ||
| 5.3.3 Evaluation of recycle flow A | 135 | ||
| 5.3.4 Evaluation of recycle flow B | 136 | ||
| 5.4 Model calibration | 136 | ||
| 5.4.1 Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification | 137 | ||
| 5.5 Discussion | 139 | ||
| 5.5.1 Fitting models on faulty data | 139 | ||
| 5.5.2 Sensitivity analysis | 139 | ||
| 5.5.3 A heuristic calibration approach | 140 | ||
| 5.5.4 The calibration procedure | 141 | ||
| 5.5.5 Balancing solids | 141 | ||
| 5.5.6 Calibrating KO | 141 | ||
| 5.5.7 The COD and N balance | 142 | ||
| 5.6 Conclusions on the modelling of regular plant operation | 143 | ||
| PART 2: Modelling start-up of WWTP Hardenberg | 143 | ||
| 5.7 Introduction | 143 | ||
| 5.8 Materials and methods | 143 | ||
| 5.8.1 The start-up procedure | 143 | ||
| 5.8.2 Recording the original WWTP | 144 | ||
| 5.8.3 Measuring the start-up | 146 | ||
| 5.8.4 Models | 146 | ||
| 5.8.5 Solids retention in the anaerobic reactor | 147 | ||
| 5.8.6 Modelling temperature | 148 | ||
| 5.9 Model calibration and simulation | 149 | ||
| 5.9.1 Data evaluation | 149 | ||
| 5.9.2 Calibrating the model of the old WWTP | 150 | ||
| 5.9.3 Calibrating the start-up | 151 | ||
| 5.10 Evaluation of the TUDP model | 153 | ||
| 5.10.1 Sensitivity analysis | 153 | ||
| 5.10.2 Calibrating EBPR | 155 | ||
| 5.11 Discussion | 157 | ||
| 5.11.1 Influent characterisation | 157 | ||
| 5.11.2 Simulation of the old WWTP | 157 | ||
| 5.11.3 Modelling chemical P precipitation | 158 | ||
| 5.11.4 Modelling anaerobic solids retention time | 158 | ||
| 5.11.5 Dynamic evaluation of operational conditions | 158 | ||
| 5.11.6 Interpretation of the start-up dynamics | 159 | ||
| 5.12 Conclusions on start-up simulations | 160 | ||
| References | 161 | ||
| Chapter 6: WWTP Shell Godorf, Germany: Optimization of oil refinery wastewater treatment | 165 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 165 | ||
| 6.2 Materials and Methods | 166 | ||
| 6.2.1 Wastewater treatment plant configuration | 166 | ||
| 6.2.1 Influent characterization | 167 | ||
| 6.2.1 Sampling campaign | 167 | ||
| 6.2.1 Experimental program | 167 | ||
| 6.3 Modeling tools | 167 | ||
| 6.4 Calibration strategy | 168 | ||
| 6.5 Results | 168 | ||
| 6.5.1 Influent characterization | 168 | ||
| 6.5.2 Sampling campaign | 170 | ||
| 6.6 Experimental campaign | 170 | ||
| 6.5.1 Nitrification test | 170 | ||
| 6.5.2 Denitrification test | 171 | ||
| 6.5.3 Hydraulic set-up of the plant model | 171 | ||
| 6.5.4 Model calibration and simulation | 173 | ||
| 6.5.5 Model validation | 175 | ||
| 6.5.6 Performance evaluation | 175 | ||
| 6.6 Process optimization | 175 | ||
| 6.6.1 Scenario 1: Implementation of an idle phase | 176 | ||
| 6.6.2 Scenario 2: Transforming B3 basin from aerobic to anoxic | 176 | ||
| 6.6.3 Scenario 3: Combined preand post-denitrification with external methanol addition | 176 | ||
| 6.7 Discussion | 177 | ||
| 6.8 Conclusions | 179 | ||
| References | 179 | ||
| Chapter 7: WWTP Walcheren, the Netherlands: Model-based evaluation of a novel upgrading concept for N removal | 183 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 183 | ||
| 7.2 Materials and methods | 184 | ||
| 7.2.1 Walcheren wastewater treatment plant | 184 | ||
| 7.2.2 Wastewater characterization | 185 | ||
| 7.2.3 The BABE reactor | 186 | ||
| 7.3 Results and discussion | 186 | ||
| 7.3.1 Increasing the DO in the aeration tanks | 186 | ||
| 7.3.2 Upgrading of the WWTP by the BABE concept | 187 | ||
| 7.3.3 Modification of the WWTP Walcheren to meet the effluent requirements | 188 | ||
| 7.3.4 Comparison of the upgrading strategies for the Walcheren WWTP | 189 | ||
| 7.3.5 Use of modelling | 189 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusions | 190 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| Chapter 8: WWTP Anjana, India: Coupling models for integrated and plant wide modelling | 191 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 191 | ||
| 8.2 Materials and methods | 192 | ||
| 8.2.1 WWTP Anjana | 192 | ||
| 8.2.2 Sampling program and analytical methods | 194 | ||
| 8.2.3 Wastewater and sludge characterization | 194 | ||
| 8.2.4 Model building and ASM3-ADM1 coupling | 194 | ||
| 8.2.5 ADM1-ASM3 coupling | 197 | ||
| 8.2.6 Modelling strategy | 198 | ||
| 8.2.7 Model calibration and validation | 198 | ||
| 8.2.8 Scenarios evaluation for process upgrade and optimization | 199 | ||
| 8.3 Results | 199 | ||
| 8.3.1 Model calibration | 199 | ||
| 8.3.2 Model validation | 201 | ||
| 8.3.3 Model-based evaluation for process optimization and upgrade | 202 | ||
| 8.3.4 Modelling the return of the filtrate stream | 204 | ||
| 8.4 Discussion | 204 | ||
| 8.4.1 Influent and sludge characterization | 204 | ||
| 8.4.2 Model calibration | 205 | ||
| 8.4.3 Model coupling | 206 | ||
| 8.4.4 Plant performance assessment for current and future scenarios | 206 | ||
| 8.5 Conclusions | 207 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 207 | ||
| References | 207 | ||
| Chapter 9: WWTP Ecco, the Netherlands: Modelling nitrogen removal from tannery wastewater | 209 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 209 | ||
| 9.2 Materials and methods | 209 | ||
| 9.2.1 Plant and process description | 209 | ||
| 9.2 Measurements | 210 | ||
| 9.3 Process model (selection and adjustment) | 211 | ||
| 9.4 Influent measurement and characterization | 212 | ||
| 9.5 Balancing operational data and measurements | 212 | ||
| 9.5.1 Estimation of sludge age, Q recycling and Qin2 | 212 | ||
| 9.6 Model calibration and simulation | 213 | ||
| 9.6.1 Calibration of the solids | 213 | ||
| 9.6.2 Calibrating nitrification and denitrification | 213 | ||
| 9.7 Model validation | 214 | ||
| 9.8 Model application | 215 | ||
| 9.8.1 Evaluation of the existing plant performance and possible extension | 215 | ||
| 9.8.2 Process optimization | 216 | ||
| 9.9 Discussion | 216 | ||
| 9.10 Conclusions | 217 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| Chapter 10: WWTP Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Use of modeling for cost-effective reconstruction of urban wastewater infrastructure | 221 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 221 | ||
| 10.2 Model of Sarajevo sewerage system | 222 | ||
| 10.3 Model of WWTP Sarajevo | 225 | ||
| 10.3.1 WWTP Sarajevo | 225 | ||
| 10.3.2 Capacity prognosis | 226 | ||
| 10.3.3 Reconstruction of the influent characteristics | 227 | ||
| 10.3.4 Scenario results | 228 | ||
| 10.3.5 Scenarios evaluation | 232 | ||
| 10.4 Modeling discharge‐receiving rivers Miljacka and Bosna | 235 | ||
| 10.5 Conclusions and recommendations | 238 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| Chapter 11: WWTP Illidge Rd., Sint Maarten N.A.: Use of modelling for cost-effective design of wastewater treatment plant | 241 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 241 | ||
| 11.2 Materials and methods | 243 | ||
| 11.2.1 Description of the study area: Cul-de-Sac, St. Maarten | 243 | ||
| 11.2.2 Scenarios of study | 245 | ||
| 11.2.3 Wastewater characterization and fractionation | 246 | ||
| 11.2.4 Evaluation of the new wastewater treatment plant configurations | 246 | ||
| 11.3 Results and discussion | 247 | ||
| 11.3.1 Evaluation of the current plant performance | 247 | ||
| 11.3.2 Scenarios of study | 247 | ||
| 11.3.3 Wastewater fractionation and characterization | 248 | ||
| 11.3.4 Assessment of the wastewater treatment plant configurations | 250 | ||
| 11.4 Conclusions | 253 | ||
| References | 253 | ||
| Chapter 12: WWTP Dulces-Nombers, Mexico: Model-based evaluation of a fullscale plant hydraulics | 259 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 259 | ||
| 12.2 Materials and methods | 260 | ||
| 12.2.1 The WWTP Dulces-Nombres | 260 | ||
| 12.2.2. Preliminary simulation | 260 | ||
| 12.2.3 Flow measurements | 262 | ||
| 12.2.4 Tracer test and hydraulic modeling | 262 | ||
| 12.3 Results and discussion | 262 | ||
| 12.3.1 Preliminary simulation | 262 | ||
| 12.3.2 Flows | 263 | ||
| 12.3.3 Modeling of the tracer test data and hydraulics calibration | 264 | ||
| 12.4 Conclusions | 265 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| Chapter 13: WWTP Varaždin, Croatia: Use of models for cost‐effective planning of plant retrofit and upgrade scenarios | 267 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 267 | ||
| 13.2 WWTP Varaždin | 267 | ||
| 13.3 Upgrade scenarios | 273 | ||
| 13.3.1 Existing situation: S0 | 274 | ||
| 13.3.2 Scenarios S1 and S2 | 275 | ||
| 13.3.3 Scenarios S3 and S4 | 278 | ||
| 13.3.4 Scenarios S5 and S6 | 278 | ||
| 13.3.5 Scenarios S7 and S8 | 278 | ||
| 13.4 Building up the BioWin hydraulic flow scheme | 278 | ||
| 13.5 Scenarios regarding plant layout | 284 | ||
| 13.6 Scenarios regarding plant volumes | 285 | ||
| 13.7 Operational performance of the scenarios | 287 | ||
| 13.7.1 Effluent quality | 287 | ||
| 13.7.2 SRT | 289 | ||
| 13.7.3 Sludge production | 289 | ||
| 13.7.4 Primary settling and digestion impact on sludge production | 290 | ||
| 13.7.5 Digester design | 291 | ||
| 13.7.6 Nitrogen removal | 292 | ||
| 13.7.7 Internal (nitrogen) loading | 292 | ||
| 13.8 Scenarios regarding secondary settling | 294 | ||
| 13.8 Conclusions and recommendations on the modelling study | 296 | ||
| 13.9 Multi-criteria scenario analysis | 298 | ||
| 13.9.1 Treatment efficiency | 299 | ||
| 13.9.2 Investment costs | 299 | ||
| 13.9.3 Operational costs | 300 | ||
| 13.9.4 Technological complexity and maintenance | 300 | ||
| 13.9.5 Operating stability and robustness | 301 | ||
| 13.9.6 Required space | 302 | ||
| 13.9.7 Upgrade implementation complexity | 302 | ||
| 13.9.8 Sludge generation | 303 | ||
| 13.9.10 Multi-criteria analysis | 304 | ||
| 13.10 Selected scenario for upgrade of WWTP Varaždin | 305 | ||
| 13.10.1 Design temperature | 307 | ||
| 13.10.2 Design influent concentrations | 307 | ||
| 13.10.3 Design hydraulic load | 308 | ||
| 13.10.4 Design principles | 309 | ||
| 13.10.10 Estimated investment costs | 311 | ||
| 13.11 Conclusions on the scenario selection | 311 | ||
| Reference | 312 | ||
| Annex 13.1: WWTP layout and process flow diagram for scenarios S1-S8 | 313 | ||
| Annex 13.2: Hydraulic process scheme of the WWTP for scenario S1-S8 | 325 | ||
| Chapter 14: WWTP Amsterdam West, the Netherlands: Use of models to explain deterioration of effluent quality under wet weather conditions | 339 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 339 | ||
| 14.2 WWTP Amsterdam West | 340 | ||
| 14.2.1 Plant and process description | 340 | ||
| 14.2.2 Measurements | 341 | ||
| 14.3 Model construction | 342 | ||
| 14.3.1 Process model description | 342 | ||
| 14.3.2 Data reconciliation | 343 | ||
| 14.3.3 Model influent characterization | 344 | ||
| 14.4 Model calibration | 345 | ||
| 14.5 Modelling dynamic influent conditions | 345 | ||
| 14.5.1 Modelling dry weather flow | 345 | ||
| 14.5.2 Modelling rain weather flow (RWF) | 346 | ||
| 14.5.3 Dynamic effluent simulation results | 347 | ||
| 14.5.4 Mixing time simulation | 348 | ||
| 14.6 Plant assessment and discussion | 348 | ||
| 14.6.1 Considerations on the model and simulations | 348 | ||
| 14.6.2 Effluent performance under dry weather conditions | 349 | ||
| 14.6.3 Effluent performance under rain weather conditions | 349 | ||
| 14.6.4 Model-based assessment of the EBPR process | 350 | ||
| 14.7 Conclusions | 353 | ||
| References | 354 | ||
| Chapter 15: WWTP Houtrust, the Netherlands: Plant upgrade using big-data and reconciliation techniques | 357 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 357 | ||
| 15.2 Performance assessment of WWTP Houtrust | 359 | ||
| 15.3 N-tot study WWTP Houtrust | 360 | ||
| 15.4 Problem definition and goals | 362 | ||
| 15.5 Plant inventory | 363 | ||
| 15.6 Structured approach towards valid model results | 364 | ||
| 15.7 Part 1: Technical plant description | 365 | ||
| 15.7.1 Facts and figures | 365 | ||
| 15.7.2 Description of the process flow system | 367 | ||
| 15.8 Part 2: Organizing plant data and development of a data model | 370 | ||
| 15.8.1 Data improvement | 370 | ||
| 15.8.2 Development of the data model: The directed incidence matrix | 371 | ||
| 15.8.3 Data evaluation planning | 373 | ||
| 15.18.4 Data model development | 374 | ||
| 15.8.5 Data representativeness improvement | 376 | ||
| 15.8.6 Data and parameter estimation based on activated sludge composition | 380 | ||
| 15.8.7 Applicability of sludge composition measurements for data estimation | 381 | ||
| 15.9 Part 3: Practical methods for creation of data redundancy | 382 | ||
| 15.9.1 Optimizing and reducing the requirement for data | 384 | ||
| 15.9.2 Available methods for selecting balances | 384 | ||
| 15.9.3 Practical rules for selecting flow and mass balances | 384 | ||
| 15.10 Part 4: Results of the data evaluation study | 386 | ||
| 15.10.1 Construction of the data model and planning the measurements | 388 | ||
| 15.10.2 Error detection and data reconciliation | 388 | ||
| 15.11 Part 5: Model and calibration results | 391 | ||
| 15.11.1 Model calibration | 392 | ||
| 15.11.2 Determining calibration accuracy by parameter sensitivity analysis | 400 | ||
| 15.11.3 Dynamic temperature modelling | 403 | ||
| 15.12 Discussion on data accuracy in wastewater treatment | 406 | ||
| 15.13 Final remarks | 408 | ||
| References | 409 | ||
| Chapter 16: WWTP UPM, Uruguay: Modelling pulp mill wastewater treatment | 411 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 411 | ||
| 16.1.1. Background | 411 | ||
| 16.1.2. Description of the Metsä-Botnia pulp mill plant in Uruguay | 411 | ||
| 16.1.3 Pulp mill manufacturing processes | 413 | ||
| 16.1.4 Wastewater treatment plant | 415 | ||
| 16.2 Materials and methods | 417 | ||
| 16.2.1 Process description | 417 | ||
| 16.2.2 Data collection and evaluation | 418 | ||
| 16.2.3 Steady-state model and aerobic batch tests | 419 | ||
| 16.2.4 Model calibration and validation | 419 | ||
| 16.2.5 Scenarios assessment | 419 | ||
| 16.3 Results and discussion | 421 | ||
| 16.3.1 Data collection and evaluation | 421 | ||
| 16.3.2 Evaluated Pulp mill WWTP process plant layout | 423 | ||
| 16.3.3 Evaluated pulp mill wastewater characteristics and fractionation | 424 | ||
| 16.3.4 Steady-state model and aerobic batch tests | 425 | ||
| 16.3.5 Model calibration | 426 | ||
| 16.3.6 Model validation | 427 | ||
| 16.3.7 Assessment of plant improvement and upgrading scenarios | 428 | ||
| 16.4. Conclusions | 435 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 435 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| Chapter 17: The past, present and future of wastewater treatment modeling | 437 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 437 | ||
| 17.2 Historical overview | 437 | ||
| 17.2 Recent developments | 439 | ||
| 17.3 Statistics on ASM literature | 440 | ||
| 17.4 Calibration and model accuracy related to ASM development | 445 | ||
| 17.5 The future | 445 | ||
| References | 450 |