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Book Details
Abstract
Available as eBook only.
There is general consensus among sanitary engineering professionals that municipal wastewater and wastewater sludge is not a “waste”, but a potential source of valuable resources. Energy and Resource Recovery from Sludge provides essential knowledge on energy and resource recovery from sludge and focuses on:
- The international situation of energy and resource recovery from sludge
- How the use of different sludge treatment processes affects the possibility of recovering energy and/or materials from the residual sludge
- The influence of market and regulatory drivers on the fate of the sludge end-product
- The feasibility of energy and resource recovery from sludge
- The social, economic and environmental performance (triple bottom line or TBL assessment) of current alternatives technologies.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover page | 1 | ||
| Title page | 2 | ||
| Copyright page | 3 | ||
| Global Water Research Coalition: Global cooperation for the generation of water knowledge | 4 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 6 | ||
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | 7 | ||
| LIST OF TABLES | 10 | ||
| LIST OF FIGURES | 12 | ||
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 13 | ||
| 1.0 General Introduction | 16 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 16 | ||
| 1.2 Focus and Purpose of Report | 17 | ||
| 1.3 Audience | 18 | ||
| 2.0 Playing Field and Boundaries | 19 | ||
| 3.0 Current International Practices | 20 | ||
| 3.1 Regulations | 20 | ||
| 3.2 Status of Sludge Production | 21 | ||
| 3.3 Fate of Sludge End Product | 27 | ||
| 3.3.1 Products Recoverable from Sewage Sludge | 27 | ||
| 3.3.2 Sludge Disposal Situation in Different Countries | 28 | ||
| 3.3.2.1 Overview | 28 | ||
| 3.3.2.2 Individual Countries | 29 | ||
| 4.0 Review of Current Knowledge on Energy and Resource Recovery from Sludge | 35 | ||
| 4.1 Categories of Treatment Processes for Resources Recovery | 35 | ||
| 4.2 Phosphorus Recovery | 35 | ||
| 4.2.1 Calcium Phosphate Recovery | 35 | ||
| 4.2.1.1 Seeded Process | 35 | ||
| 4.2.1.2 Precipitation | 36 | ||
| 4.3 Building Material Recovery | 38 | ||
| 4.4 Energy Recovery | 40 | ||
| 4.4.1 Sludge to Biogas | 41 | ||
| 4.4.1.1 Sludge Pretreatment for Enhanced Biogas Production | 41 | ||
| 4.4.1.2 Thermal Energy Recovery Only | 45 | ||
| 4.4.1.3 Combined Heat and Power from Digester Gas (as Electricity) | 46 | ||
| 4.4.1.4 Combined Heat and Power from Digester Gas (as Mechanical Energy) | 48 | ||
| 4.4.2 Sludge-to-Syngas Processes | 48 | ||
| 4.4.2.1 Gasification | 49 | ||
| 4.4.3 Sludge-to-Oil Processes | 49 | ||
| 4.4.4 Sludge-to-Liquid Processes | 51 | ||
| 4.4.4.1 Supercritical Water Oxidation | 51 | ||
| 4.5 Market Drivers | 51 | ||
| 4.5.1 Sustainability/Environmental Concerns | 52 | ||
| 4.5.2 Energy Cost and Type | 52 | ||
| 4.5.3 Resource Quality and Quantity | 53 | ||
| 4.5.4 Regulation/Legislation | 53 | ||
| 4.6 Feasibility of Energy and Resource Recovery | 54 | ||
| 4.6.1 Technical Feasibility | 54 | ||
| 4.6.2 Economic Feasibility | 55 | ||
| 4.6.3 Social Feasibility | 57 | ||
| 5.0 Future Developments/Emerging Technologies | 59 | ||
| 5.1 Emerging Technologies for Resource Recovery | 59 | ||
| 5.1.1 Emerging Technologies for Phosphorus Recovery | 59 | ||
| 5.1.1.1 KREPO Technology | 59 | ||
| 5.1.1.2 KemicondTM Technology | 60 | ||
| 5.1.1.3 Seaborne Technology | 60 | ||
| 5.1.1.4 BioCon | 61 | ||
| 5.1.1.5 SEPHOS Technology | 61 | ||
| 5.1.1.6 SUSAN Technology | 62 | ||
| 5.1.2 New Investigations for Building Material Recovery | 62 | ||
| 5.1.3 ARP Technology for Nitrogen Recovery | 62 | ||
| 5.1.4 BIOSOL Process for Low Metal Containing Compost Production | 63 | ||
| 5.1.5 Volatile Acids Production | 63 | ||
| 5.1.6 Bio-Pesticides | 63 | ||
| 5.2 Emerging Technologies for Energy Recovery | 64 | ||
| 5.2.1 Emerging Sludge-to-Biogas Processes | 64 | ||
| 5.2.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion | 64 | ||
| 5.2.1.2 Use of Biosolids Pellets for Bio-hydrogen Gas Production | 64 | ||
| 5.2.1.3 Ozonation | 65 | ||
| 5.2.1.4 Pulsed Electric Fields | 65 | ||
| 5.2.1.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis | 66 | ||
| 5.2.1.6 Microwave Irradiation | 66 | ||
| 5.2.1.7 AFCsm Process | 66 | ||
| 5.2.2 Emerging Sludge-to-Oil Processes | 67 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Sludge-To-Oil Reactor System | 67 | ||
| 5.2.3 Emerging Sludge-to-Liquid Processes | 67 | ||
| 5.2.3.1 Super Critical Water Oxidation | 67 | ||
| 5.3 Processes for Energy and Resource Recovery | 68 | ||
| 5.3.1 KTH Two-Stage Acid-Base Leaching Concept | 68 | ||
| 5.3.2 Aqua-ReciTM Technology | 69 | ||
| 6.0 International Case Studies | 70 | ||
| 7.0 Triple Bottom Line Assessment | 83 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 83 | ||
| 7.2 The TBL Approach | 83 | ||
| 7.3 TBL Evaluation | 90 | ||
| 7.3.1 Energy Recovery | 90 | ||
| 7.3.2 Resource Recovery | 90 | ||
| 7.4 Limits of the TBL Evaluation | 93 | ||
| 7.5 This Report in Wider Context | 94 | ||
| 8.0 Gaps in Knowledge | 96 | ||
| 8.1 Identification of Gaps | 96 | ||
| 8.1.1 Energy Balance | 97 | ||
| 8.1.2 Capital and O&M Costs | 97 | ||
| 8.1.3 Quantity of Raw Material Used and Resources Produced | 97 | ||
| 8.1.4 Technologies for P Recovery from Iron Precipitates | 98 | ||
| 8.1.5 Technologies for Coagulant Recovery and Recycling | 98 | ||
| 8.1.6 Life Cycle Analysis | 98 | ||
| 8.1.7 Social Acceptance Surveys | 98 | ||
| 8.1.8 Modeling Energy and Resource Recovery Technologies | 98 | ||
| 8.1.9 Optimal Pathway for Sludge Treatment | 99 | ||
| 8.2 Summary of the Knowledge Gaps of the Technologies | 99 | ||
| 8.3 Recommendations Resulting from Knowledge Gap Analysis | 102 | ||
| Recommendation 1 | 102 | ||
| Recommendation 2 | 102 | ||
| Recommendation 3 | 102 | ||
| Recommendation 4 | 102 | ||
| Recommendation 5 | 103 | ||
| Recommendation 6 | 103 | ||
| Recommendation 7 | 103 | ||
| Recommendation 8 | 103 | ||
| GLOSSARY | 104 | ||
| ABBREVIATIONS | 106 | ||
| REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| Appendix A: Literature Review of Anaerobic Digestion and Energy Recovery from Wastewater Sludge | 124 | ||
| Introduction to the Appendix | 125 | ||
| Anaerobic Digester Processes | 125 | ||
| Historical Context of Anaerobic Wastewater Solids Digestion | 125 | ||
| Anaerobic Digestion Process Configurations | 128 | ||
| Low-rate Anaerobic Digestion | 128 | ||
| High-rate Anaerobic Digestion | 129 | ||
| Two-stage Anaerobic Digestion | 131 | ||
| Temperature-phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD) | 133 | ||
| Two-phase Anaerobic Digestion (Acid-gas phased Anaerobic Digestion AGAD) | 136 | ||
| Threeand Multi-staged Anaerobic Digestion | 137 | ||
| Comparison of Anaerobic Digestion Technologies | 139 | ||
| Alternatives Investigated in this Project | 139 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Alternative: | 139 | ||
| Digester Tank Configuration | 139 | ||
| Effect of Supernatant Quality from Digester Process Conversion on Liquid Process Train | 141 | ||
| Digester Gas Pretreatment Systems | 142 | ||
| Moisture | 142 | ||
| Siloxanes | 143 | ||
| Impact on Energy Recovery Systems | 143 | ||
| Siloxane Tolerances | 144 | ||
| Siloxane Removal Techniques | 145 | ||
| Condensation: | 145 | ||
| Liquid Absorption: | 145 | ||
| Activated Carbon Filter: | 146 | ||
| Other Techniques for Siloxane Removal: | 146 | ||
| Hydrogen Sulfide | 147 | ||
| Impact on Energy Recovery Systems and the Environment | 147 | ||
| Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Techniques | 148 | ||
| Digester Gas Energy Recovery Systems | 161 | ||
| Boilers | 161 | ||
| Engine Generators | 162 | ||
| Microturbines | 163 | ||
| Fuel Cells | 164 | ||
| Direct Drive | 166 | ||
| Stirling Engine | 171 | ||
| Summary of Energy Recovery Systems | 172 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Appendix B: Detailed Descriptions of Existing Energy and Resource Recovery Technologies | 184 | ||
| B.1 TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOSPHORUS RECOVERY | 185 | ||
| B.1.1 Crystalactor® Technology | 185 | ||
| Description | 185 | ||
| Application | 185 | ||
| Cost Estimate | 185 | ||
| B.1.2 Technical Variants of Crystalactor® | 186 | ||
| Technical Variants | 186 | ||
| B.1.3 PhoStrip© Technology | 188 | ||
| Description | 188 | ||
| Application | 189 | ||
| B.2 TECHNOLOGIES FOR BUILDING MATERIAL RECOVERY | 189 | ||
| B.2.1 Thermal Solidification for ALWA Production | 189 | ||
| B.2.2 Thermal Solidification for Slag Production | 189 | ||
| B.2.3 Thermal Solidification for Brick Production | 189 | ||
| B.2.4 Examples of Thermal Solidification Plants in Japan | 190 | ||
| B.3 CATEGORIES OF TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR ENERGY RECOVERY | 190 | ||
| B.3.1 Sludge-to-Biogas Processes | 191 | ||
| B.3.1.1 Thermal Hydrolysis | 192 | ||
| B.3.1.1.1 Cambi® Technology | 192 | ||
| B.3.1.1.2 BioThelys® Technology | 195 | ||
| B.3.1.2 Cell Destruction | 196 | ||
| B.3.1.2.1 MicroSludgeTM | 196 | ||
| B.3.1.2.2 Ultrasonic Treatment | 198 | ||
| B.3.2 Sludge-to-Syngas Processes | 200 | ||
| B.3.2.1 Gasification | 200 | ||
| B.3.2.2 Incineration | 204 | ||
| B.3.3 Sludge-to-Oil Processes | 206 | ||
| B.3.3.1 Pyrolysis | 206 | ||
| B.3.4 Sludge-to-Liquid Processes | 211 | ||
| B.3.4.1 Super Critical Water Oxidation | 211 | ||
| Appendix C: Detailed Descriptions of Emerging Energy and Resource Recovery Technologies | 214 | ||
| C.1 RESOURCE RECOVERY | 215 | ||
| C.1.1 Phosphorus Recovery | 215 | ||
| C.1.1.1 KREPO Technology | 215 | ||
| C.1.1.2 KemicondTM Technology | 216 | ||
| C.1.1.3 Seaborne Technology | 218 | ||
| C.1.1.4. BioCon Technology | 219 | ||
| C.1.1.5 SEPHOS Technology | 220 | ||
| C.1.1.6 ARP Technology for Nitrogen Recovery | 221 | ||
| C.2 Energy Recovery | 223 | ||
| C.2.1 Sludge to Biogas | 223 | ||
| C.2.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion - The Bioterminator24/85 | 223 | ||
| C.2.1.2 Ozonation | 224 | ||
| C.2.2 Sludge-To-Oil | 225 | ||
| C.2.2.1 Sludge-To-Oil Reactor System | 225 | ||
| C.2.3 Sludge to Liquid | 226 | ||
| C.2.3.1 Aqua Citrox® Technology | 226 | ||
| C.3 ENERGY AND RESOURCE RECOVERY | 227 | ||
| C.3.1 KTH Two-Stage Acid-Base Leaching Concept Description | 227 | ||
| C.3.2 Aqua-ReciTM Technology | 229 | ||
| Appendix D: Conversion Factors | 234 |