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Book Details
Abstract
What are the rules of international water law that govern the use of the transboundary aquifers shared by Palestine and Israel? This book addresses this issue through an interdisciplinary approach, identifying first the special problems tied to the management of shared groundwater, and next critically analysing the applicable rules of international law. The innovative contribution of this work is its attempt to devise and suggest the means to implement a "progressive framework" for cooperation in the development and management of these shared waters. A solid review of hydro-politics, supported by current up to date information and rigorous examination of the evolution of the relevant rules of international law makes this book an important contribution to this very problematic area. Dr Fadia Diabes-Murad was awarded the Edberg Award 2005, presented at a special awards ceremony in Stockholm. The award recognised her contribution to peace in the Middle East through her work on water law, including using water as a catalyst for peace in the Middle East.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Foreword | 13 | ||
| Preface | 15 | ||
| Abbreviations | 16 | ||
| 1.0 Introduction | 18 | ||
| 1.1 WHY TRANSBOUNDARY GROUNDWATER? | 18 | ||
| 1.2 TRANSBOUNDARY GROUNDWATER LAW: THE NEED FOR MODERN DEVELOPMENT | 21 | ||
| 1.3 THE MOUNTAIN AQUIFER\x02 CASE STUDY | 23 | ||
| 2.0 Groundwater: Hydrogeological, management and legal perspectives | 25 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 25 | ||
| 2.2 GROUNDWATER: KEY FEATURES | 27 | ||
| 2.2.1 Background | 27 | ||
| 2.2.2\t A Finite Resource | 30 | ||
| 2.2.3 Groundwater Crosses Borders | 32 | ||
| 2.2.4\tAn Integral Component of the Environment | 33 | ||
| 2.3 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES | 34 | ||
| 2.3.1 Background | 34 | ||
| 2.3.2\tPollution and Depletion | 35 | ||
| 2.3.3\tScarcity of Groundwater Related Data | 36 | ||
| 2.4 MODERN TRENDS IN NATIONAL GROUNDWATER REGULATION-RELEVANCE AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL | 37 | ||
| 2.4.1 Background | 37 | ||
| 2.4.2\tPlanning, Management and Regulatory Hydrologic Unit -“Scope” | 38 | ||
| 2.4.3\tOwnership Rights | 41 | ||
| 2.4.4\tRegulatory Instruments for Groundwater Protection | 43 | ||
| 2.4.4.1 Monitoring and Assessment | 43 | ||
| 2.4.4.2 Permitting System | 45 | ||
| 2.4.4.3 Protection and Conservation Areas | 48 | ||
| 2.4.4.4 Economic and Financial Regulatory Instruments | 50 | ||
| 2.5\tCONCLUSIONS | 51 | ||
| 3.0 The Water Conflict over the Mountain Aquifer | 53 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 53 | ||
| 3.1.1\tThe Water Conflict and the Political Setting | 54 | ||
| 3.1.2\tGeography and General Water Situation | 55 | ||
| 3.1.3\tTHE MOUNTAIN AQUIFER | 57 | ||
| 3.2 ISRAELI WATER POLICY AND PRACTICES: IMPACT ON PALESTINE’S DEVELOPMENT | 61 | ||
| 3.2.1 Background | 61 | ||
| 3.2.2\t1948-1967 | 63 | ||
| 3.2.3\t1967-1992 | 63 | ||
| 3.2.4\t1992-Present | 65 | ||
| 3.3 THE PARTIES’ POSITION ON THE WATER CONFLICT | 68 | ||
| 3.3.1 The Palestinian Position | 68 | ||
| 3.3.2\t The Israeli Position | 70 | ||
| 3.4 THE WATER CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW | 71 | ||
| 3.4 1 Introduction | 71 | ||
| 3.4.2\tThe Laws of Belligerent Occupation | 72 | ||
| 3.4.2.1 Background | 72 | ||
| 3.4.2.2 The Hague Convention of January 1907 | 73 | ||
| 3.4.2.3 The Fourth Geneva Convention - Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War August 12, 1949 | 74 | ||
| 3.4.3\tPalestine Sovereignty\x02 over Transboundary Water Resources | 75 | ||
| 3.5 CONCLUSIONS | 79 | ||
| 4.0 Modern Development of Transboundary Groundwater Law | 81 | ||
| 4.1\tINTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| 4.1.1 Sovereignty-Based Theories of Allocation and the Emergence of International Water Law | 82 | ||
| 4.1.2\tInternational Law and its Sources | 84 | ||
| 4.1.3\tWhat is Transboundary Groundwater Law | 87 | ||
| 4.2\tHISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF TRANSBOUNDARY GROUNDWATER LAW | 89 | ||
| 4.2.1\tImplicit Consideration of Transboundary Groundwater | 89 | ||
| 4.2.2\tExplicit Consideration of Transboundary Groundwater | 90 | ||
| 4.2.3\t Special Consideration of Transboundary Groundwater | 92 | ||
| 4.3\tSCOPE AND USE OF TERMS | 94 | ||
| 4.3.1\tIntroduction | 94 | ||
| 4.3.2\tThe work of the ILC | 94 | ||
| 4.3.2.1 Background | 94 | ||
| 4.3.2.2 States’ Replies to the ILC Questionnaire | 96 | ||
| 4.3.2.3 The 1991 Draft Articles | 97 | ||
| 4.3.2.4 States Comments and Observations to the 1991 Draft Articles | 98 | ||
| 4.3.2.5 The 1994 Draft Articles | 99 | ||
| 4.3.2.6 States Comments and Observations to the 1994 Draft Articles | 100 | ||
| 4.3.2.7 The 1997 Watercourses Convention | 101 | ||
| 4.3.3\tThe work of the IDI and ILA | 102 | ||
| 4.3.4\tThe Bellagio Draft Treaty | 103 | ||
| 4.3.5\tSummary | 104 | ||
| 4.4\tSUBSTANTIVE RULES | 105 | ||
| 4.4.1\tIntroduction | 105 | ||
| 4.4.2\tThe Work of the ILC | 105 | ||
| 4.4.2 1Background | 105 | ||
| 4.4.2.2 The 1991 Draft Articles | 108 | ||
| 4.4.2.3 States Comments and Observations to the 1991 Draft Articles | 109 | ||
| 4.4.2.4 The 1994 Draft Articles | 110 | ||
| 4.4.2.5 States Comments and Observations to the 1994 Draft Articles | 111 | ||
| 4.4.2.6 The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention | 112 | ||
| 4.4.3\tThe Work Of The IDI, ILA and The Bellagio Draft Treaty | 112 | ||
| 4.4.4\tSummary | 114 | ||
| 4.5\tPROCEDURAL RULES | 115 | ||
| 4.5.1\tIntroduction | 115 | ||
| 4.5.2\tThe Work of the ILC | 115 | ||
| 4.5.2.1 Background | 115 | ||
| 4.5.2.2 The 1991 Draft Article | 116 | ||
| 4.5.2.3 States Comments and Observations to the 1991 Draft Articles | 118 | ||
| 4.5.2.4 The 1994 Draft Articles | 119 | ||
| 4.5.2.5 States’ Comments and Observations to the 1994 Draft Articles | 120 | ||
| 4.5.2.6 The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention | 120 | ||
| 4.5.3\tThe work of the IDI and the ILA | 121 | ||
| 4.5.4\tThe Bellagio Draft Treaty | 122 | ||
| 4.5.5\tSummary | 125 | ||
| 4.6\tINSTITUTIONAL AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS | 125 | ||
| 4.6.1\tIntroduction | 125 | ||
| 4.6.2\tThe Work of the ILC Work | 127 | ||
| 4.6.2.1 The 1991 and 1994 Draft Articles | 127 | ||
| 4.6.2.2 Comments and Observations by States to the 1994 Draft Articles | 128 | ||
| 4.6.2.3 The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention | 128 | ||
| 4.6.3\tThe IDI, ILA and the Bellagio Draft Treaty | 128 | ||
| 4.6.4\tSummary | 131 | ||
| 4.7\tOTHER SUBSIDIARY SOURCES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LAW | 131 | ||
| 4.7.1\tIntroduction | 131 | ||
| 4.7.2\tJudicial Decision | 131 | ||
| 4.7.3\tSummary | 134 | ||
| 4.7.4\tInternational, Declarations and Resolutions | 134 | ||
| 4.7.5\tRelevant International Initiatives and Programmes | 141 | ||
| 4.7.6\tSummary | 142 | ||
| 4.8 CONCLUSIONS | 143 | ||
| 5.0 Transboundary Groundwater in State Practice | 146 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 146 | ||
| 5.1.1\tBackground | 147 | ||
| 5.1.2\tTransboundary Groundwaters in State Treaty Practice | 149 | ||
| 5.2\tSIGNIFICANCE OF GROUNDWATER IN THE SELECTED REGIONS | 152 | ||
| 5.2.1\tAfrica | 152 | ||
| 5.2.2\tEurope | 155 | ||
| 5.2.2.1 Groundwater Law Evolution under the Auspices of the EU | 157 | ||
| 5.2.2.2 Groundwater Law Evolution under the Auspices of the UNECE | 159 | ||
| 5.2.3\tThe Middle East | 161 | ||
| 5.3\tSCOPE AND USE OF TERMS | 163 | ||
| 5.3.1\tIntroduction | 163 | ||
| 5.3.2\tImplicit Consideration of Transboundary Groundwater | 164 | ||
| 5.3.3\tExplicit Consideration of Transboundary Groundwater | 164 | ||
| 5.3.4\tSummary | 175 | ||
| 5.4\tSUBSTANTIVE RULES | 176 | ||
| 5.4.1\tIntroduction | 176 | ||
| 5.4.2\tEquitable and Reasonable Utilization Principle Vs. the No Harm Rule | 176 | ||
| 5.4.3\tDetermination of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization | 180 | ||
| 5.4.4\tSummary | 181 | ||
| 5.5\tPROCEDURAL RULE | 182 | ||
| 5.5.1\tIntroduction | 182 | ||
| 5.5.2\tThe Duty to Exchange Information | 182 | ||
| 5.5.3\tThe Duty to Prior Notification | 184 | ||
| 5.5.4\tNegotiations and Consultation | 186 | ||
| 5.5.5\tSpecific Procedural Rules | 186 | ||
| 5.5.6\tSummary | 188 | ||
| 5.6\tINSTITUTIONAL AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS | 188 | ||
| 5.6.1\tInstitutional Mechanisms in State Practice | 188 | ||
| 5.6.2\tDispute Settlement Mechanisms in State Practice | 191 | ||
| 5.6.3\tSummary | 193 | ||
| 5.7\tINFORMAL COOPERATIVE ARRANGEMENTS | 194 | ||
| 5.7.1\tIntroduction | 194 | ||
| 5.7.2\tCooperative Frameworks on Transboundary Confined Aquifers | 194 | ||
| 5.7.3\tTechnical Cooperation Concerning Connected Transboundary Groundwater | 196 | ||
| 5.7.4\tSummary | 199 | ||
| 5.8\tCONCLUSIONS | 199 | ||
| 6.0 Progressive Approach for Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict on the Mountain Aquifer | 203 | ||
| 6.1\tINTRODUCTION | 203 | ||
| 6.1.1\tThe Palestinian-Israeli Water Conflict: Current Issues, Concerns and Challenges | 204 | ||
| 6.1.1.1 Introduction | 204 | ||
| 6.1.1.2 Asymmetry among the Parties | 204 | ||
| 6.1.1.3 Parties’ Emphasis on Positions | 205 | ||
| 6.1.1.4 Resistance to International Law | 205 | ||
| 6.1.1.5 Relevance of Signed Agreements: A Mutual Benefit? | 207 | ||
| 6.1.1.6 Lack of Cooperation and Coordination | 208 | ||
| 6.1.1.7 Palestine’s Water Institutions and Good Water Governance | 208 | ||
| 6.2 THE REQUIRED RESPONSE: WHAT LESSONS FROM INTERNATIONAL LAW | 209 | ||
| 6.2.1 Introduction | 209 | ||
| 6.2.2\tIntroducing the Progressive Approach | 210 | ||
| 6.2.3\tDescription and Preconditions | 211 | ||
| 6.2.3.1 Identify the Problem | 212 | ||
| 6.2.3.2 Agree on Interests and not Positions | 214 | ||
| 6.2.3.3 Create Options for Mutual Benefits | 217 | ||
| 6.2.4\tJoint Assessment of Legal Entitlement from the Mountain Aquifer | 219 | ||
| 6.2.5\tCollaboration and Joint Projects | 223 | ||
| 6.2.6Treaty Formulation | 225 | ||
| 6.2.6.1 The Glossary of Terms and Concepts | 225 | ||
| 6.2.6.2 Define Hydrologic Management Unit | 226 | ||
| 6.2.6.4 Identify the Substantive Rules | 227 | ||
| 6.2.6.5 Identify the Procedural Mechanisms | 227 | ||
| 6.2.6.6 Institutional Mechanisms and Dispute Settlement | 229 | ||
| 6.3 FINANCING OF INTERVENTIONS | 230 | ||
| 6.4 CONCLUSIONS | 231 | ||
| 7.0 Main Findings and Recommendations | 232 | ||
| 7.1\tINTRODUCTION | 232 | ||
| 7.2\tMAIN FINDINGS | 234 | ||
| 7.2.1\tTransboundary Groundwater Law- Current Issues | 234 | ||
| 7.2.2\tRules and Principles Governing Transboundary Groundwater | 236 | ||
| 7.2.3\tTransboundary Groundwater in State Practice | 237 | ||
| 7.2.4\tTransboundary Groundwater under Difficult Political Conditions - the Mountain Aquifer Case Study | 238 | ||
| 7.3\tRECOMMENDATIONS | 239 | ||
| 7.3.1 At the International Level | 239 | ||
| 7.3.1.1\tThe Need for a Modified Transboundary Groundwater Framework Agreement | 239 | ||
| 7.3.1.2 The Need for Third Party | 240 | ||
| 7.3.1.3\tThe Progressive Approach | 240 | ||
| 7.3.1.4\tInstitutionalization of Cooperation | 241 | ||
| 7.3.2 At the National Level | 241 | ||
| 7.3.2.1 Strengthen the Regulatory and Environmental Framework | 241 | ||
| 7.3.2.2 Proceed with the Water Sector Reform | 241 | ||
| 7.3.2.3 Strengthen the Management and Technical Capacities | 242 | ||
| 7.3.2.4 Improve Knowledge on Transboundary Groundwater | 242 | ||
| 7.3.2.5 Harmonize National Laws with Israel Pertaining to Transboundary Groundwater | 242 | ||
| 7.3.2.6 Create Drainage Basin Authorities/Boards | 243 | ||
| Bibliography | 244 | ||
| 1. PRIMARY SOURCES | 244 | ||
| 1.1 Treaties | 244 | ||
| 1.1.1 Treaty Collections-General | 244 | ||
| 1.1.2 Multilateral-General | 245 | ||
| 1.1.3 Multilateral/Bilateral-By Region | 246 | ||
| 1.1.3.1 The Middle East | 246 | ||
| 1.1.3.2 Europe | 247 | ||
| 1.1.3.3 United States and Mexico | 250 | ||
| 1.1.3.4 Africa | 251 | ||
| 1.2 Decisions of Courts and Tribunals | 253 | ||
| 1.3 Declarations and Statements | 254 | ||
| 1.4 United Nations Resolutions and Reports | 255 | ||
| 1.5 Reports of the ILC on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Water Courses | 255 | ||
| 1.5.1 Studies Conducted by the Secretariat and Reports by the Secretary General | 255 | ||
| 1.5.2 Reports of the Special Rapporteurs | 256 | ||
| 1.5.3 Comments by the Governments | 257 | ||
| 1.5.4 Reports of the ILC | 257 | ||
| 1.5.5 General Assembly Resolutions | 258 | ||
| 1.6 Report of the Sixth Committee | 259 | ||
| 1.6.1 Other United Nations Reports | 259 | ||
| 1.7 Other Reports | 260 | ||
| 1.7.1 General | 260 | ||
| 1.7.2 Other Reports-Middle East | 260 | ||
| 1.8 National Regulation | 260 | ||
| 2. SECONDARY SOURCES | 262 | ||
| 2.1 Books | 262 | ||
| 2.2 Articles | 263 | ||
| 3. OTHER | 267 | ||
| 3.1 Web-based Articles | 267 | ||
| 3.2 Programmes and Projects | 268 | ||
| 3.3 Important Websites | 268 | ||
| Appendix I: Treaty Survey in Africa | 270 | ||
| Appendix II: Treaty Survey in Europe | 292 | ||
| Appendix III: Treaty Survey in the Middle East | 332 | ||
| Appendix IV: Proposed Framework for the Assessment of Palestinian Legal Entitlement from the Mountain Aquifer | 343 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 343 | ||
| 1. FACTORS 1 (“WHAT?”) | 344 | ||
| 1.1 Geography | 344 | ||
| 1.2 Hydrography | 345 | ||
| 1.3 Climate | 345 | ||
| 1.3.1 Annual Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge | 346 | ||
| 1.3.2 Groundwater Quality | 347 | ||
| FACTOR 2 (“WHO?”) | 348 | ||
| 2.1 Present and Projected Population Dependence on Groundwater | 348 | ||
| FACTOR 3 (“WHAT USES?”) | 348 | ||
| 3.1 Existing Uses of Transboundary Groundwater | 349 | ||
| 3.2 Potential and Planned Uses | 349 | ||
| FACTOR 4 (“WHAT IMPACTS?”) | 350 | ||
| FACTOR 5 (“WHAT OPTIONS?”) | 353 | ||
| 5.1 Efficiency and Water Conservation | 353 | ||
| 5.2 Available Water Resources Alternatives | 355 | ||
| Index | 360 |