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Abstract
Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes is a comprehensive introduction to both the fundamentals and the more practical aspects of the anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes, particularly those derived from households, that is, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). It can be used as a textbook for specialized courses and also as a guide for practitioners. In the first part, the book covers the relevant aspects of anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes. The fundamentals and kinetic aspects of AD are reviewed with particular emphasis on the aspects related to solid wastes. This introduction is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the AD process and to understand the practical principles as well as the origin of possible problems arising from the management of the process. Chapter 2 emphasizes the role of kinetics in designing the reactor, paying special attention to existing models, particularly the dynamic ones. Through this introduction, it is intended to facilitate the technology transfer from laboratory or pilot plant experiences to full-scale process, in order to implement improvements in current digesters. Laboratory methods are described for the analysis and optimization of reactor performance, such as methanogenic activity tests or experimental evaluation of the biodegradation kinetics of solid organic waste. The different reaction patterns applied to industrial reactors are outlined. Industrial reactors are classified in accordance with the system they use, pointing out advantages and limitations. Co-digestion, enabling the co-treatment of organic wastes of different origin in a more economically feasible way, is described in detail. Examples of co-digestion are given, with OFMSW as a base-substrate. Finally, full-scale co-digestion plants are discussed. Various types (mechanical, biological, physico-chemical) of pre-treatment to increase the biodegradability, and thus the yields of the process, are reviewed in detail. The use of the fermentation products of anaerobic digesters for biological nutrient removal processes in wastewater treatment plants is described. This constitutes an example of integrated waste management, a field in which both economic and technical advances can be achieved. Balances are given to justify the approach, and a full-scale case study is presented. The important topic of economics and the ecological advantages of the process are emphasized. The use of compost, the integration with composting technology, and advantages over other technologies are detailed in the framework of an environmental impact assessment of biowaste treatment. Finally, the anaerobic digestion of MSW in landfills is reviewed in detail, with emphasis on landfill process enhancement and strategies for its application.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | iv | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Contributors | xi | ||
| 1 Fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process | 1 | ||
| 1.1. Introduction | 1 | ||
| 1.2. Thermodynamics of reactions | 6 | ||
| 1.3. Environmental factors controlling the AD process | 9 | ||
| 1.4. Control of anaerobic digesters | 15 | ||
| 1.5. Conclusions and perspectives | 17 | ||
| 1.6. References | 18 | ||
| 2. Reactor sizing, process kinetics, and modelling of anaerobic digestion of complex wastes | 21 | ||
| 2.1. Introduction | 21 | ||
| 2.2. Microbial reaction kinetics | 23 | ||
| 2.3. Process kinetics in anaerobic digestion | 31 | ||
| 2.4. Reactor design | 43 | ||
| 2.5. Dynamic modelling | 50 | ||
| 2.6. Perspectives and conclusions | 56 | ||
| 2.7. References | 58 | ||
| 3 Analysis and optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste | 63 | ||
| 3.1. Introduction | 63 | ||
| 3.2. Optimisation of yields | 64 | ||
| 3.3. Methanogenic activity tests | 65 | ||
| 3.4. The first-order hydrolysis constant | 69 | ||
| 3.5. Biodegradability | 85 | ||
| 3.6. Perspectives and conclusions | 86 | ||
| 3.7. References | 88 | ||
| 4 Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: a perspective | 91 | ||
| 4.1. Introduction | 91 | ||
| 4.2. Laboratory-scale research | 93 | ||
| 4.3. Demonstration and development plants: the next step | 95 | ||
| 4.4. Commercial plants | 96 | ||
| 4.5. Present research on anaerobic digestion | 98 | ||
| 4.6. Biodegradability: an important parameter in anaerobic digestion | 102 | ||
| 4.7. Final remarks | 104 | ||
| 4.8. References | 105 | ||
| 5 Types of anaerobic digester for solid wastes | 111 | ||
| 5.1. Introduction | 112 | ||
| 5.2. One-stage systems | 114 | ||
| 5.3. Two-stage systems | 126 | ||
| 5.4. Batch systems | 133 | ||
| 5.5. Perspectives and conclusions | 136 | ||
| 5.6. References | 137 | ||
| 6 Characteristics of the OFMSW and behaviour of the anaerobic digestion process | 141 | ||
| 6.1. Introduction | 141 | ||
| 6.2. The OFMSW from mechanical sorting (MS-OFMSW) | 142 | ||
| 6.3. OFMSW from separate and source collection (SC-OFMSW and SS-OFMSW) | 148 | ||
| 6.4. Operational parameters for the management of an anaerobic digester | 151 | ||
| 6.5. Anaerobic digestion process of substrates with different biodegradability | 161 | ||
| 6.6. Sizing of an anaerobic digester for the treatment of the OFMSW on the basis of the operational parameters and loading factors | 174 | ||
| 6.7. References | 178 | ||
| 7 Co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal waste with other waste types | 181 | ||
| 7.1. Introduction | 181 | ||
| 7.2. General aspects of co-digestion | 183 | ||
| 7.3. Modelling the co-digestion process | 191 | ||
| 7.4. Large-scale plant experiences with co-digestion | 194 | ||
| 7.5. Conclusion | 197 | ||
| 7.6. References | 197 | ||
| 8 Pretreatments for the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of solid wastes | 201 | ||
| 8.1. Introduction | 201 | ||
| 8.2. Mechanical pretreatments | 202 | ||
| 8.3. Biological pretreatments | 205 | ||
| 8.4. Physico-chemical pretreatments | 212 | ||
| 8.5. References | 223 | ||
| 9 Use of hydrolysis products of the OFMSW for biological nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants | 229 | ||
| 9.1. Introduction | 229 | ||
| 9.2. State of the art | 236 | ||
| 9.3. Impact of the fermented OFMSW addition on wastewater treatment processes | 241 | ||
| 9.4. The integrated process: basic balances and design | 246 | ||
| 9.5. Case study: Treviso city wastewater treatment plant | 256 | ||
| 9.6. Perspectives and conclusions | 259 | ||
| 9.7. Acknowledgements | 261 | ||
| 9.8. References | 261 | ||
| 10 Products, impacts and economy of anaerobic digestion of OFMSW | 265 | ||
| 10.1. Introduction | 265 | ||
| 10.2. Biogas utilization | 266 | ||
| 10.3. Production and marketing of compost | 269 | ||
| 10.4. Treatment of surplus water | 273 | ||
| 10.5. Environmental impact assessments of biowaste treating | 277 | ||
| 10.6. Economy of biogenic waste treatment | 289 | ||
| 10.7. Perspectives and conclusions | 293 | ||
| 10.8. References | 298 | ||
| 11 Anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste in bioreactor landfills | 303 | ||
| 11.1. Introduction | 303 | ||
| 11.2. Landfill process enhancement | 304 | ||
| 11.3. Emerging developments and implementing strategies | 308 | ||
| 11.4. Conclusions | 314 | ||
| 11.5. References | 314 | ||
| Index | 317 |