Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Phosphorus in Environmental Technology: Principles and Applications, provides a definitive and detailed presentation of state-of-the-art knowledge on the environmental behaviour of phosphorus and its applications to the treatment of waters and soils. Special attention is given to phosphorus removal for recovery technologies, a concept that has emerged over the past 5-6 years. The book features an all-encompassing approach: the fundamental science of phosphorus (chemistry, geochemistry, mineralogy, biology), key aspects of its environmental behaviour and mobility, industrial applications (treatment, removal, recovery) and the principles behind such applications, novel biotechnologies and, importantly, it also addresses socio-economic issues which often influence implementation and the ultimate success of any new technology. A detailed subject index helps the reader to find their way through the different scientific and technological aspects covered, making it an invaluable reference work for students, professionals and consultants dealing with phosphorus-related environmental technologies. State-of-the-art knowledge on the behaviour of phosphorus and its applications to environmental science and technology. Covers all aspects of phosphorus in the environment, engineered and biological systems; an interdisciplinary text.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorus in Environmental Technology | ii | ||
| Contents | vi | ||
| Contributors | xiv | ||
| Preface | xx | ||
| Part One Principles of phosphorus distribution: chemistry, geochemistry, mineralogy, biology | 1 | ||
| 1. The chemistry of phosphorus | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Atomic properties | 4 | ||
| 1.3 Electronic structure and bonding | 4 | ||
| 1.4 Phosphorus Compounds | 5 | ||
| References | 17 | ||
| 2. The geochemistry and mineralogy of phosphorus | 20 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 20 | ||
| 2.2 Geochemical abundance and distribution of phosphorus | 22 | ||
| 2.3 Phosphate minerals | 32 | ||
| References | 44 | ||
| 3. The biology of phosphorus | 51 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 51 | ||
| 3.2 Phosphate acquisition | 51 | ||
| 3.3 Transport and translocation | 52 | ||
| 3.4 Phosphate assimilation | 62 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| Part Two Phosphorus in the environment | 77 | ||
| 4. Background and elevated phosphorus release from terrestrial environments | 79 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 79 | ||
| 4.2 Background release | 80 | ||
| 4.3 Elevated release | 81 | ||
| 4.4 Conclusion | 87 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| 5. Phosphorus and crop nutrition: principles and practice | 93 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 93 | ||
| 5.2 Phosphorus resources | 95 | ||
| 5.3 Phosphorus fertilisers | 96 | ||
| 5.4 Phosphorus in soils | 98 | ||
| 5.5 Phosphorus nutrition of plants | 103 | ||
| 5.6 Fertilisation practices | 110 | ||
| 5.7 Phosphorus fertilisation and environmental issues | 113 | ||
| 5.8 Concluding remarks | 115 | ||
| References | 116 | ||
| 6. Transfer of phosphorus to surface waters; eutrophication | 120 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 120 | ||
| 6.2 Evidence of sources and pathways of P delivery to water | 122 | ||
| 6.3 Transfer mechanisms and control | 131 | ||
| 6.4 Management minimisation | 138 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| 7. Environmental chemistry of phosphonic acids | 147 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 147 | ||
| 7.2 Analysis of phosphonates | 150 | ||
| 7.3 Exchange reactions | 151 | ||
| 7.4 Degradation | 157 | ||
| 7.5 Speciation | 161 | ||
| 7.6 Environmental behavior | 163 | ||
| 7.7 Conclusions | 165 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 165 | ||
| References | 166 | ||
| 8. Phosphate pollution: a global overview of the problem | 174 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 174 | ||
| 8.2 The European Union | 176 | ||
| 8.3 The river Rhine: case study | 181 | ||
| 8.4 United States | 183 | ||
| 8.5 Australia | 185 | ||
| 8.6 Japan | 186 | ||
| 8.7 South and East Asia | 188 | ||
| 8.8 Africa | 189 | ||
| 8.9 The Antarctic | 190 | ||
| 8.10 Conclusions | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| Part Three Phosphorus removal from water and waste water: principles and technologies | 193 | ||
| 9. Principles of phosphate dissolution and precipitation | 195 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 195 | ||
| 9.2 Equilibrium and kinetics: theory, mechanisms and equations | 196 | ||
| 9.3 Applications relevant to the precipitation of calcium phosphates | 208 | ||
| 9.4 Applications relevant to the dissolution of calcium phosphates | 234 | ||
| 9.5 Metal phosphates, dissolution and precipitation applications | 238 | ||
| 9.6 Concluding remarks | 241 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| 10. Waste water treatment principles | 249 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 249 | ||
| 10.2 Waste water treatment processes | 250 | ||
| 10.3 Sludge treatment and disposal | 257 | ||
| References | 259 | ||
| 11. Chemical phosphorus removal | 260 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 260 | ||
| 11.2 Phosphorus removal with metal salts | 261 | ||
| 11.3 Concluding remarks | 269 | ||
| References | 270 | ||
| 12. Biological phosphorus removal | 272 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 272 | ||
| 12.2 Process design of biological phosphorus removal plants | 274 | ||
| 12.3 Polyphosphate | 276 | ||
| 12.4 Isolation and identification of polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms from the EBPRprocess | 282 | ||
| 12.5 New approaches to biological phosphate removal | 283 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 286 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| 13. A review of solid phase adsorbents for the removal of phosphorus from natural and waste waters | 291 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 291 | ||
| 13.2 Adsorbent materials | 293 | ||
| 13.3 Selection of an appropriate phosphorus adsorbent | 307 | ||
| 13.4 Concluding remarks | 311 | ||
| References | 311 | ||
| 14. Removing phosphorus from sewage effluent and agricultural runoff using recovered ochre | 321 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 321 | ||
| 14.2 Formation and properties of ochre | 322 | ||
| 14.3 Capacity of ochre for phosphorus removal | 325 | ||
| 14.4 Future developments | 330 | ||
| 14.5 Conclusions | 333 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 334 | ||
| References | 334 | ||
| Part Four Phosphorus recovery for reuse:principles, technologies,feasibility | 337 | ||
| 15. Phosphorus recovery in the context of industrial use | 339 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 339 | ||
| 15.2 Why recovery? | 341 | ||
| 15.3 Possible technical-industrial pathways | 344 | ||
| 15.4 Recycling by the phosphate industry | 348 | ||
| 15.5 Future prospects | 353 | ||
| References | 354 | ||
| 16. Fluid dynamic concepts for a phosphate precipitation reactor design | 358 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 358 | ||
| 16.2 Fluid dynamics and mixing | 359 | ||
| 16.3 Interaction between mixing and primary nucleation | 366 | ||
| 16.4 Interaction between mixing and other precipitation mechanisms | 373 | ||
| 16.5 Stirred vessels | 379 | ||
| 16.6 Fluidised bed reactors | 388 | ||
| 16.7 Air mixing | 392 | ||
| 16.8 Modelling of precipitation reactors | 394 | ||
| 16.9 Conclusion and perspectives | 397 | ||
| 16.10 Notation | 398 | ||
| References | 400 | ||
| 17. Phosphorus recovery via struvite production at Slough sewage treatment works, UK – a case study | 402 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 402 | ||
| 17.2 Site description | 403 | ||
| 17.3 Phosphorus forms through the sewage treatment process | 405 | ||
| 17.4 Phosphorus mass balance | 407 | ||
| 17.5 Bench-scale work | 411 | ||
| 17.6 The reactor | 415 | ||
| 17.7 Preliminary results | 419 | ||
| 17.8 Quality of struvite | 419 | ||
| 17.9 Further work | 424 | ||
| 17.10 Proposed use of product | 425 | ||
| References | 426 | ||
| Appendix | 427 | ||
| 18. Phosphorus recovery trials in Treviso, Italy – theory, modelling and application | 428 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 428 | ||
| 18.2 Italian sewer waste water and WWTPs | 429 | ||
| 18.3 Improvement of BNR technologies and performance | 437 | ||
| 18.4 Phosphorus recovery test | 439 | ||
| 18.5 FBR and air stripping | 443 | ||
| 18.6 Case study: Treviso city waste water treatment plant | 455 | ||
| 18.7 Long term performance of the reactor in Treviso | 463 | ||
| 18.8 Perspective and conclusions | 465 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 467 | ||
| References | 467 | ||
| 19. The case study of a phosphorus recovery sewage treatment plant at Geestmerambacht, Holland – design and operation | 470 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 470 | ||
| 19.2 Overview of the plant before upgrading | 471 | ||
| 19.3 Key features of the plant after upgrading | 472 | ||
| 19.4 Design philosophy of the P-recovery process | 475 | ||
| 19.5 Design of the biological part of the side-stream | 478 | ||
| 19.6 Design of Crystalactor® in the side-stream | 484 | ||
| 19.7 Control of sludge settling | 490 | ||
| 19.8 Control of nitrogen removal | 491 | ||
| 19.9 Full scale results | 493 | ||
| 19.10 Cost | 494 | ||
| 19.11 New developments | 495 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| 20. Full scale struvite recovery in Japan | 496 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 496 | ||
| 20.2 Full scale struvite recovery in Japan | 497 | ||
| 20.3 Summary | 506 | ||
| References | 506 | ||
| 21. Phosphorus recovery from unprocessed manure | 507 | ||
| 21.1 Introduction | 507 | ||
| 21.2 Profile of phosphorus species in different livestock manure | 508 | ||
| 21.3 Extraction of phosphorus from wastes and manure | 511 | ||
| 21.4 Concluding remarks | 518 | ||
| References | 519 | ||
| 22. Scenarios of phosphorus recovery from sewage for industrial recycling | 521 | ||
| 22.1 Introduction | 521 | ||
| 22.2 Wastewater and sludge treatment | 522 | ||
| 22.3 P-recovery from the end product of sludge treatment | 524 | ||
| 22.4 P-extraction before sludge treatment | 525 | ||
| 22.5 Discussion | 527 | ||
| 22.6 Conclusions | 527 | ||
| References | 528 | ||
| 23. Phosphate recycling: regulation and economic analysis | 529 | ||
| 23.1 Introduction | 529 | ||
| 23.2 Why recycle phosphates? | 530 | ||
| 23.3 Regulation and economics of WwTPs and phosphates | 532 | ||
| 23.4 A system approach | 540 | ||
| 23.5 Conclusions: economics and policies | 543 | ||
| References | 543 | ||
| Part Five Novel biotechnologies | 547 | ||
| 24. Bacterial precipitation of metal phosphates | 549 | ||
| 24.1 Introduction | 549 | ||
| 24.2 Heavy metal bioremediation: why select a phosphate-based precipitation process? | 551 | ||
| 24.3 Case history: metal phosphate biomineralization by Serratia sp. | 553 | ||
| 24.4 A conceptual model for phosphate biomineralization | 557 | ||
| 24.5 A quantitative model for metal phosphate biomineralization | 560 | ||
| 24.6 Phosphate biomineralization for the removal of transuranic elements: the need for nucleation processes | 561 | ||
| 24.7 Co-precipitative metal removal | 562 | ||
| 24.8 Use of metal phosphate as an ion exchanger | 564 | ||
| 24.9 Use of alternative phosphate donors | 566 | ||
| 24.10 Use of inorganic phosphate as the phosphate donor | 569 | ||
| 24.11 Conclusions | 573 | ||
| References | 575 | ||
| 25. Developments in the use of calcium phosphates as biomaterials | 582 | ||
| 25.1 Introduction | 582 | ||
| 25.2 The demand for bone substitute materials | 582 | ||
| 25.3 The ideal bone-substitute: what it has to do? | 583 | ||
| 25.4 Successful applications of calcium phosphates in biomaterials | 586 | ||
| 25.5 Chemistry and manufacture of biomedical calcium phosphates | 590 | ||
| 25.6 Reactions of biomedical phosphates in the body | 597 | ||
| 25.7 Future developments | 601 | ||
| 25.8 Concluding remarks | 603 | ||
| References | 604 | ||
| 26. Agronomic-based technologies towards more ecological use of phosphorus in agriculture | 610 | ||
| 26.1 Introduction | 610 | ||
| 26.2 Defining optimum soil-P levels | 611 | ||
| 26.3 Phosphorus dynamics in soils | 611 | ||
| 26.4 Phosphorus utilisation efficiency of plants | 612 | ||
| 26.5 Agronomic practices | 614 | ||
| 26.6 Conclusion | 622 | ||
| References | 622 | ||
| 27. Biodegradation of organophosphate nerve agents | 629 | ||
| 27.1 Introduction | 629 | ||
| 27.2 Microbial degradation | 631 | ||
| 27.3 Enzymatic detoxification of OP neurotoxins | 632 | ||
| 27.4 Whole cell detoxification of OP neurotoxins | 634 | ||
| 27.5 Modifications of specificity and activity | 636 | ||
| 27.6 Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase | 638 | ||
| 27.7 Conclusion | 639 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 639 | ||
| References | 639 | ||
| Index | 643 |