BOOK
Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions
Marcos Von Sperling | Carlos Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo
(2005)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. The book covers the main treatment processes used worldwide with wastewater treatment in warm climate regions given a particular emphasis where simple, affordable and sustainable solutions are required. This comprehensive book presents in a clear and informative way the basic principles of biological wastewater treatment, including theory and practice, and covering conception, design and operation. In order to ensure the practical and didactic view of the book, 371 illustrations, 322 summary tables and 117 examples are included. All major wastewater treatment processes are covered by full and interlinked design examples which are built up throughout the book, from the determination of wastewater characteristics, the impact of discharge into rivers and lakes, the design of several wastewater treatment processes and the design of sludge treatment and disposal units. The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two: (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal. As well as being an ideal textbook, Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions is an important reference for practising professionals such as engineers, biologists, chemists and environmental scientists, acting in consulting companies, water authorities and environmental agencies.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | vi | ||
| Preface | xii | ||
| Dedication | xvi | ||
| The authors | xviii | ||
| List of authors by chapter | xx | ||
| PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to water quality and water pollution | 3 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 3 | ||
| 1.2 Uses of water | 5 | ||
| 1.3 Water quality requirements | 5 | ||
| 1.4 Water pollution | 8 | ||
| 2 Wastewater characteristics | 11 | ||
| 2.1 Wastewater flowrates | 11 | ||
| 2.2 Wastewater composition | 30 | ||
| 3 Impact of wastewater discharges to water bodies | 79 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 79 | ||
| 3.2 Pollution by organic matter and stream self purification | 79 | ||
| 3.3 Contamination by pathogenic microorganisms | 125 | ||
| 3.4 Eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs | 133 | ||
| 3.5 Quality standards for wastewater discharges and waterbodies | 152 | ||
| 4 Overview of wastewater treatment systems | 165 | ||
| 4.1 Wastewater treatment levels | 165 | ||
| 4.2 Wastewater treatment operations, processes and systems | 167 | ||
| 4.3 Preliminary treatment | 180 | ||
| 4.4 Primary treatment | 181 | ||
| 4.5 Secondary treatment | 182 | ||
| 4.6 Removal of pathogenic organisms | 217 | ||
| 4.7 Analysis and selection of the wastewater treatment process | 217 | ||
| 5 Overview of sludge treatment and disposal | 244 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 244 | ||
| 5.2 Relationships in sludge: solids levels, concentration and flow | 248 | ||
| 5.3 Quantity of sludge generated in the wastewater treatment processes | 251 | ||
| 5.4 Sludge treatment stages | 254 | ||
| 5.5 Sludge thickening | 257 | ||
| 5.6 Sludge stabilisation | 258 | ||
| 5.7 Sludge dewatering | 260 | ||
| 5.8 Sludge disinfection | 270 | ||
| 5.9 Final disposal of the sludge | 274 | ||
| 6 Complementary items in planning studies | 279 | ||
| 6.1 Preliminary studies | 279 | ||
| 6.2 Design horizon and staging periods | 281 | ||
| 6.3 Preliminary design of the alternatives | 283 | ||
| 6.4 Economical study of alternatives | 284 | ||
| PART TWO BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT | 295 | ||
| 7 Microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment | 297 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 297 | ||
| 7.2 Organisms present in water and wastewater | 298 | ||
| 7.3 Biological cells | 299 | ||
| 7.4 Energy and carbon sources for microbial cells | 300 | ||
| 7.5 Metabolism of microorganisms | 301 | ||
| 7.6 Energy generation in microbial cells | 302 | ||
| 7.7 Ecology of biological wastewater treatment | 306 | ||
| 8 Reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics | 319 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 319 | ||
| 8.2 Reaction kinetics | 320 | ||
| 8.3 Mass balance | 327 | ||
| 8.4 Reactor hydraulics | 330 | ||
| 9 Conversion processes of organic and inorganic matter | 367 | ||
| 9.1 Characterisation of substrate and solids | 367 | ||
| 9.2 Conversion processes of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matters | 373 | ||
| 9.3 Time progress of the biochemical oxidation of the carbonaceous matter | 377 | ||
| 9.4 Principles of bacterial growth | 380 | ||
| 9.5 Modelling of substrate and biomass in a complete-mix reactor | 392 | ||
| 10 Sedimentation | 421 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 421 | ||
| 10.2 Types of settling | 423 | ||
| 10.3 Discrete settling | 425 | ||
| 10.4 Flocculent settling | 433 | ||
| 10.5 Zone settling | 436 | ||
| 11 Aeration | 457 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 457 | ||
| 11.2 Fundamentals of gas transfer | 458 | ||
| 11.3 Kinetics of aeration | 464 | ||
| 11.4 Factors of influence in oxygen transfer | 466 | ||
| 11.5 Oxygen transfer rate in the field and under standard conditions | 468 | ||
| 11.6 Other aeration coefficients | 470 | ||
| 11.7 Mechanical aeration systems | 474 | ||
| 11.8 Diffused air aeration systems | 477 | ||
| 11.9 Aeration tests | 478 | ||
| 11.10 Gravity aeration | 482 | ||
| PART THREE STABILISATION PONDS | 493 | ||
| 12 Overview of stabilisation ponds | 495 | ||
| 13 Facultative ponds | 502 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 502 | ||
| 13.2 Description of the process | 503 | ||
| 13.3 Influence of algae | 505 | ||
| 13.4 Influence of environmental conditions | 508 | ||
| 13.5 Design criteria | 512 | ||
| 13.6 Estimation of the effluent BOD concentration | 518 | ||
| 13.7 Pond arrangements | 532 | ||
| 13.8 Sludge accumulation | 533 | ||
| 13.9 Operational characteristics | 534 | ||
| 13.10 Polishing of pond effluents | 534 | ||
| 14 System of anaerobic ponds followed by facultative ponds | 540 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 540 | ||
| 14.2 Description of the process | 541 | ||
| 14.3 Design criteria for anaerobic ponds | 542 | ||
| 14.4 Estimation of the effluent BOD concentration from the anaerobic pond | 545 | ||
| 14.5 Design of facultative ponds following anaerobic ponds | 547 | ||
| 14.6 Sludge accumulation in anaerobic ponds | 547 | ||
| 15 Facultative aerated lagoons | 552 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 552 | ||
| 15.2 Description of the process | 552 | ||
| 15.3 Design criteria | 553 | ||
| 15.4 Estimation of the effluent BOD concentration | 554 | ||
| 15.5 Oxygen requirements | 557 | ||
| 15.6 Aeration system | 558 | ||
| 15.7 Power requirements | 558 | ||
| 15.8 Sludge accumulation | 560 | ||
| 16 Complete-mix aerated lagoons followed by sedimentation ponds | 564 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 564 | ||
| 16.2 Description of the process | 565 | ||
| 16.3 Design criteria for the complete-mix aerated lagoons | 566 | ||
| 16.4 Estimation of the effluent BOD concentration from the aerated lagoon | 567 | ||
| 16.5 Oxygen requirements in the aerated lagoon | 569 | ||
| 16.6 Power requirements in the aerated lagoon | 570 | ||
| 16.7 Design of the sedimentation pond | 570 | ||
| 17 Removal of pathogenic organisms | 578 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 578 | ||
| 17.2 Process description | 578 | ||
| 17.3 Estimation of the effluent coliform concentration | 579 | ||
| 17.4 Quality requirements for the effluent | 590 | ||
| 17.5 Design criteria for coliform removal | 592 | ||
| 17.6 Removal of helminth eggs | 604 | ||
| 18 Nutrient removal in ponds | 610 | ||
| 18.1 Nitrogen removal | 610 | ||
| 18.2 Phosphorus removal | 615 | ||
| 19 Ponds for the post-treatment of the effluent from anaerobic reactors | 617 | ||
| 20 Construction of stabilisation ponds | 621 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 621 | ||
| 20.2 Location of the ponds | 621 | ||
| 20.3 Deforestation, cleaning and excavation of the soil | 623 | ||
| 20.4 Slopes | 623 | ||
| 20.5 Bottom of the ponds | 626 | ||
| 20.6 Inlet devices | 627 | ||
| 20.7 Outlet devices | 630 | ||
| 21 Maintenance and operation of stabilisation ponds | 632 | ||
| 21.1 Introduction | 632 | ||
| 21.2 Operational staff | 633 | ||
| 21.3 Inspection, sampling and measurements | 633 | ||
| 21.4 Operation start-up | 633 | ||
| 21.5 Operational problems | 638 | ||
| 22 Management of the sludge from stabilisation ponds | 644 | ||
| 22.1 Preliminaries | 644 | ||
| 22.2 Characteristics and distribution of the sludge in stabilisation ponds | 645 | ||
| 22.3 Removal of sludge from stabilisation ponds | 646 | ||
| PART FOUR ANAEROBIC REACTORS | 657 | ||
| 23 Introduction to anaerobic treatment | 659 | ||
| 23.1 Applicability of anaerobic systems | 659 | ||
| 23.2 Positive aspects | 660 | ||
| 24 Principles of anaerobic digestion | 663 | ||
| 24.1 Introduction | 663 | ||
| 24.2 Microbiology of anaerobic digestion | 664 | ||
| 24.3 Biochemistry of anaerobic digestion | 667 | ||
| 24.4 Environmental requirements | 681 | ||
| 25 Biomass in anaerobic systems | 697 | ||
| 25.1 Preliminaries | 697 | ||
| 25.2 Biomass retention in anaerobic systems | 697 | ||
| 25.3 Evaluation of the microbial mass | 700 | ||
| 25.4 Evaluation of the microbial activity | 702 | ||
| 26 Anaerobic treatment systems | 709 | ||
| 26.1 Preliminaries | 709 | ||
| 26.2 Conventional systems | 710 | ||
| 26.3 High-rate systems | 716 | ||
| 26.4 Combined treatment systems | 726 | ||
| 27 Design of anaerobic reactors | 728 | ||
| 27.1 Anaerobic filters | 728 | ||
| 27.2 Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors | 740 | ||
| 28 Operational control of anaerobic reactors | 774 | ||
| 28.1 Importance of operational control | 774 | ||
| 28.2 Operational control of the treatment system | 777 | ||
| 28.3 Start-up of anaerobic reactors | 791 | ||
| 28.4 Operational troubleshooting | 799 | ||
| 29 Post-treatment of effluents from anaerobic reactors | 805 | ||
| 29.1 Applicability and limitations of the anaerobic technology | 805 | ||
| 29.2 Main alternatives for the post-treatment of effluents from anaerobic reactors | 810 |