Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Water auditing is a method of quantifying water flows and quality in simple or complex systems, with a view to reducing water usage and often saving money on otherwise unnecessary water use. There is an increasing awareness around the globe of the centrality of water to our lives. This awareness crosses political and social boundaries. In many places people have difficult access to drinking water. Often it is polluted. Water auditing is a mechanism for conserving water, which will grow in significance in the future as demand for water increases. Water Auditing and Water Conservation is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in environmental engineering and science programs, water auditors and professionals in the water field, especially those motivated by quantitative water conservation needs. There is a strong emphasis on principles, and on the relationship of water auditing with associated activities like environmental auditing, environmental management systems, resource conservation, flow measurement, water quality and legal frameworks. Alongside the theoretical materials we integrate field experience from professionals. Chapters outline the processes and issues at stake in a variety of typical applications (arenas) in which water auditing are conducted. These include buildings (interior and exterior), landscape, external commercial applications requiring irrigation, aquatic centres, material transport by water, cooling systems and non-metal manufacturing (e.g. paper manufacture). This book will lead the prospective water auditor to a sufficiently thorough knowledge of water auditing to be able to apply the principles to many situations and make recommendations for water conservation measures.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water Auditing and Water Conservation | ii | ||
| Contents | vi | ||
| Preface | xii | ||
| The Authors | xiv | ||
| 1 Introduction to water auditing and water conservation | 1 | ||
| 1.1 Water and life | 1 | ||
| 1.2 A vision for water and the world | 2 | ||
| 1.3 The guiding principles | 3 | ||
| 1.4 Discussion on guiding principles | 4 | ||
| 1.5 Water conservation | 5 | ||
| 1.6 Water auditing | 6 | ||
| 1.7 References | 8 | ||
| 2 The relationship between water auditing and environmental auditing | 9 | ||
| 2.1 Environmental auditing | 9 | ||
| 2.2 Environmental management systems | 11 | ||
| 2.3 Auditing in ISO 14010:1996 and water auditing | 14 | ||
| 2.4 The general water audit process | 16 | ||
| 2.5 Qualifications of the water auditor | 18 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusion | 19 | ||
| 2.7 References | 20 | ||
| 3 The water auditing process: audit preparation and conducting the audit | 21 | ||
| 3.1 Audit preparation | 21 | ||
| 3.2 Resources | 24 | ||
| 3.3 Water flow diagram | 24 | ||
| 3.4 Conducting the audit | 26 | ||
| 3.5 References | 33 | ||
| Appendix 3.1 Unit operations | 33 | ||
| 4 The water auditing process: the water management strategy | 34 | ||
| 4.1 Conceptual tools | 35 | ||
| 4.2 Unpacking concepts - implementing the tools | 36 | ||
| 4.3 The water management strategy | 42 | ||
| 4.4 Construct the water management strategy | 45 | ||
| 4.5 References | 45 | ||
| 5 The water audit report | 46 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 46 | ||
| 5.2 Contents | 47 | ||
| 5.3 Document details | 48 | ||
| 5.4 References | 53 | ||
| 6 Water auditing and environmental auditing revisited | 54 | ||
| 6.1 A broader view of water auditing | 54 | ||
| 6.2 Systems and processes | 56 | ||
| 7 Instrumentation and flow measurement | 58 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 58 | ||
| 7.2 Flow in Open Channels | 59 | ||
| 7.3 Flow in pipes partially filled with water | 64 | ||
| 7.4 Flow in pipes wholly filled with water | 66 | ||
| 7.5 Accuracy | 72 | ||
| 7.6 Direct flow measurement | 72 | ||
| 7.7 References | 73 | ||
| 8 Water Quality | 74 | ||
| 8.1 Water quantity and water quality | 74 | ||
| 8.2 Water quality parameters | 75 | ||
| 8.3 Water quality grades | 77 | ||
| 8.4 Beneficial uses of water | 81 | ||
| 8.5 Practical considerations | 81 | ||
| 8.6 References | 83 | ||
| 9 Environmental legislation – impact on water | 84 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 84 | ||
| 9.2 Environmental protection | 85 | ||
| 9.3 Case study: Western Australian Environmental Legislation | 89 | ||
| 9.4 References | 99 | ||
| 10 Arena: Commercial water use inside buildings | 101 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 101 | ||
| 10.2 Actions for the water auditor | 102 | ||
| 10.3 Options for promoting water conservation | 104 | ||
| 10.4 Energy savings | 108 | ||
| 10.5 Case study | 109 | ||
| 10.6 References | 113 | ||
| 11 Arena: External commercial water use | 114 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 114 | ||
| 11.2 Principles of landscape design from the water auditor's viewpoint | 115 | ||
| 11.3 Strategies for reducing water use | 118 | ||
| 11.4 Water resource substitution | 124 | ||
| 11.5 References | 124 | ||
| 12 Resources: Domestic and small commercial wastewater reuse | 125 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 125 | ||
| 12.2 Current regulation | 127 | ||
| 12.3 System characteristics | 128 | ||
| 12.4 Six options for small scale wastewater reuse | 129 | ||
| 12.5 Proposed systems for each soil type | 137 | ||
| 12.6 Holistic design | 137 | ||
| 12.7 Conclusions | 138 | ||
| 12.8 References | 138 | ||
| 13 Arena: Municipal and non-aquatic recreational water use | 140 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 140 | ||
| 13.2 Classical (sprinkler) turf irrigation water management – a brief outline | 141 | ||
| 13.3 Soil moisture sensors – impact on irrigation management | 149 | ||
| 13.4 Drip irrigation | 151 | ||
| 13.5 Stadiums and buildings in sporting grounds | 152 | ||
| 13.6 References | 153 | ||
| 14 Arena: Aquatic centres | 154 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 154 | ||
| 14.2 Evaporation | 155 | ||
| 14.3 Typical pool water treatment circuit | 157 | ||
| 14.4 Filter Backwashing | 159 | ||
| 14.5 Pool Pipework Leaks | 159 | ||
| 14.6 Spa System | 159 | ||
| 14.7 Sundry losses and boiler blowdown | 161 | ||
| 14.8 Domestic Water Use | 161 | ||
| 14.9 Environmental Conditions | 161 | ||
| 14.10 References | 161 | ||
| 15 Water Conservation in Isolated Communities | 162 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 162 | ||
| 15.2 Background | 164 | ||
| 15.3 Approaches to Water Conservation | 164 | ||
| 15.4 Three Case Studies | 165 | ||
| 15.5 Conclusions | 168 | ||
| 15.6 References | 168 | ||
| 16 Groundwater balance in mining | 169 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 169 | ||
| 16.2 Water sources | 170 | ||
| 16.3 Water sinks | 171 | ||
| 16.4 Water quality | 171 | ||
| 16.5 Water balance | 172 | ||
| 16.6 Environmental aspects | 173 | ||
| 16.7 Bibliography | 174 | ||
| 17 Process: contaminated water systems | 175 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 175 | ||
| 17.2 Sources of contamination | 176 | ||
| 17.3 Strategies for treating wastewater | 176 | ||
| 17.4 Systems available for separating or recovering oil from water | 180 | ||
| 17.5 Selection and design of coalescing plate separators | 185 | ||
| 17.6 Options for treated water | 187 | ||
| 17.7 Summary and conclusions | 188 | ||
| 18 Arena: Material transport | 189 | ||
| 18.1 Water Use in Mass Transfer Applications | 189 | ||
| 18.2 Water use in dust control | 199 | ||
| 18.3 Concluding comment | 203 | ||
| 18.4 References | 203 | ||
| 19 Arena: Water use in cooling systems | 204 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 204 | ||
| 19.2 Cooling System Types | 206 | ||
| 19.3 Cooling towers | 207 | ||
| 19.4 Cooling water quality and discharge issues | 210 | ||
| 19.5 Boiler water circuit | 212 | ||
| 19.6 Power Generation | 212 | ||
| 19.7 Further processes | 213 | ||
| 19.8 References | 214 | ||
| 20 Water in the non-metal, non-food industries – the paper industry | 215 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 215 | ||
| 20.2 Fibre Preparation | 216 | ||
| 20.3 Kraft Process | 216 | ||
| 20.4 Bleaching | 218 | ||
| 20.5 Recycled Paper | 220 | ||
| 20.6 Paper Manufacture | 222 | ||
| 20.7 Effluent Treatment and Treatment for Recycling of Water | 225 | ||
| 20.8 Audit | 228 | ||
| 21 Arena: The food industry – wastewater auditing | 229 | ||
| 21.1 Introduction | 229 | ||
| 21.2 Water and wastewater audit process précis | 230 | ||
| 21.3 Case study: A bottled beverage works | 232 | ||
| 21.4 Technologies for treatment of wastewater | 233 | ||
| 21.5 Disposing of the Effluent | 240 | ||
| 21.6 Economic Social and Environmental Evaluation | 240 | ||
| 21.7 Summary | 241 | ||
| 21.8 References | 242 | ||
| 22 Resources | 243 | ||
| 22.1 Stormwater as a resource | 243 | ||
| 22.2 Environmental water use and water resources management | 260 | ||
| 22.3 Desalination of water resources | 272 | ||
| Appendix 22.1 Environmental Water Use and Water Sensitive Design Checklist | 280 | ||
| Appendix 22.2 Glossary of terms | 288 | ||
| 23 Case Studies | 290 | ||
| 23.1 A case study on domestic units | 291 | ||
| 23.2 A case study on the water treatment and steam cycle of a manufacturing plant | 306 | ||
| Index | 310 |