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Book Details
Abstract
Soil and Sediment Remediation discusses in detail a whole set of remediative technologies currently available to minimise their impact. Technologies for the treatment of soils and sediments in-situ (landfarming, bioscreens, bioventing, nutrient injection, phytoremediation) and ex-situ (landfarming, bio-heap treatment, soil suspension reactor) will be discussed. The microbiological, process technological and socio-economical aspects of these technologies will be addressed. Special attention will be given to novel biotechnological processes that utilise sulfur cycle conversions, e.g. sulfur and heavy metal removal from soils. Also the potential of phytoremediation will be highlighted. In addition, treatment schemes for the clean-up of polluted megasites, e.g. harbours and Manufactured Gaswork Plants (MGP), will be elaborated. The aim of Soil and Sediment Remediation is to introduce the reader in: the biogeochemical characteristics of soil and sediments- new techniques to study soil/sediment processes (molecular probes, microelectrodes, NMR)       clean up technologies for soils polluted with organic (PAH, NAPL, solvents) or inorganic (heavy metals) pollutants- preventative and remediative strategies and technologies available in environmental engineering       novel process applications and bioreactor designs for bioremediation       the impact of soil pollution on society and its economic importance.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | vi | ||
| Preface | xiv | ||
| Contributors | xvi | ||
| Part One Mechanisms of pollutant removal | 1 | ||
| Section IA Transport of pollutants | 3 | ||
| 1. Multiphase flow and reactive transport modelling | 5 | ||
| 1.1 Introduction | 5 | ||
| 1.2 Multiphase liquid flow of LNAPLs | 6 | ||
| 1.3 Remediation by air sparging | 10 | ||
| 1.4 Extensive oxygen injection into ground water | 12 | ||
| 1.5 Concluding remarks | 14 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 14 | ||
| References | 14 | ||
| 2. NMR studies of transport and remediation processes in soils and sediments | 16 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 16 | ||
| 2.2 Basic principles of NMR and MRI | 18 | ||
| 2.3 NMR studies of structural change, transport and remediation processes in sediments | 25 | ||
| 2.4 Conclusion | 34 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 34 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| 3. Large-scale mapping of soil and groundwater pollution to quantify pollution spreading | 37 | ||
| 3.1 Introduction | 37 | ||
| 3.2 Methods | 38 | ||
| 3.3 Electromagnetic mapping of pollution emanating from a linear source | 41 | ||
| 3.4 Electromagnetic mapping of pollution emanating from dumpsites | 43 | ||
| 3.5 Mapping of soil and groundwater pollution at a former municipal storage plant for road de-icing salt | 46 | ||
| 3.6 Conclusion | 48 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| Section IB Process conditions for conversion | 49 | ||
| 4. Biological treatment of hazardous organic pollutants | 51 | ||
| 4.1 Introduction | 51 | ||
| 4.2 Biodegradation of hazardous pollutants | 54 | ||
| 4.3 Biological water treatment | 58 | ||
| 4.4 Biological soil remediation | 64 | ||
| 4.5 Conclusions | 70 | ||
| References | 70 | ||
| 5. Diagnosing the biodegradation potential of soils | 76 | ||
| 5.1 Introduction | 76 | ||
| 5.2 Biodegradation of organic pollutants | 78 | ||
| 5.3 Molecular tools to diagnose bioremediation | 85 | ||
| 5.4 Conclusions | 91 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 92 | ||
| References | 92 | ||
| 6. Characterization of redox conditions in soils and sediments: heavy metals | 102 | ||
| 6.1 Introduction | 102 | ||
| 6.2 Diagenetic processes | 103 | ||
| 6.3 Mechanisms of metal remobilization from sediments | 105 | ||
| 6.4 Assessment of long-term metal mobility | 108 | ||
| 6.5 Impact of pH and redox conditions on the size-distribution of natural colloids | 110 | ||
| 6.6 Effects of periodical redox processes in sediments and soils | 112 | ||
| 6.7 Influence of flooding on redox potential and composition of soil solutions in alluvial soils | 115 | ||
| 6.8 Conclusions | 118 | ||
| References | 119 | ||
| Section IC Biodegradability versus bioavailability | 121 | ||
| 7. Integrated approach to quantify bioavailable concentrations of organic pollutants: linking risk assessment and remediation option | 123 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction | 123 | ||
| 7.2 Methods to measure bioavailability | 124 | ||
| 7.3 Applications of the bioavailability concept | 127 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusions | 130 | ||
| References | 131 | ||
| 8. Integrated approach to quantify bioavailable concentrations of heavy metals | 133 | ||
| 8.1 Introduction | 133 | ||
| 8.2 Bacterial biosensors to determine the bioavailability of specific heavy metals | 134 | ||
| 8.3 Correlation between bacterial biosensors and tests representing higher trophic levels | 135 | ||
| 8.4 Conclusion | 143 | ||
| References | 143 | ||
| Part Two Treatment technologies for contaminated soils | 147 | ||
| Section IIA Remediation of contaminated soils | 149 | ||
| 9. Ex situ bioremediation of contaminated soils | 151 | ||
| 9.1 Introduction | 151 | ||
| 9.2 Ex situ solid-phase bioremediation | 152 | ||
| 9.3 Ex situ slurry-phase bioremediation | 161 | ||
| 9.4 Bioaugmentation: is it really needed? | 165 | ||
| 9.5 Conclusions | 170 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| 10. In situ treatment of large-scale sites contaminated by chlorinated compounds | 176 | ||
| 10.1 Introduction | 176 | ||
| 10.2 Barrier approaches | 178 | ||
| 10.3 Case study Bitterfeld | 183 | ||
| 10.4 Attenuation Approaches | 188 | ||
| 10.5 Outlook | 193 | ||
| References | 194 | ||
| 11. In situ chemical oxidation of environments contaminated with hazardous materials | 200 | ||
| 11.1 Introduction | 200 | ||
| 11.2 Contaminants | 202 | ||
| 11.3 Fenton's oxidation | 204 | ||
| 11.4 Permanganate oxidation | 210 | ||
| 11.5 Ozone | 213 | ||
| 11.6 Technology description and field applications | 215 | ||
| 11.7 Health and safety | 219 | ||
| 11.8 Conclusions | 219 | ||
| References | 220 | ||
| 12. Stimulated in situ soil treatment: biodegradation coupled to Fenton's reaction | 223 | ||
| 12.1 Introduction | 223 | ||
| 12.2 Homogeneous catalysis of hydrogen peroxide | 224 | ||
| 12.3 Heterogeneous catalysis of hydrogen peroxide | 226 | ||
| 12.4 Effect of Fenton's reaction on bacteria | 230 | ||
| 12.5 Mineralization and intermediates of organic contaminants by Fenton’s reaction | 232 | ||
| 12.6 Biodegradation coupled to Fenton's reaction | 235 | ||
| 12.7 Conclusions | 241 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 241 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| 13. Treatment of contaminated soil and groundwater: in situ immobilization of metals | 248 | ||
| 13.1 Introduction | 248 | ||
| 13.2 Remediation technologies for heavy metal polluted environments | 250 | ||
| 13.3 Conclusions | 261 | ||
| References | 261 | ||
| 14. Electro-remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil | 264 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 264 | ||
| 14.2 Historical background | 265 | ||
| 14.3 Electrokinetic processes | 266 | ||
| 14.4 Electrochemical soil remediation methods | 267 | ||
| 14.5 Parameters affecting remediation performances | 270 | ||
| 14.6 Enhancing electro-remediation | 274 | ||
| 14.7 Electro-remediation results | 277 | ||
| 14.8 Electro-remediation of organic pollutants | 282 | ||
| 14.9 Conclusions | 283 | ||
| References | 284 | ||
| 15. Metal accumulation and metabolism in higher plants: potential for phytoremediation | 289 | ||
| 15.1 Introduction | 289 | ||
| 15.2 Approach and methodology | 294 | ||
| 15.3 Metal accumulation by sunflower | 295 | ||
| 15.4 Production and testing of mutants | 300 | ||
| 15.5 Applicability of sunflower for phytoremediation | 304 | ||
| 15.6 Conclusions | 305 | ||
| References | 307 | ||
| Section IIB Management of soil pollution | 311 | ||
| 16. Risk-based land management: status and perspectives for policy | 313 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction | 313 | ||
| 16.2 Contaminated land | 314 | ||
| 16.3 The concept of RBLM | 316 | ||
| 16.4 Application of RBLM in practice | 320 | ||
| 16.5 Conclusions | 328 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| 17. Obsolete pesticides: how to solve a worldwide society problem? | 331 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 331 | ||
| 17.2 Present situation | 332 | ||
| 17.3 Clean-up of obsolete pesticides | 335 | ||
| 17.4 Conclusions | 339 | ||
| References | 339 | ||
| Part Three Treatment technologies for contaminated sediments | 341 | ||
| Section IIIA Remediation of contaminated sediments | 343 | ||
| 18. Treatment and disposal of contaminated dredged sediments | 345 | ||
| 18.1 Introduction | 345 | ||
| 18.2 Treatment and disposal | 346 | ||
| 18.3 Assessment of different options | 360 | ||
| 18.4 Development of sustainable sediment management | 362 | ||
| 18.5 Conclusions | 365 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 365 | ||
| References | 365 | ||
| 19. Landfarming of dredged sediment contaminated with oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 370 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 370 | ||
| 19.2 Limiting factors | 372 | ||
| 19.3 Target values | 377 | ||
| 19.4 Risks during and after landfarming | 378 | ||
| 19.5 Case study: Intensive and passive landfarming at Kreekraksluizen | 379 | ||
| 19.6 From polluted sediment to reusable soil | 389 | ||
| 19.7 Conclusions | 392 | ||
| References | 392 | ||
| 20. The international ban of tributyltin in antifoulings: consequences and perspectives | 395 | ||
| 20.1 Introduction | 395 | ||
| 20.2 Alternative antifouling systems | 396 | ||
| 20.3 TBT release from harbour sediments | 397 | ||
| 20.4 Outlook | 402 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 403 | ||
| References | 404 | ||
| Section IIIB Sediment/soil management under climate change | 407 | ||
| 21. Scenarios for future impacts of sea level changes on soil contamination | 409 | ||
| 21.1 Introduction | 409 | ||
| 21.2 The DSF | 410 | ||
| 21.3 Possible sources of soil pollution | 414 | ||
| 21.4 Conclusions | 416 | ||
| References | 417 | ||
| 22. Soil erosion and sediment fluxes in river basins: the influence of anthropogenic activities and climate change | 418 | ||
| 22.1 Introduction | 418 | ||
| 22.2 Temporal and spatial scale issues and sediment fluxes | 419 | ||
| 22.3 Recent changes in soil erosion and sediment fluxes due to land use and management | 420 | ||
| 22.4 Recent changes in sediment fluxes due to river use and management | 422 | ||
| 22.5 Changes in soil erosion and sediment fluxes due to climate change | 426 | ||
| 22.6 Conclusion | 432 | ||
| References | 432 | ||
| Part Four Applications | 435 | ||
| 23. Risk evaluation and reduction of groundwater contamination from petrol stations | 437 | ||
| 23.1 Introduction | 437 | ||
| 23.2 PS characteristics | 438 | ||
| 23.3 Transport and fate of hydrocarbons in subsoil | 440 | ||
| 23.4 The groundwater protection strategy in Poland | 442 | ||
| 23.5 The methodology of risk evaluation | 445 | ||
| 23.6 Risk-reduction approach for PS | 446 | ||
| 23.7 Case study: Risk reduction from PS to groundwater in the Cz&ecedil;stochowa Region | 448 | ||
| 23.8 Conclusions | 455 | ||
| References | 456 | ||
| 24. Bioremediation of former gasworks sites in the UK | 458 | ||
| 24.1 Introduction | 458 | ||
| 24.2 A UK perspective on contaminated land remediation and legislation | 459 | ||
| 24.3 Consequences of new legislation | 462 | ||
| 24.4 Bioremediation | 463 | ||
| 24.5 Case studies undertaken on former gasworks sites | 463 | ||
| 24.6 Conclusions | 476 | ||
| References | 476 | ||
| 25. Megasite case study: Venice | 478 | ||
| 25.1 Introduction | 478 | ||
| 25.2 The Venice megasite | 479 | ||
| 25.3 Strategies and tools | 482 | ||
| 25.4 Conclusion | 487 | ||
| References | 488 | ||
| 26. Treatment of an uranium mining site | 490 | ||
| 26.1 Site description | 490 | ||
| 26.2 Remediation activity | 494 | ||
| 26.3 In situ groundwater treatment using permeable reactive barrier | 512 | ||
| 26.4 Radiological monitoring | 517 | ||
| 26.5 Conclusion | 519 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 519 | ||
| References | 519 | ||
| Index | 521 |