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Book Details
Abstract
A common characteristic of water demand in urban areas worldwide is its inexorable rise over many years; continued growth is projected over coming decades. The chief influencing factors are population growth and migration, together with changes in lifestyle, demographic structure and the possible effects of climate change (the detailed implications of climate change are not yet clear, and anyway will depend on global location, but must at least increase the uncertainty in security of supply). This is compounded by rapid development, creeping urbanization and, in some places, rising standards of living. Meeting this increasing demand from existing resources is self-evidently an uphill struggle, particularly in water stressed/scarce regions in the developed and developing world alike. There are typically two potential responses: either "supply-side" (meeting demand with new resources) or "demand-side" (managing consumptive demand itself to postpone or avoid the need to develop new resources). There is considerable pressure from the general public, regulatory agencies, and some governments to minimise the impacts of new supply projects (e.g. building new reservoirs or inter-regional transfer schemes), implying the emphasis should be shifted towards managing water demand by best utilising the water that is already available. Water Demand Management has been prepared by the academic, government and industry network WATERSAVE. The concept of the book is to assemble a comprehensive picture of demand management topics ranging from technical to social and legal aspects, through expert critical literature reviews. The depth and breadth of coverage is a unique contribution to the field and the book will be an invaluable information source for practitioners and researchers, including water utility engineers/planners, environmental regulators, equipment and service providers, and postgraduates. Contents Water consumption trends and demand forecasting techniques The technology, design and utility of rainwater catchment systems Understanding greywater treatment Water conservation products Water conservation and sewerage systems An introduction to life cycle and rebound effects in water systems Developing a strategy for managing losses in water distribution networks Demand management in developing countries Drivers and barriers for water conservation and reuse in the UK The economics of water demand management Legislation and regulation mandating and influencing the efficient use of water in England and Wales Consumer reactions to water conservation policy instruments Decision support tools for water demand management
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| Index | ccclxx | ||
| 1.0 Water consumption trends and demand forecasting techniques | xix | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | xix | ||
| 1.2 THE BIG PICTURE | xx | ||
| 1.3 PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION | xxii | ||
| 1.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMPTION | xxiv | ||
| 1.5 CONSUMPTION BY MICRO-COMPONENT | xxvi | ||
| 1.6 WATER CONSUMPTION TRENDS AND SAVING POTENTIAL | xxviii | ||
| 1.7 DEMAND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES | xxxi | ||
| 1.7.1 Unmeasured household demand | xxxiii | ||
| 1.7.2 Measured household demand | xxxiv | ||
| 1.7.3 Scenario-based forecasting | xxxv | ||
| 1.7.4 Statistical methods | xxxviii | ||
| 1.7.5 Forecasting techniques for network operations | xli | ||
| 1.8 CONCLUSIONS | xlii | ||
| 1.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | xliii | ||
| 1.10 REFERENCES | xliii | ||
| 2.0 Technology, design and utility of rainwater catchment systems | xlv | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | xlv | ||
| 2.2 BACKGROUND AND APPLICATION OF RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEMS | xlvi | ||
| 2.2.1 History | xlvi | ||
| 2.2.2 Application in Developing Countries | xlvii | ||
| 2.2.3 Application in Developed Countries | xlvii | ||
| 2.2.3.1 Potable Water Systems | xlvii | ||
| 2.2.3.2 Non-potable water systems | xlix | ||
| 2.3 RAINWATER CATCHMENT SYSTEM CATEGORIES AND COMPONENTS | lii | ||
| 2.3.1 System Categories | lii | ||
| 2.3.2 System Components | lvi | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Catchment Area | lvi | ||
| 2.3.2.2 First flush diverters | lvii | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Treatment | lvii | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Storage | lvii | ||
| 2.4 STORAGE CAPACITY OF RAINWATER COLLECTORS | lviii | ||
| 2.4.1 Background | lviii | ||
| 2.4.2 Moran related methods | lviii | ||
| 2.4.3 Critical period methods | lix | ||
| 2.4.3.1 Mass Curve | lix | ||
| 2.4.3.2 Behavioural Analysis | lxi | ||
| 2.4.3.3 The integration of different operating policies into behavioural models | lxii | ||
| 2.4.3.4 Behavioural models and the time interval of the input data | lxiii | ||
| 2.4.3.5 The application of behavioural models to sizing rainwater collectors in the UK | lxiv | ||
| 2.4.4 Economic Considerations | lxvii | ||
| 2.4.5 Other Design Methods | lxvii | ||
| 2.5 RAINWATER QUALITY | lxvii | ||
| 2.5.1 Introduction | lxvii | ||
| 2.5.2 Chemical and Physical Contaminants | lxviii | ||
| 2.5.3 Microbiological Contamination | lxix | ||
| 2.6 DISCUSSION | lxxii | ||
| 2.7 REFERENCES | lxxv | ||
| 3.0 Understanding greywater treatment | lxxx | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | lxxx | ||
| 3.1.1\tStorms of controversy | lxxx | ||
| 3.1.2 Treatment principles | lxxxi | ||
| 3.1.3 Treatment technology | lxxxiii | ||
| 3.2\tCONFUSION AND CONTROVERSY | lxxxv | ||
| 3.2.1\tLanguage and logic problems | lxxxvi | ||
| 3.3\tGREYWATER CHARACTERISATION | lxxxvii | ||
| 3.3.1\tCompounding compounds | lxxxviii | ||
| 3.3.2\tSource sampling | lxxxix | ||
| 3.3.3\tOrganising organisms | xci | ||
| 3.3.4\tActual versus potential micro-organisms | xcii | ||
| 3.4\tSTANDARD ERRORS | xciv | ||
| 3.5\tRISK ASSESSMENT | xcv | ||
| 3.6 CONCLUSIONS | xcvii | ||
| 3.7\tREFERENCES | xcvii | ||
| 4.0 Water conservation products | c | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | c | ||
| 4.2 A FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERING WATER CONSERVATION PRODUCTS | ci | ||
| 4.2.1 Definitions | ci | ||
| Water conservation; doing less with less | cii | ||
| Water efficiency; doing the same (or more) with less | cii | ||
| Water sufficiency; enough is enough | cii | ||
| Water substitution; replace water with something else such as air | ciii | ||
| Water reuse, recycling and harvesting; a potentially virtuous circle | ciii | ||
| 4.2.2 The potential for technical solutions for demand management | civ | ||
| 4.3 AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES; ANALYSIS BY CATEGORY | cv | ||
| 4.3.1 Domestic Appliances | cvi | ||
| Discussion | cvi | ||
| Water use and cleaning performance | cvii | ||
| BATNEEC (best available technology not entailing excessive cost) | cix | ||
| Future | cix | ||
| 4.3.2 Garden appliances/water efficient gardening | cix | ||
| Discussion | cix | ||
| 5.0 Water conservation and sewerage systems | cxxv | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | cxxv | ||
| 5.1.1 Aims | cxxv | ||
| 5.1.2 Scope | cxxvi | ||
| 5.1.3 Development of combined and separate drainage systems | cxxvii | ||
| 5.1.4 Design of sewerage systems | cxxix | ||
| 5.2 FLOWS AND LOADS IN SEWERS | cxxix | ||
| 5.2.1 Flow and load in foul sewers and combined sewers and drains in dry weather | cxxix | ||
| 5.2.2 Flow in combined sewers in wet weather | cxxxv | ||
| 5.2.3 Load in combined sewers in wet weather | cxxxvi | ||
| 5.2.4 Flows and load in surface water sewers in wet and dry weather | cxxxviii | ||
| 5.2.5 SUDS | cxxxviii | ||
| 5.3 PRESSURES ON URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS | cxxxix | ||
| 5.4 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER CONSERVATION METHODS ON PERIPHERAL AND CORE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND ON TREATMENT PLANT | cxl | ||
| 5.5 CONCLUSIONS | cxlvi | ||
| 5.6. REFERENCES | cxlvi | ||
| 6.0 Introduction to life cycle and rebound effects in water systems | cxlviii | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | cxlviii | ||
| 6.2 LIFE CYCLE THINKING | cxlix | ||
| 6.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment | cl | ||
| 6.2.2 Recognised limitations of LCA | cli | ||
| 6.3 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND WATER SYSTEMS | clii | ||
| 6.3.1 LCA and demand management | clii | ||
| Rainwater re-use vs. low flush toilets | clii | ||
| Strategies for water supply at the housing estate scale | clii | ||
| Residential storage tanks | cliii | ||
| 6.3.2 LCA and wastewater systems | cliii | ||
| 6.4 REBOUND EFFECTS | cliv | ||
| 6.4.1 Rebound effects on time savings | clv | ||
| 6.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS | clv | ||
| 6.6 REFERENCES | clvi | ||
| 6.6.1\tFurther information on life cycle assessment | clvii | ||
| 7.0 Developing a strategy for managing losses in water distribution networks | clix | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | clix | ||
| 7.1.1 Understanding water losses | clix | ||
| 7.1.2 The IWA Water Loss Task Force | clx | ||
| 7.2 UNDERSTANDING THE NETWORK | clxi | ||
| 7.2.1 Prioritising the tasks | clxi | ||
| 7.2.2 The water balance | clxiii | ||
| 7.2.3 Network review | clxiv | ||
| 7.3 DEALING WITH REAL LOSSES (LEAKAGE) | clxv | ||
| 7.3.1 Developing a leakage strategy | clxv | ||
| 7.3.1.1 Establishing funding requirements | clxvi | ||
| 7.3.1.2 Reviewing the organisation structure | clxvi | ||
| 7.3.1.3 Setting targets | clxvii | ||
| Active Leakage Control | clxix | ||
| Pressure Management | clxix | ||
| District metering | clxx | ||
| Mains and service renewal | clxxi | ||
| Speed of repairs | clxxi | ||
| 7.3.1.4 Economic level of leakage | clxxi | ||
| Short term ELL | clxxi | ||
| Long Term ELL | clxxii | ||
| 7.3.1.5 Setting provisional leakage targets | clxxiii | ||
| 7.3.1.6 Setting up procedures to collect data | clxxv | ||
| 7.3.1.7 Establishing trial exercises | clxxvi | ||
| 7.3.1.8 Importance of company specific data | clxxvi | ||
| 7.3.1.9 Introducing the strategy | clxxvii | ||
| 7.4 LEAKAGE MANAGEMENT | clxxvii | ||
| 7.4.1 Active leakage control (ALC) | clxxviii | ||
| 7.4.1.1 Regular survey | clxxviii | ||
| 7.4.1.2 Leakage monitoring | clxxviii | ||
| 7.4.1.3 Analysis of DMA flows to estimate leakage | clxxix | ||
| 7.4.1.4 Choosing a policy | clxxxi | ||
| 7.4.1.5 Managing DMAs | clxxxi | ||
| 7.4.2 Pressure management | clxxxiv | ||
| Reduction of frequency of bursts | clxxxv | ||
| Provision of more constant supply to customers | clxxxvi | ||
| Increased fire fighting capability | clxxxvi | ||
| Protection of the long-term life of the assets | clxxxvi | ||
| 7.4.3 Infrastructure management | clxxxvi | ||
| 7.4.4 Monitoring performance and maintaining progress | clxxxix | ||
| 7.4.4.1 Strategic monitoring | cxc | ||
| 7.4.4.2 Facilities monitoring and maintenance | cxc | ||
| 7.4.4.3 Operational Monitoring | cxci | ||
| 7.4.4.4 Use of new technology and operating practices | cxci | ||
| 7.4.4.5 Undertaking an annual review to assess the effectiveness of the strategy | cxcii | ||
| 7.5 TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT | cxcii | ||
| 7.5.1 Data capture and analysis | cxcii | ||
| 7.5.2 Finding the leaks | cxciii | ||
| 7.6 CONCLUSIONS | cxcv | ||
| 7.7 REFERENCES | cxcvii | ||
| 8.0 Demand management in developing countries | cxcviii | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | cxcviii | ||
| 8.1.1 Water crisis in developing countries | cxcviii | ||
| 8.1.2 Water scarcity in urban areas | cc | ||
| 8.1.3 Supply driven approach | cci | ||
| 8.1.4 Growing interest in demand management | ccii | ||
| 8.2 DEMAND MANAGEMENT (DM) | ccii | ||
| 8.2.1 Definitions | ccii | ||
| 8.2.2 Instruments for demand management | cciv | ||
| 8.2.3 Demand management and consumer types | cciv | ||
| High-income consumers | ccv | ||
| Middle-income consumers | ccv | ||
| Low-income consumers | ccv | ||
| 8.2.4 Demand management programme - objective and goals | ccv | ||
| 8.3 INTERMITTENT SUPPLY | ccvi | ||
| 8.3.1 Necessity rather than design | ccvi | ||
| 8.3.2 Problems with intermittent supply | ccvii | ||
| Low Pressures | ccvii | ||
| Inequitable Distribution of Water | ccvii | ||
| Water Contamination | ccvii | ||
| Consumers’ Coping Costs | ccvii | ||
| 8.3.3 Improvements to intermittent supply | ccviii | ||
| 8.3.4 Guidelines for improved equity in supply | ccix | ||
| 8.3.5 Guidelines for improved water quality | ccix | ||
| 8.4 WATER LOSSES | ccx | ||
| 8.4.1 Water loss definitions | ccx | ||
| 8.4.2 Real losses | ccxi | ||
| Leakage assessment, detection and repair | ccxii | ||
| 8.4.3 Leakage in intermittent systems | ccxiii | ||
| Rehabilitation, repair or replacement | ccxiii | ||
| 8.4.4 Apparent losses | ccxiv | ||
| Illegal connections | ccxiv | ||
| Metering schemes | ccxv | ||
| Billing aspects | ccxvi | ||
| 8.5 WATER CHARGING, TARIFFS AND METERING | ccxvi | ||
| 8.5.1 Water charging and subsidies | ccxvi | ||
| 8.5.2 ‘CAFES’ Principal | ccxvii | ||
| 8.5.3 Block tariffs | ccxvii | ||
| Block 1-basic human needs | ccxviii | ||
| Block 2-normal consumption | ccxviii | ||
| Block 3-luxury consumption | ccxviii | ||
| 8.5.4 Metering | ccxix | ||
| 8.6. RETROFITTING | ccxxi | ||
| 8.6.1 Potential for retrofitting in developing countries | ccxxi | ||
| 8.6.2 Low-income communities | ccxxii | ||
| 8.7 WASTEWATER REUSE | ccxxiii | ||
| 8.8 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY | ccxxiv | ||
| 8.8.1 Institutional Capacity and Demand Management | ccxxiv | ||
| 8.8.2 Institutional development programme | ccxxiv | ||
| 8.9 PUBLIC AWARENESS | ccxxv | ||
| 8.9.1 Importance of public awareness | ccxxv | ||
| 8.9.2 Components of public awareness campaign | ccxxvi | ||
| 8.9.3 Factors to consider for public awareness campaign | ccxxvi | ||
| 8.10 DEMAND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ccxxvii | ||
| 8.10.1 Managing water for African cities | ccxxvii | ||
| 8.10.2 Managing water for Asian cities | ccxxviii | ||
| 8.11 CONCLUSION | ccxxix | ||
| 8.12 REFERENCES | ccxxix | ||
| 9.0 Drivers and barriers for water conservation and reuse in the UK | ccxxxiii | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | ccxxxiii | ||
| 9.2\tTHE THREE KEY DRIVERS | ccxxxv | ||
| 9.2.1\tClimate change | ccxxxv | ||
| 9.2.2\tDemographics | ccxxxvi | ||
| 9.2.3\tIncreasing rates of per capita consumption | ccxxxvii | ||
| 9.3\tWATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE MEASURES | ccxxxviii | ||
| 9.3.1\tWater conservation measures | ccxxxviii | ||
| 9.3.2\tGreywater reuse systems | ccxxxviii | ||
| 9.4\tBARRIERS AND DRIVERS FOR THE GOVERNMENT AND REGULATORS | ccxxxix | ||
| 9.4.1\tRegulators and the Government: Drivers | ccxxxix | ||
| 9.4.2 Regulators and the Government: Barriers | ccxli | ||
| 9.5\tLOCAL AUTHORITIES | ccxliii | ||
| 9.5.1\tLocal authorities: Drivers | ccxliii | ||
| 9.5.2\tLocal authorities: Barriers | ccxliii | ||
| 9.6\tWATER COMPANIES | ccxliv | ||
| 9.6.1\tWater companies: Drivers | ccxliv | ||
| 9.6.2\tWater companies: Barriers | ccxlv | ||
| 9.7\tPRIVATE CONSULTANTS | ccxlvi | ||
| 9.7.1\tPrivate consultants: Drivers | ccxlvi | ||
| 9.7.2\tPrivate consultants: Barriers | ccxlvi | ||
| 9.8\tARCHITECTS, DEVELOPERS AND PLANNERS | ccxlvi | ||
| 9.8.1\tArchitects, developers and planners: Drivers | ccxlvi | ||
| 9.8.2\tArchitects, developers and planners: Barriers | ccxlvii | ||
| 9.9\tEDUCATION AND RESEARCH | ccxlviii | ||
| 9.9.1\tEducation and research: Drivers | ccxlviii | ||
| 9.9.2\tEducation and research: Barriers | ccxlviii | ||
| 9.10\tMANUFACTURERS | ccxlix | ||
| 9.10.1\tManufacturers: Drivers | ccxlix | ||
| 9.10.2\tManufacturers: Barriers | ccxlix | ||
| 9.11\tCUSTOMERS AND CONSUMERS | ccl | ||
| 9.11.1\tCustomers and consumers: Drivers | ccl | ||
| 9.11.2\tConsumers: Barriers | ccli | ||
| 9.12\tCONCLUSIONS | cclii | ||
| 9.13\tREFERENCES | ccliii | ||
| 10.0 Economics of water demand management | ccliv | ||
| 10.1\tINTRODUCTION: SETTING THE STAGE | ccliv | ||
| 10.1.1Definitions and categories | ccliv | ||
| 10.1.2 \tScope for demand-management | cclvi | ||
| 10.2\tECONOMIC APPRAISAL | cclvii | ||
| 10.2.1\tDifferent types of appraisal | cclvii | ||
| 10.2.1.1 Technical appraisal | cclvii | ||
| 10.2.1.2 Economic appraisal | cclviii | ||
| 10.2.1.3 Environmental appraisal | cclviii | ||
| 10.2.1.4 Social appraisal | cclix | ||
| 10.2.2 Economic appraisal: from micro to macro | cclix | ||
| Micro-appraisal | cclx | ||
| Macro-appraisal | cclx | ||
| 10.2.3 Economic appraisal: micro | cclxi | ||
| 10.2.3.1 Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), discounting and net present value (NPV) | cclxi | ||
| Introduction | cclxi | ||
| Theory | cclxi | ||
| The Decision-Rule | cclxii | ||
| 10.2.3.2 Internal rate of return (IRR) | cclxiii | ||
| Theory | cclxiii | ||
| A Decision-Rule | cclxiv | ||
| Problems with IRR | cclxiv | ||
| 10.2.3.3 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) | cclxv | ||
| 10.2.3.4 Payback period | cclxvii | ||
| 10.2.3.5 Total resource cost test | cclxviii | ||
| 10.2.4.1 Introduction | cclxxi | ||
| 10.2.4.2 Least cost planning (LCP) and integrated resource planning (IRP) | cclxxi | ||
| 10.2.4.3 Economics of demand management (EDM) and economics of balancing supply and demand (EBSD) | cclxxii | ||
| 10.3 APPLICATIONS IN PRACTICE | cclxxiv | ||
| 10.3.1 Introduction | cclxxiv | ||
| 10.3.2 Application of major micro-appraisal techniques | cclxxiv | ||
| 10.3.2.1 Cost benefit analysis and net present value | cclxxiv | ||
| 10.3.2.2 Internal rate of return | cclxxv | ||
| 10.3.2.3 Cost-effectiveness analysis | cclxxv | ||
| 10.3.2.4 Payback period | cclxxvi | ||
| 10.3.3 Micro-appraisal in practice | cclxxvii | ||
| 10.3.3.1 Introduction | cclxxvii | ||
| 10.3.3.2 WCs and urinals | cclxxvii | ||
| 10.3.3.3 Taps and washroom controls | cclxxix | ||
| 10.3.3.4 Showers and bathing | cclxxix | ||
| 10.3.3.5 Washing machines and dishwashers | cclxxxi | ||
| 10.3.3.6 Gardens and gardening | cclxxxii | ||
| 10.3.3.7 Rainwater collection and greywater recycling | cclxxxiii | ||
| 10.3.3.8 Water use restrictions on households | cclxxxiv | ||
| 10.3.3.9 Demand management and wastewater flows | cclxxxiv | ||
| 10.3.3.10 The metering decision | cclxxxv | ||
| 10.3.3.11 Econometric studies of demand-management | cclxxxvi | ||
| 10.3.3.12 Comparative cost-effectiveness analyses over 1995-2000 | cclxxxviii | ||
| 10.4 \tCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS | ccxci | ||
| 10.5 REFERENCES | ccxciii | ||
| 11.0 Legislation and regulation mandating and influencing the efficient use of water in England and Wales | ccxcviii | ||
| 11.1 INTRODUCTION | ccxcviii | ||
| 11.2 WATER USE BY ABSTRACTION | ccc | ||
| 11.2.1\t Legislation/Regulation applying to all abstractions | ccc | ||
| 11.2.2\t Industrial and agricultural abstraction | ccci | ||
| 11.2.2.1 Abstraction licensing | ccci | ||
| 11.2.2.2 Discharge consenting | ccci | ||
| 11.2.2.3 Integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) | cccii | ||
| 11.2.3\tThe public water supply | cccii | ||
| 11.2.3.1 Water resources plans | cccii | ||
| 11.2.3.2 The periodic review process | ccciii | ||
| 11.3 THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY | cccv | ||
| 11.3.1\tLeakage | cccvi | ||
| 11.3.2 Public water supply to buildings (households and non-households) | cccvii | ||
| 11.3.2.1 Duty to promote the efficient use of water | cccvii | ||
| 11.3.2.2 The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 | cccviii | ||
| 11.3.2.3 Building Regulations | cccix | ||
| 11.3.2.4 Development planning | cccix | ||
| 11.3.2.5 Charging for water | cccxi | ||
| 11.3.2.6 Enhanced capital allowance | cccxi | ||
| 11.3.2.7 Competition | cccxii | ||
| 11.4 RECENT LEGISLATION | cccxii | ||
| 11.4.1\tThe European Water Framework Directive | cccxii | ||
| 11.4.2\tThe Water Act 2003 | cccxiv | ||
| Section 72: Efficient use of water resources | cccxiv | ||
| Section 83: Water conservation by public authorities | cccxv | ||
| 11.5 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES | cccxvi | ||
| 11.6 DISCUSSION | cccxvii | ||
| 11.6.1\tAbstraction licensing | cccxvii | ||
| 11.6.2 Water resources plans and the periodic review process | cccxviii | ||
| 11.6.3 Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations | cccxviii | ||
| 11.6.4 Leakage targets | cccxix | ||
| 11.6.5\tWater efficiency/water conservation duty | cccxix | ||
| 11.6.6 Water charging policy | cccxix | ||
| 11.6.7\t Development planning | cccxx | ||
| 11.6.8\tEnhanced capital allowance | cccxx | ||
| 11.6.9\tRecent legislation | cccxxi | ||
| 11.7 CONCLUSIONS | cccxxi | ||
| 11.8 REFERENCES | cccxxii | ||
| 12.0 Consumer reactions to water conservation policy instruments | cccxxiii | ||
| 12.1 INTRODUCTION | cccxxiii | ||
| 12.1.1\tSupply, demand, and social expectations | cccxxiv | ||
| 12.1.2\tWater use and policy instruments | cccxxv | ||
| 12.2 ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES TO CONSERVATION INITIATIVES | cccxxviii | ||
| 12.2.1\tEconomic instruments | cccxxviii | ||
| 12.2.2\tRegulatory instruments | cccxxx | ||
| 12.2.3\tTechnological instruments | cccxxxi | ||
| 12.2.4\tEducation instruments | cccxxxiii | ||
| 12.3 ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES TO WATER RECYCLING INITIATIVES | cccxxxv | ||
| 12.4 BEYOND DEMAND MANAGEMENT? | cccxxxviii | ||
| 12.4.1\tGauging socio-cultural adaptability | cccxxxviii | ||
| 12.4.2\tComplexity and co-evolution | cccxxxix | ||
| 12.4.3\tWater as a cultural signifier | cccxli | ||
| 12.5 CONCLUSION: SOME COMMENTS ON CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT | cccxliii | ||
| 12.6 REFERENCES | cccxliv | ||
| 13.0 Decision support tools for water demand management | cccxlix | ||
| 13.1 INTRODUCTION | cccxlix | ||
| 13.2 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS | cccl | ||
| 13.3 TOOLS FOR FORECASTING DEMAND | ccclii | ||
| 13.4 TOOLS FOR SUPPORTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEMAND REDUCING STRATEGIES | ccclvi | ||
| 13.5 TOOLS FOR MANAGING WATER DEMAND AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL | ccclix | ||
| 13.6 TOOLS FOR NEGOTIATIONS | ccclxii | ||
| 13.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS | ccclxiv | ||
| 13.8 REFERENCES | ccclxvi |