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Book Details
Abstract
Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics provides the necessary conceptual framework and tools to assess all appropriate aspects of water and sanitation projects in developing countries. Using the lessons learned from courses taught at the Technical University of Denmark, Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics is the concerted effort of a broad team including "hard core" engineers and practitioners as well as "soft core" environmental and institutional planners and economists, with contributions from renowned researchers as well as seasoned project managers. The first part of the book aims to give a basic understanding of international projects and addresses how to identify, formulate, select, organise, cost, finance, implement and manage water and wastewater management projects in developing countries. Later chapters focus on three different types of water and wastewater management projects in a tropical context: rural water and sanitation; urban water and wastewater management; and, industrial water and wastewater management. Water and Wastewater Management in the Tropics will appeal to graduate environmental engineering students but also to practitioners, economists, sociologists, and institutional planners working with water and sanitation projects in developing countries.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Preface | 13 | ||
| Index | 381 | ||
| 1.0 Introduction | 18 | ||
| 1.1 BACKGROUND | 18 | ||
| 1.2\tOBJECTIVE, SCOPE AND CONTENT | 20 | ||
| 2.0 Project identification and formulation | 22 | ||
| 2.1\tINTRODUCTION | 22 | ||
| 2.2\tPROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND FORMULATION BASED ON A STRATEGIC AND PARTICIPATORY APPROACH | 28 | ||
| 2.2.1\tIntroduction | 28 | ||
| 2.2.2\tStrategic Management | 31 | ||
| 2.3\tPUBLIC PARTICIPATION | 36 | ||
| 2.3.1\tIntroduction | 36 | ||
| 2.3.2\tDefining Participation | 37 | ||
| 2.3.3\tStakeholder Analysis | 41 | ||
| 2.4\tINTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT | 43 | ||
| 2.4.1\tIntroduction | 43 | ||
| 2.4.2\tConcepts and Principles | 44 | ||
| 2.4.3\tA Case Study of IEM: The EmSong Project | 46 | ||
| 2.4.3.1 Introduction | 46 | ||
| 2.4.3.2\tThe EmSong Planning Process | 50 | ||
| 2.4.3.3\tThe EmSong Planning Results | 53 | ||
| 2.4.3.4\tSustainability of the Project Results | 55 | ||
| 2.4.3.5\tLessons Learned | 57 | ||
| 2.5\tINTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT | 59 | ||
| 2.5.1\tIntroduction | 59 | ||
| 2.5.2\tGlobal Water Partnership | 59 | ||
| 2.5.3\tICARM and the FreshCo Initiative | 62 | ||
| 2.6\tREFERENCES | 63 | ||
| 3.0 Project costing and financing | 68 | ||
| 3.1\tINTRODUCTION | 68 | ||
| 3.1.1\tOverview of the Chapter | 68 | ||
| 3.1.2\tWater as an Economic and Social Good | 69 | ||
| 3.1.3\tThe Distinction between Rural and Urban Approaches | 71 | ||
| 3.2\tKEY COST AND FINANCING CONCEPTS | 72 | ||
| 3.2.1\tIntroduction | 72 | ||
| 3.2.2\tCost versus Expenditure | 73 | ||
| 3.2.3\tDiscount Rate, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Annualised Cost | 74 | ||
| 3.2.4\tInvestment Expenditure and O&M Expenditure | 78 | ||
| 3.3\tCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL VERSUS ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS | 82 | ||
| 3.3.1\tConcepts | 82 | ||
| 3.3.2\tCost-Benefit Analysis and Multi-Criteria Selection Methods | 87 | ||
| 3.4\tSERVICE LEVEL DETERMINATION FOR SMALL TOWNS AND RURAL AREAS | 88 | ||
| 3.4.1\tPrinciples and Key Determinants | 88 | ||
| 3.4.2\tThe Use of an Iterative Approach | 90 | ||
| 3.4.3\tCost Estimation | 93 | ||
| 3.5\tCOST ESTIMATION, AFFORDABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY IN LARGE URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS | 94 | ||
| 3.5.1\tService Level Determination for Large Urban Agglomerations | 94 | ||
| 3.5.2\tCost Estimation | 97 | ||
| 3.5.3\tWillingness to Pay | 97 | ||
| 3.5.4\tAffordability | 100 | ||
| 3.5.5\tTariff Setting and Subsidy Schemes | 103 | ||
| 3.5.6\tSensitivity of Demand | 106 | ||
| 3.6\tFINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY | 108 | ||
| 3.6.1\tBankable Projects | 109 | ||
| 3.6.2\tFinancial analysis of the project | 109 | ||
| 3.6.3\tFinancial analysis of the project owner | 110 | ||
| 3.6.4\tManagement of Project Risk | 111 | ||
| 3.7\tFINANCING WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS | 112 | ||
| 3.7.1\tIntroduction | 112 | ||
| 3.7.2\tHow to Take Financing into Account? | 113 | ||
| 3.7.3\tOverview of Financial Instruments and Sources | 114 | ||
| 3.8\tPRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT | 120 | ||
| 3.8.1\tPrivate Sector Participation | 122 | ||
| 3.8.2\tA Special Case: Output-based Aid | 123 | ||
| 3.9\tCASE STUDY: SMALL TOWNS WATER AND SANITATION IN UGANDA | 126 | ||
| 3.9.1\tIntroduction | 126 | ||
| 3.9.2\tPrinciples of service level determination\x02, | 127 | ||
| 3.10\tREFERENCES | 136 | ||
| 4.0 Project selection | 138 | ||
| 4.1\tINTRODUCTION | 138 | ||
| 4.2\tTHE PROJECT CYCLE | 140 | ||
| 4.3\tUSING MULTIPLE CRITERIA PROJECT SELECTION TOOLS | 145 | ||
| 4.4\tCASE STUDY ON REGIONAL PROJECT SELECTION: THE EMSONG PROJECT IN THAILAND | 146 | ||
| 4.4.1\tIntroduction | 146 | ||
| 4.4.2\tTechnical ranking of Projects identified through an IEM Process | 146 | ||
| 4.4.3\tStrategic and Participatory Selection and Prioritisation of Ranked Projects | 150 | ||
| 4.5\tCASE STUDY ON LOCAL PROJECT SELECTION | 151 | ||
| 4.5.1 Introduction | 151 | ||
| 4.5.2 Site Selection | 153 | ||
| 4.5.3 Recycling Options | 154 | ||
| 4.5.4 Project Evaluation Method: MCA-RENUWA | 155 | ||
| 4.5.5 Project Selection | 161 | ||
| 4.6\tREFERENCES | 162 | ||
| 5.0 Project implementation and management | 165 | ||
| 5.1\tINTRODUCTION | 165 | ||
| 5.2\tSTART BY CUTTING-UP THE PROJECT | 167 | ||
| 5.3\tTHE IMPORTANCE OF THE INCEPTION PHASE AND THE COMPLETION PHASE | 168 | ||
| 5.4\tPROJECT COMPONENTS AND ORGANISATION | 169 | ||
| 5.5\tPROJECT PROCEDURES AND REPORTING | 172 | ||
| 5.6\tTHE NEW VERSATILE PROJECT MANAGER | 173 | ||
| 5.7\tREFERENCES | 176 | ||
| 6.0 Rural water supply and sanitation projects | 177 | ||
| 6.1\tINTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| 6.2\tTHE MAIN BACKGROUND FOR AND PURPOSE OF RURAL WATER AND SANITATION PROJECTS | 179 | ||
| 6.3\tOVERVIEW OF MAIN TECHNICAL SYSTEMS | 183 | ||
| 6.3.1 Introduction | 183 | ||
| 6.3.2\tRural Water Supply Systems | 184 | ||
| 6.3.2.1\tSpring Water Based and Gravity Provided RWSS | 184 | ||
| 6.3.2.2\tGround Water Based RWSS | 186 | ||
| 6.3.2.3 Surface Water Based RWSS | 193 | ||
| 6.3.2.4\tBest Practice and Lessons Learned | 197 | ||
| 6.3.3\tRural Sanitation Systems | 199 | ||
| 6.3.3.1\tRural Sanitation Systems | 202 | ||
| 6.3.3.2 Best Practice and Lessons Learned | 204 | ||
| 6.4\tAPPROPRIATE SYSTEMS | 206 | ||
| 6.4.1\tIntroduction | 206 | ||
| 6.4.2\tThe framework: Demand Responsive Approach | 207 | ||
| 6.4.3\tFinancially and Socio-economically Appropriate | 211 | ||
| 6.4.4\tInstitutionally Appropriate | 211 | ||
| 6.4.5\tCulturally Appropriate, IEC, PRA and PHAST | 213 | ||
| 6.4.6\tMonitoring of RWSS | 216 | ||
| 6.5\tREFERENCES | 218 | ||
| 7.0 Urban water supply and sanitation | 220 | ||
| 7.1\tINTRODUCTION | 220 | ||
| 7.1.1\tMillennium Development Goals | 220 | ||
| 7.1.2\tThe Challenge | 221 | ||
| 7.1.3\t‘Camdessus’ Report on financing | 222 | ||
| 7.1.4\tEnabling Environment | 223 | ||
| 7.2\tKEY ISSUES | 223 | ||
| 7.3\tHEALTH AND HYGIENE | 224 | ||
| 7.3.1\tOrigin of Epidemiology | 224 | ||
| 7.3.2\tWater Related Diseases | 225 | ||
| 7.3.3\tIncidence of Water Related Diseases | 228 | ||
| 7.4\tURBAN WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGY | 229 | ||
| 7.4.1\tWater Sources | 231 | ||
| 7.4.1.1\tGroundwater Quality and Treatment | 233 | ||
| 7.4.1.2\tGroundwater Quantity and Abstraction | 234 | ||
| 7.4.1.3\tSurface Water Quality | 234 | ||
| 7.4.1.4\tSurface Water Quantity and Abstraction | 235 | ||
| 7.4.1.5\tSource Protection and Catchment Management | 236 | ||
| 7.4.2\tWater Treatment | 237 | ||
| 7.4.2.1\tKey Issues | 237 | ||
| 7.4.2.2\tAdvanced Treatment Options | 240 | ||
| 7.4.2.3\tRoughing | 241 | ||
| 7.4.2.4\tAeration | 241 | ||
| 7.4.2.5\tCoagulation, Rapid Mixing and Flocculation | 242 | ||
| 7.4.2.6\tSedimentation | 243 | ||
| 7.4.2.7\tFiltration | 246 | ||
| 7.4.2.8\tSlow Sand Filters | 249 | ||
| 7.4.2.9\tRapid Sand Filters | 250 | ||
| 7.4.2.10\t\tDisinfection | 251 | ||
| 7.4.3\tDistribution Systems | 254 | ||
| 7.5\tURBAN WASTEWATER SYSTEMS | 256 | ||
| 7.5.1\tOn-site Treatment | 258 | ||
| 7.5.2\tSewage Collection | 259 | ||
| 7.5.3\tWastewater Treatment | 260 | ||
| 7.5.3.1\tBiological Treatment Processes | 263 | ||
| 7.5.3.2\tAnaerobic Processes | 265 | ||
| 7.5.3.3\tAerobic Processes | 266 | ||
| 7.5.3.4\tBio- or Trickling Filters | 267 | ||
| 7.5.3.5\tConstructed Wetlands | 267 | ||
| 7.5.3.6\tWaste Stabilisation Ponds | 267 | ||
| 7.5.3.7\tAerated Lagoons | 272 | ||
| 7.5.3.8\tOxidation Ditches | 272 | ||
| 7.5.3.9\tActivated Sludge Systems | 273 | ||
| 7.5.3.10\tAdvanced Wastewater Treatment | 273 | ||
| 7.5.4\tWastewater Discharge | 276 | ||
| 7.5.5\tReuse of Urban Wastewater | 277 | ||
| 7.6.\tINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR UWS&S | 278 | ||
| 7.6.1\tEnabling Environment | 278 | ||
| 7.6.2\tInstitutions | 280 | ||
| 7.6.2.1\tSeparate or Combined Water and Wastewater Companies | 281 | ||
| 7.6.2.2\tDecentralisation | 282 | ||
| 7.6.2.3\tManagement Models | 284 | ||
| 7.6.2.4\tGovernment Regulation | 289 | ||
| 7.6.2.5\tCapacity Building | 290 | ||
| 7.6.3\tManagement Principles and Tools | 292 | ||
| 7.6.3.1\tWater Resources and Water Supply Planning | 295 | ||
| 7.6.3.2\tDistribution System Planning, Design and Analysis | 296 | ||
| 7.6.3.3\tWater Losses, Unaccounted-for-Water and Leakage Control | 300 | ||
| 7.6.3.4\tMetering | 303 | ||
| 7.6.3.5\tWater Saving Appliances | 304 | ||
| 7.6.3.6\tAdministrative Tools for Demand Management | 305 | ||
| 7.6.3.7\tEconomic Tools for Demand Management | 307 | ||
| 7.7\tAPPROPRIATE PROJECTS AND SYSTEMS | 308 | ||
| 7.7.1\tAppropriate Donor Assistance | 309 | ||
| 7.7.2\tAppropriate Project Implementation | 311 | ||
| 7.7.3\tAppropriate Technology | 313 | ||
| 7.7.4\tAppropriate Institutions | 314 | ||
| 7.7.5\tAppropriate Financing | 315 | ||
| 7.7.6\tSocial Appropriateness | 318 | ||
| 7.7.7\tAppropriate for the Future | 320 | ||
| 7.8\tREFERENCES | 322 | ||
| 8.0 Industrial water and wastewater management projects | 325 | ||
| 8.1\tINTRODUCTION | 325 | ||
| 8.2\tCLEANER PRODUCTION IN INDUSTRY | 328 | ||
| 8.2.1\tIntroduction | 328 | ||
| 8.2.2\tThe Cleaner Production Approach | 329 | ||
| 8.2.3\tThe Environmental Audit | 330 | ||
| 8.2.4\tWater Savings in Cleaner Production | 332 | ||
| 8.2.4.1\tOptimising Rinse Processes | 333 | ||
| 8.2.4.2 \tIndustrial water reuse | 336 | ||
| 8.3\tFLOW MEASUREMENT, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS | 338 | ||
| 8.3.1\tIntroduction | 338 | ||
| 8.3.2\tFlow Measurement | 339 | ||
| 8.3.3\tSampling | 342 | ||
| 8.3.4\tAnalysis | 343 | ||
| 8.4\tINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES | 343 | ||
| 8.4.1\tTechnology Overview | 343 | ||
| 8.4.2\tPre-treatment Technologies | 345 | ||
| 8.4.3\tFinal Treatment Technologies | 346 | ||
| 8.4.4\tSpecifics of Industrial Wastewater in a Tropical Context | 347 | ||
| 8.4.4.1\tThe Palm Oil Industry | 347 | ||
| 8.4.4.2\tThe Rubber Industry | 349 | ||
| 8.5\tSPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR IWWM PROJECTS | 351 | ||
| 8.5.1\tTechnical Appropriate | 351 | ||
| 8.5.2\tInstitutionally Appropriate | 351 | ||
| 8.5.2.1\tIntroduction | 351 | ||
| 8.5.2.2\tIndustrial Wastewater Management | 353 | ||
| 8.5.2.3\tConcerns of the Industries | 356 | ||
| 8.6\tCASE STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF APPROPRIATENESS | 358 | ||
| 8.6.1\tThe SamPraCor Project | 358 | ||
| 8.6.1.1\tIntroduction | 358 | ||
| 8.6.1.2\tProject Results | 360 | ||
| 8.6.1.3\tTariffs | 362 | ||
| 8.6.1.4\tDischarge Requirements | 363 | ||
| 8.6.1.5\tDiscussion | 365 | ||
| 8.6.2\tCleaner Production in Noodle Manufacturing in Malaysia | 369 | ||
| 8.6.2.1\tNoodle Manufacturing | 369 | ||
| 8.6.2.2\tDry-cleaning and Rice Washings | 370 | ||
| 8.6.2.3\tRice Slurry Vacuum Filtrate | 371 | ||
| 8.6.2.4\tRaw Noodle Steam-Cooking Condensate | 372 | ||
| 8.6.2.5\tFloor and Machinery Washings | 372 | ||
| 8.6.2.6\tImproved wastewater treatment | 372 | ||
| 8.6.2.7\tDiscussion | 373 | ||
| 8.6.3\tCleaner Production in Metal Plating in Malaysia | 374 | ||
| 8.6.3.1\tMetal Plating | 374 | ||
| 8.6.3.2\tThe Environmental Audit | 375 | ||
| 8.6.3.3\tDemonstration Activities | 375 | ||
| 8.6.3.4\tAutomated Drag-out Rinse | 376 | ||
| 8.6.3.5\tCopper Recovery Unit | 376 | ||
| 8.6.3.6\tElectrolytic Cyanide Destruction | 377 | ||
| 8.6.3.7\tRapid Sand Filter | 377 | ||
| 8.6.3.8\tMonitoring and Information Management Tool | 377 | ||
| 8.6.3.9\tFlow Proportional Sampling System | 377 | ||
| 8.6.3.10\tDiscussion | 378 | ||
| 8.7\tREFERENCES | 378 |