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Book Details
Abstract
With "integrated water resources management" (IWRM) the current buzzword in international circles, the real question is: how to operationalise a truly multidisciplinary approach to the effective management of shared watercourses. Based largely on the actual experience of HELP (Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy), the overall aim of the book is to produce a series of case studies from around the world (from the Aral Sea to Zimbabwe) that demonstrate how the "gaps" between hydrology, water law and management are actually bridged in practice. Is hydrological data relevant and used in the formulation of national and international water law and policy? Cases cited include examples of where this has happened and been successful or unsuccessful and where this has not happened and led to problems. This will act as a guide to how future water laws and polices can be made more effective via the use of accurate and up to date hydrological information.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Foreword | 7 | ||
| Preface | 10 | ||
| Index | 347 | ||
| 1.0 Need for closer links between water science and law | 12 | ||
| 1.1\tGLOBAL WATER CRISIS: POLICY CONTEXT, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OVER CONFLICTS-OF-USE | 12 | ||
| 1.2\tRESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE | 16 | ||
| 1.2.1The UNESCO HELP Programme | 17 | ||
| 1.2.1.1 Background and global network | 17 | ||
| 1.2.1.2 Case studies overview | 19 | ||
| 1.3. THE WAY FORWARD | 28 | ||
| 1.3.1 What are the common issues? | 28 | ||
| 1.3.2 Bridging the gap with a new paradigm | 30 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| 2.0 Integrating science and policy for water management | 35 | ||
| 2.1\tINTRODUCTION | 35 | ||
| 2.2\tPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS | 36 | ||
| 2.2.1\tPopulation and socio-economic characteristics | 38 | ||
| 2.2.2\tWhy is this basin so distinctive? | 38 | ||
| 2.2.3\tStakeholder organizations | 40 | ||
| 2.2.3.1\t The Upper San Pedro Partnership | 40 | ||
| 2.2.3.2\t ARASA | 43 | ||
| 2.3\tISSUES AND CHALLENGES: WATER LAW AND POLICY | 44 | ||
| 2.3.1 Mexico’s Water Management Framework | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2 United States water management framework | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2.1 Prior appropriation | 45 | ||
| 2.3.2.2 Reasonable use and the Groundwater Management Code | 46 | ||
| 2.3.2.3 Other state water management initiatives | 47 | ||
| 2.3.2.4 Gila River Adjudication | 49 | ||
| 2.3.2.5 Federally reserved water rights | 50 | ||
| 2.3.2.6 Clean Water Act | 52 | ||
| 2.3.2.7 Endangered Species Act | 53 | ||
| 2.3.2.8 National Defense Authorization Act | 53 | ||
| 2.4\tBINATIONAL POLICY EFFORTS | 54 | ||
| 2.4.1\tIssues and challenges: land-use impacts on water | 56 | ||
| 2.4.2\tScience in the Upper San Pedro River Basin | 58 | ||
| 2.5\tMAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND IMPLICATION | 61 | ||
| 2.6\tCONCLUSION: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HELP AGENDA | 64 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 66 | ||
| 3.0 Water reforms in the Murray Darling Basin: law and policy challenges | 71 | ||
| 3.1\tINTRODUCTION | 71 | ||
| 3.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE MURRAY-DARLING BASIN | 73 | ||
| 3.2.1 Size and topography | 73 | ||
| 3.2.2 Some key statistics of the Murray-Darling Basin | 74 | ||
| 3.2.3 Climate, rainfall and run-off | 75 | ||
| 3.2.3 Institutional aspects | 76 | ||
| 2.3\tRELATED WATER REFORMS | 77 | ||
| 2.4\tEVOLUTION OF WATER LAW IN AUSTRALIA | 80 | ||
| 2.4.1 Post-European settlement period | 80 | ||
| 2.4.2 Earlier water reforms | 81 | ||
| 2.4.3 Current legislative framework for water | 81 | ||
| 2.5. CRITIQUE OF WATER LAWS | 84 | ||
| 2.6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER POLICY AND LAW | 86 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| 4.0 Great Lakes management | 89 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 89 | ||
| 4.1.1 Great Lakes Basin: physical background | 90 | ||
| 4.1.1.1 Geologic origins | 90 | ||
| 4.1.1.2 Hydrologic flows and climate | 92 | ||
| 4.1.2\tPeople and resource use | 94 | ||
| 4.1.3\tGreat Lakes Basin: law and management background | 96 | ||
| 4.1.3.1\tHistorical water resource law and management | 96 | ||
| 4.1.4\tWater data for water law: the evolution of good practice | 99 | ||
| 4.1.4.1\tWater science of eutrophication | 99 | ||
| 4.1.4.2\tWater law of eutrophication | 100 | ||
| 4.1.5\tLake Erie: a focused view of the ecosystem approach | 104 | ||
| 4.1.5.1\tMass balance models of eutrophication | 105 | ||
| 4.1.5.2\tIncluding Lake Erie hydrological science in Lake Erie policy decisions | 106 | ||
| 4.2\tFUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE GREAT LAKES | 107 | ||
| 4.2.1\tPublic involvement for social and ecosystem benefits: | 109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 117 | ||
| 5.0 Water management issues of the Tarim River basin | 119 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| 5.2 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIN | 121 | ||
| 5.2.1 River regime | 121 | ||
| 5.2.2 Climatic and Hydrological Features | 122 | ||
| 5.2.3 Socio-economic situation and water use | 124 | ||
| 5.3 BASIC WATER AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES | 126 | ||
| 5.3.1 Ecological issues | 126 | ||
| 5.3.2 Major water utilisation and management issues | 127 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 Inefficient project management and water use | 127 | ||
| 5.3.2.2 Water use conflicts | 127 | ||
| 5.3.2.3 Lack of integrated planning and ecosystem orientated objectives | 128 | ||
| 5.3.2.4 Lack of an effective institution for UWM | 128 | ||
| 5.3.2.5 Insufficient monitoring data and information exchange | 129 | ||
| 5.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK | 130 | ||
| 5.4.1 Past situation | 130 | ||
| 5.4.2 Relevant provisions of 1988 Water Law | 130 | ||
| 5.4.2.1 Ownership | 131 | ||
| 5.4.2.2 Administration system | 131 | ||
| 5.4.2.3 Water resources investigation and assessment | 131 | ||
| 5.4.2.4 Water resources planning | 132 | ||
| 5.4.2.5 Water utilisation and allocation | 132 | ||
| 5.4.2.6 Water environment protection and water pollution prevention | 133 | ||
| 5.4.2.7 Water-drawing permit and water pricing systems | 133 | ||
| 5.4.2.8 Conflict resolution | 134 | ||
| 5.4.3 Xinjiang implementing procedures | 134 | ||
| 5.4.3.1 Administration system | 134 | ||
| 5.4.3.2 Environmental protection | 135 | ||
| 5.4.3.3 Water saving and drought control | 135 | ||
| 5.4.4 Tarim Provisions and Regulations | 136 | ||
| 5.4.4.1 Interim Provisions | 136 | ||
| 5.4.4.2 Tarim Regulations | 137 | ||
| 5.5 IMPLICATION OF NEW WATER LAW | 141 | ||
| 5.5.1 Unified water management | 142 | ||
| 5.5.2 Planning for water resources | 142 | ||
| 5.5.3 Allocation of water resources | 143 | ||
| 5.5.4 Protection and preservation of ecosystems | 143 | ||
| 5.6 ISSUES, AMENDMENTS AND DETAILED PROCEDURES | 144 | ||
| 5.6.1 Water administration system | 144 | ||
| 5.6.2 Institutional arrangements | 145 | ||
| 5.6.2 Water allocation | 146 | ||
| 5.6.3 Water-drawing permit system and water pricing | 147 | ||
| 5.6.4 Hydraulic project management | 147 | ||
| 5.6.5 Participation | 148 | ||
| 5.6.6 Monitoring system and information exchange | 149 | ||
| 5.7 CONCLUSION | 150 | ||
| REFERENCES | 151 | ||
| List of Major Laws and Regulations | 152 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 152 | ||
| ACRONYMS | 153 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 154 | ||
| 6.2\tGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CANAL AREA | 155 | ||
| 6.2.1\tLocation | 155 | ||
| 6.2.2\tClimate | 156 | ||
| 6.2.3\tHydrology | 157 | ||
| 6.3\tGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CANAL’S MAIN FEATURES | 157 | ||
| 6.3.1\tDams | 158 | ||
| 6.4 PANAMA CANAL WATERSHED EASTERN REGION WATER USES | 159 | ||
| 6.5 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE PANAMA CANAL | 160 | ||
| 6.5.1 Introduction to ACP water management activities | 160 | ||
| 6.5.2 ACP water management program scope and effect | 160 | ||
| 6.5.3 Difficulties in ACP water management | 161 | ||
| 6.5.4 Fighting ‘El Niño’ | 162 | ||
| 6.5.5 Hydrological reliability: present and future | 163 | ||
| 6.6\tINTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT | 163 | ||
| 6.6.1 Current watershed situation | 164 | ||
| 6.6.2 Regulations and inter-institutional coordination | 164 | ||
| 6.6.3 The ‘human being’ in the Panama Canal watershed | 165 | ||
| 6.6.4. Management information | 166 | ||
| 6.6.5 Environmental education | 166 | ||
| 6.6.6 Interinstitutional commission | 167 | ||
| 6.7 PROPOSED MODEL | 167 | ||
| 6.8 CONCLUSIONS | 167 | ||
| REFERENCES | 169 | ||
| 7.0 Ghanaian water reforms | 170 | ||
| 7.1\tINTRODUCTION | 170 | ||
| 7.2\tGHANA: SOME BASIC INFORMATION | 174 | ||
| 7.3\tWATER POLICY AND WATER LAW IN GHANA | 177 | ||
| 7.3.1\tWater resource management in Ghana before the reform process | 178 | ||
| 7.3.1.1\tTraditional water resource management | 178 | ||
| 7.3.1.2\tPast legal framework of water resource management | 179 | ||
| 7.3.2\tThe Ghanaian water reform process | 181 | ||
| 7.3.2.1\tCoordinating the water sector: the Water Resource Commission | 181 | ||
| 7.3.2.2\tData availability and data gaps | 185 | ||
| 7.3.2.3\tAllocating and billing of water rights: water use regulations and raw water charges | 187 | ||
| 7.3.2.4\tImplementing water reforms at the local level: the river basin pilot projects | 190 | ||
| 7.4\tTRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 194 | ||
| 7.5\tSECTORAL WATER REFORM PROCESSES IN GHANA | 198 | ||
| 7.5.1\tUrban privatisation and rural popular participation: drinking water supplies | 198 | ||
| 7.6\tWATER REFORMS AND HYDROLOGICAL DATA: THE GHANAIAN EXPERIENCE | 201 | ||
| REFERENCES | 205 | ||
| Statutes | 207 | ||
| ACRONYMS | 207 | ||
| 8.0 Aral Sea basin: science, policy and practice | 209 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| 8.2\tBACKGROUND | 210 | ||
| 8.3\tPOLICY AND LEGISLATIVE PROPERTIES | 212 | ||
| 8.4\tBASELINE INFORMATION AVAILABILITY | 214 | ||
| 8.4.1\tThe Water Use and Farm Management Survey (WUFMAS) and ‘best practices’ | 214 | ||
| 8.4.2\tAccess to data | 215 | ||
| 8.4.3\tExisting models | 215 | ||
| 8.5\tHYDROLOGICAL AND WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES | 216 | ||
| 8.5.1\tWater quantity and quality | 216 | ||
| 8.5.2\tWater storage and control facilities | 217 | ||
| 8.5.3\tWater use | 217 | ||
| 8.5.4\tIrrigation and drainage infrastructure | 218 | ||
| 8.5.5\tEnvironmental issues | 218 | ||
| 8.5.6\tLivelihoods issues | 218 | ||
| 8.5.7\tPolicy and legislation issues | 219 | ||
| 8.5.8\tLinks to the UNESCO HELP initiative | 220 | ||
| 8.6\tINSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND CAPACITY BUILDING ISSUES | 221 | ||
| 8.7\tFUTURE HELP PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES IN THE ARAL SEA BASIN | 225 | ||
| 8.7.1\tCapacity building, training and education | 226 | ||
| 8.7.2\tMonitoring and evaluation | 226 | ||
| 8.8\tCONCLUSIONS | 227 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: SUPPORTING PARTNERS AND STAKEHOLDERS | 227 | ||
| 9.0 Information use and water resources laws and policies in Ecuador | 229 | ||
| 9.1\tINTRODUCTION | 229 | ||
| 9.2\tINSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 231 | ||
| 9.2.1\tWater resources in Ecuador | 231 | ||
| 9.2.2 Water law: some legal considerations | 235 | ||
| 9.2.3 Water organizations | 237 | ||
| 9.2.4 Hydrological information | 239 | ||
| 9.2.5 Policy and law design | 241 | ||
| 9.2.6 Governance structures for allocating water resources | 242 | ||
| 9.2.6.1 Potable water and sanitation | 242 | ||
| 9.2.6.2 Irrigation | 242 | ||
| 9.2.6.3 Hydroelectricity | 243 | ||
| 9.2.6.4 Other uses | 243 | ||
| 9.3. CASE STUDY: THE CHAGUANA RIVER BASIN | 244 | ||
| 9.3.1 Problem description and site selection | 244 | ||
| 9.3.2 Components of the assessment | 246 | ||
| 9.3.3 Data gathering process | 246 | ||
| 9.3.4 Geographic Information Systems as a tool for environmental assessment | 248 | ||
| 9.4. CASE STUDY: THE PENINSULA OF SANTA ELENA | 250 | ||
| 9.4.1 Problem description | 250 | ||
| 9.4.2 Components of the tool | 251 | ||
| 9.4.3 Data gathering process | 254 | ||
| 9.4.4 Information presentation | 254 | ||
| 9.5. CONCLUSIONS | 254 | ||
| ACRONYMS | 255 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 256 | ||
| REFERENCES | 256 | ||
| 10.0 Transboundary groundwater resources in Palestine | 258 | ||
| 10.1\tINTRODUCTION | 258 | ||
| 10.2\tBACKGROUND | 260 | ||
| 10.2.1\t\tLocation | 260 | ||
| 10.2.2\tGeographic and climatic conditions | 261 | ||
| 10.2.3\tWater availability in the West Bank | 261 | ||
| 10.2.3.1Groundwater | 261 | ||
| 10.2.3.2 Wadis | 262 | ||
| 10.2.3.3 The Jordan River system | 262 | ||
| 10.2.4\tSocio-economic conditions | 263 | ||
| 10.2.4.1\t Population | 263 | ||
| 10.2.4.2 Socio-economic conditions | 264 | ||
| 10.2.4.3 Water and economic development in Palestine | 264 | ||
| 10.2.5\tWater stakeholders | 265 | ||
| 10.2.5.1\t Background | 265 | ||
| 10.2.5.2\t Service provision institutions | 265 | ||
| 10.2.5.3\t Regulatory institutions | 266 | ||
| 10.2.5.4\t Plans for water sector reform | 267 | ||
| 10.2.6\t Key water issues | 268 | ||
| 10.2.6.1\t Access to water resources and sanitation | 268 | ||
| 10.2.6.2\t Deteriorated infrastructure and services | 268 | ||
| 10.2.6.3 Lack of cooperation and coordination and weakness of existing joint management institutions | 268 | ||
| 10.2.6.4\t Lack of financial resources and donor coordination | 269 | ||
| 10.3\tHYDROLOGICAL ISSUES | 269 | ||
| 10.3.1\tGeneral description of the mountain aquifer | 269 | ||
| 10.3.2 Drainage basins in the WB | 270 | ||
| 10.3.3 Hydrogeological characteristics | 271 | ||
| 10.3.4 Annual recharge and utilisations | 271 | ||
| 10.3.5 Hydrogeology and recharge regime | 271 | ||
| 10.3.6 Water quality | 272 | ||
| 10.3.7 Hydrogeological investigations and flow models | 273 | ||
| 10.4\tHYDROLOGICAL CHALLENGES | 273 | ||
| 10.4.1 Over-pumping | 273 | ||
| 10.4.2 Water quality and pollution problems | 274 | ||
| 10.4.3 Available alternatives for development | 274 | ||
| 10.4.3.1 Fresh water resources | 274 | ||
| 10.4.3.2 Non-conventional resources | 275 | ||
| 10.5\tLEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES | 275 | ||
| 10.5.1 International level | 275 | ||
| 10.5.2 National level | 276 | ||
| 10.6\tLEGAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES | 276 | ||
| 10.6.1 International level | 276 | ||
| 10.6.1.1 Identify the problem | 276 | ||
| 10.6.1.2 Agree on interests and not positions | 277 | ||
| 10.6.1.3 Create options for mutual benefits | 278 | ||
| 10.6.1.4 Joint assessment of legal entitlement from the mountain aquifer | 279 | ||
| 10.6.1.5 Collaboration and joint projects | 280 | ||
| 10.6.1.6 Treaty formulation | 281 | ||
| 10.6.2 National level | 285 | ||
| 10.6.2.1 Build Palestine’s water institutions and promote good governance | 285 | ||
| 10.6.2.2 Strengthen the regulatory and environmental framework | 285 | ||
| 10.6.2.3 Proceed with the water sector reform | 285 | ||
| 10.6.2.4 Strengthen the management and technical capacities | 286 | ||
| 10.6.2.5 Improve knowledge on transboundary groundwater | 286 | ||
| 10.6.2.6 Harmonise national laws with Israel pertaining to transboundary groundwater | 286 | ||
| 10.6.2.7 Create drainage basin authorities/boards | 287 | ||
| 10.7\tCONCLUSIONS | 287 | ||
| LEGAL INSTRUMENTS | 288 | ||
| REFERENCES | 290 | ||
| 11.0 River basin planning in Scotland and the EC | 291 | ||
| 11.1 \tINTRODUCTION | 291 | ||
| 11.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION | 292 | ||
| 11.2.1 Biophysical | 292 | ||
| 11.2.2 Socio-economic | 292 | ||
| 11.2.3 Water stakeholders | 293 | ||
| 11.2.4 Key water issues | 293 | ||
| 11.3 SCIENTIFIC ISSUES | 295 | ||
| 11.3.1 Data quantity / quality | 295 | ||
| 11.3.2 Scientific challenges | 296 | ||
| 11.4 POLICY AND LAW ISSUES | 297 | ||
| 11.4.1 Legal and policy regimes | 297 | ||
| 11.4.1.1 The Water Framework Directive | 297 | ||
| 11.4.1.2 The legal and policy regime in Scotland | 300 | ||
| 11.4.1.3\tLegal and policy challenges | 304 | ||
| ACRONYMS | 306 | ||
| REFERENCES | 306 | ||
| 12.0 Hydrological information in water law and policy: New Zealand | 308 | ||
| 12.1\tINTRODUCTION | 308 | ||
| 12.2\tNZ LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT | 310 | ||
| 12.3\tTHE ROLE OF HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION IN WATER POLICY | 319 | ||
| 12.4\tNEW ZEALAND EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGICAL DATA IN WATER POLICY | 320 | ||
| 12.4.1\t\tWater Allocation Limits | 321 | ||
| 12.4.2\tEnvironmental flows | 324 | ||
| 12.4.3\tLand-cover effects on water yield | 325 | ||
| 12.4.4\t\tSynthesis | 329 | ||
| 12.5\tIMPROVING NEW ZEALAND WATER MANAGEMENT USING HYDROLOGICAL DATA | 331 | ||
| 12.6\tHYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION NEEDS FOR POLICY AND LAW | 333 | ||
| 12.7\tCASE STUDY: HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR WATER ALLOCATION IN THE MOTUEKA CATCHMENT | 334 | ||
| 12.7.1\tMotueka Catchment water policy | 336 | ||
| 12.8\tSUMMARY | 341 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 342 | ||
| REFERENCES | 342 |