Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This project aims at the evaluation of eight various routes that potentially may allow wastewater treatment plants to produce less sludge (from 5% to 100%). It has been possible to define several routes that could be applied efficiently with knowledge of possible side-effects (risk management) and an estimation of associated costs (OPEX/CAPEX), which are quite comparable to those used in conventional sludge treatment and disposal.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 6 | ||
| 1.0 TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF SLUDGE PRODUCTION and REDUCTION | 18 | ||
| RESULTS ON SLUDGE REDUCTION PRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| Predictability of sludge reduction from batch tests | 22 | ||
| Sludge reduction with raw wastewater | 24 | ||
| Sludge reduction with primary settled wastewater | 25 | ||
| Overall sludge reduction with primary settled wastewater but using the whole configuration | 27 | ||
| Comparison between the various configuration (raw wastewater, primary settled wastewater and whole plant with primary settling, activated sludge and digestion). | 31 | ||
| Conclusions on sludge reduction | 31 | ||
| 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SLUDGE REDUCTION ROUTES | 33 | ||
| TREATED WATER QUALITY | 33 | ||
| RESIDUAL SLUDGE QUALITY | 34 | ||
| Dewatering | 34 | ||
| Heavy metals | 34 | ||
| Hygienisation | 35 | ||
| OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES | 35 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | 36 | ||
| 3.0 ECONOMICAL EVALUATION | 37 | ||
| SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS | 37 | ||
| BASIC HYPOTHESIS | 38 | ||
| SLUDGE PRODUCTION (AMOUNT AND COST) | 38 | ||
| Amount | 38 | ||
| Costs | 40 | ||
| Sludge treatment cost | 40 | ||
| Sludge disposal cost | 41 | ||
| Sludge reduction | 41 | ||
| Additional requirements or savings (oxygen, polymers, final sludge dryness) | 42 | ||
| Oxygen over consumption | 42 | ||
| Amount | 42 | ||
| Cost of oxygen supply | 43 | ||
| Sludge conditioning and disposal | 43 | ||
| Conclusions on additional requirements or savings | 45 | ||
| INVESTMENTS | 45 | ||
| Price of equipments | 45 | ||
| Cost of equipments | 45 | ||
| Depreciation of investments | 46 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES | 46 | ||
| ENERGETIC COST | 47 | ||
| Reactives costs | 48 | ||
| Manpower costs | 48 | ||
| Cost of maintenance | 48 | ||
| 4.1 SCALING UP OF THERMAL ROUTE | 50 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE | 50 | ||
| SLUDGE REDUCTION POTENTIAL* | 51 | ||
| CAPITAL EXPENDITURES: CAPEX FOR THE THERMAL ROUTE | 51 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES: OPEX FOR THE THERMAL ROUTE | 51 | ||
| ECONOMICAL RATIOS FOR THE THERMAL ROUTE | 52 | ||
| 4.2 SCALING UP OF MECHANICAL ROUTE | 53 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE | 53 | ||
| SLUDGE REDUCTION POTENTIAL | 53 | ||
| CAPITAL EXPENDITURES: CAPEX FOR THE MECHANICAL ROUTE | 54 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES: OPEX FOR THE MECHANICAL ROUTE | 54 | ||
| ECONOMICAL RATIOS FOR THE MECHANICAL ROUTE | 54 | ||
| 4.3 SCALING UP OF ELECTRICAL ROUTE | 56 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE | 56 | ||
| SLUDGE REDUCTION POTENTIAL | 57 | ||
| CAPITAL EXPENDITURES: CAPEX FOR THE ELECTRICAL ROUTE | 57 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES: OPEX FOR THE ELECTRICAL ROUTE | 57 | ||
| ECONOMICAL RATIOS FOR THE ELECTRICAL ROUTE | 58 | ||
| 4.4 SCALING UP OF OXIDATIVE ROUTE | 59 | ||
| OXIDATIVE ROUTE USING OZONE | 59 | ||
| Description of the route | 59 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 60 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the ozone route | 60 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the ozone route | 60 | ||
| Economical ratios for the PAM route | 60 | ||
| OXIDATIVE ROUTE USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) | 61 | ||
| Description of the route | 61 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 62 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the hydrogen peroxide route | 62 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the hydrogen peroxide route | 62 | ||
| Economical ratios for the hydrogen peroxide route | 63 | ||
| 4.5 SCALING UP OF UNCOUPLING ROUTE | 64 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE | 66 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 67 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the PNP route | 67 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the PNP route | 67 | ||
| Economical ratios for the PNP route | 68 | ||
| PROCESS UNCOUPLING ROUTE: CBR | 64 | ||
| Description of the route | 64 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 64 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the CBR route | 65 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the CBR route | 65 | ||
| Economical ratios for the CBR route | 65 | ||
| CHEMICAL UNCOUPLING ROUTE: PNP | 66 | ||
| 4.6 SCALING UP OF PREATION ENHANCEMENT ROUTE | 69 | ||
| DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE | 69 | ||
| SLUDGE REDUCTION POTENTIAL | 69 | ||
| CAPITAL EXPENDITURES: CAPEX FOR THE FRONT CHEMOSTAT ROUTE | 70 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES: OPEX FOR THE FRONT CHEMOSTAT ROUTE | 70 | ||
| ECONOMICAL RATIOS FOR THE FRONT CHEMOSTAT ROUTE | 70 | ||
| ANAEROBIC TREATMENT: ENHANCED SETTLING USING PAM | 72 | ||
| Description of the route | 72 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 73 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the PAM route | 73 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the PAM route | 74 | ||
| Economical ratios for the PAM route | 74 | ||
| 4.7 SCALING UP OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT ROUTE | 72 | ||
| ANAEROBIC TREATMENT: ANAEROBIC FILTER | 75 | ||
| Description of the route | 75 | ||
| Sludge reduction potential | 76 | ||
| Capital Expenditures: CAPEX for the anaerobic filter route | 76 | ||
| Operational Expenditures: OPEX for the anaerobic filter route | 77 | ||
| Economical ratios for the anaerobic filter route | 77 | ||
| 5.0 ECONOMICAL COMPARISON OF THE ROUTES | 79 | ||
| INVESTMENTS | 79 | ||
| Capita specific investment (CAPEX/pe) | 80 | ||
| Capita specific CAPEX: general considerations | 80 | ||
| Capita specific CAPEX: results for the routes | 80 | ||
| Capita specific CAPEX: conclusions | 81 | ||
| Sludge destruction specific investment | 82 | ||
| Sludge destruction specific CAPEX: general considerations | 82 | ||
| Sludge destruction specific CAPEX: results for the routes | 82 | ||
| Sludge destruction specific CAPEX: conclusions | 85 | ||
| OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURES | 85 | ||
| ENERGETIC CONSUMPTION | 85 | ||
| Energetic consumption: general considerations | 85 | ||
| Energetic consumption: results of routes | 85 | ||
| Origin of energetic costs | 87 | ||
| Route | 88 | ||
| Thermal | 88 | ||
| Energetic consumption: conclusions | 89 | ||
| Reactives costs | 89 | ||
| Reactive costs: general considerations | 89 | ||
| Reactive costs: results of routes | 89 | ||
| Reactive consumption: conclusion | 90 | ||
| Manpower costs: general considerations | 90 | ||
| Manpower costs: results of routes | 90 | ||
| Manpower cost: conclusions | 91 | ||
| Maintenance costs | 91 | ||
| Direct operating expenditures | 92 | ||
| Global operating expenditures (including depreciation) | 95 | ||
| Description of routes | 99 | ||
| Thermal (p. 48) | 100 | ||
| Mechanical (p. 51) | 100 | ||
| Electrical (p. 54) | 100 | ||
| H2O2 (p. 60) | 100 | ||
| PNP (p. 65) | 100 | ||
| Anaerobic – PAM (p. 71) | 100 | ||
| SLUDGE PRODUCTION (CONTROL) | 101 | ||
| GENERAL CONCLUSION and PERSPECTIVES | 99 | ||
| SLUDGE REDUCTION | 101 | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | 102 | ||
| ECONOMICAL EVALUATION | 103 | ||
| Bibliographic references | 107 |