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Book Details
Abstract
This volume is an analytical summary and a critical synthesis of research at the International Water Management Institute over the past decade under its evolving research paradigm known popularly as 'more crop per drop'. The research synthesized here covers the full range of issues falling in the larger canvas of water-food-health-environment interface. Besides its immediate role in sharing knowledge with the research, donor, and policy communities, this volume also has a larger purpose of promoting a new way of looking at the water issues within the broader development context of food, livelihood, health and environmental challenges.
More crop per drop: Revisiting a research paradigm contrasts the acquired wisdom and fresh thinking on some of the most challenging water issues of our times. It describes new tools, approaches, and methodologies and also illustrates them with practical application both from a global perspective and within the local and regional contexts of Asia and Africa. Since this volume brings together all major research works of IWMI, including an almost exhaustive list of citations, in one single set of pages, it is very valuable not only as a reference material for researchers and students but also as a policy tool for decision-makers and development agencies.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 6 | ||
| 1.0 IWMI Research: Context and Setting | 16 | ||
| 1.1 INTRODUCTION | 16 | ||
| 1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER CHALLENGE | 17 | ||
| 1.3 WATER-FOOD-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS | 18 | ||
| 1.4 IWMI’S RESEARCH RESPONSE | 19 | ||
| 1.5 CONTEXT AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME | 20 | ||
| 2.0 \"More Crop per Drop\": Realigning a Research Paradigm | 23 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 23 | ||
| 2.2 EVOLUTION OF IWMI’S RESEARCH PARADIGM | 24 | ||
| 2.3 INFLUENCE OF ‘MORE CROP PER DROP’ IDEAS | 27 | ||
| 2.4 ‘MORE CROP PER DROP’: A CRITICAL LOOK | 30 | ||
| 2.4.1 Limitations of the paradigm | 31 | ||
| 2.4.2 Addressing the limitations | 32 | ||
| 2.5 THE WAY FORWARD | 33 | ||
| 3.0 Integrated Water Resources Management | 37 | ||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| 3.2 FROM IRRIGATION SYSTEM TO RIVER BASIN | 38 | ||
| 3.3 WATER PRODUCTIVITY: INDICATORS AND USE | 41 | ||
| 3.3.1 Water productivity indicators | 41 | ||
| 3.3.2 Water productivity: Case studies | 43 | ||
| 3.3.3 Water-saving technologies | 45 | ||
| 3.4 WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT | 47 | ||
| 3.4.1 Water-scarcity mapping | 47 | ||
| 3.4.2 Water accounting | 48 | ||
| 3.4.3 Hydronomic zones | 51 | ||
| 3.4.4 Trajectories of basin development | 52 | ||
| 3.5 MODELING WATER MANAGEMENT | 52 | ||
| 3.5.1 MODELING WATER ALLOCATION | 54 | ||
| 3.5.2 Modeling crop water productivity | 54 | ||
| 3.5.3 Modeling with remote sensing data | 56 | ||
| 3.6 IRRIGATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT | 64 | ||
| 3.6.1 System O&M | 64 | ||
| 3.6.2 Rehabilitation and modernization | 66 | ||
| 3.6.3 Performance of irrigated agriculture | 67 | ||
| 3.7 CONCLUSIONS | 68 | ||
| 4.0 Smallholder Land and Water Management | 71 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 71 | ||
| 4.2 RELEVANCE AND JUSTIFICATION | 72 | ||
| 4.3 RESEARCH CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND | 74 | ||
| 4.4 SMALLHOLDER RESEARCH: EVOLUTION AT IWMI | 75 | ||
| 4.4.1 IBSRAM’s experience with smallholder research | 76 | ||
| 4.4.2 Lessons from the network approach | 77 | ||
| 4.5 RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS | 78 | ||
| 4.5.1 Productivity of smallholders | 79 | ||
| 4.5.1.1 Improving water productivity of smallholder farmers | 79 | ||
| 4.5.1.2 Improving water access for smallholder farmers | 81 | ||
| 4.5.1.3 Multiple water use: Efficiency and equity roles | 82 | ||
| 4.5.1.4 Effects of the socioeconomic and biophysical environments | 83 | ||
| 4.5.2 Catchment management | 84 | ||
| 4.5.2.1 Erosion research: Evolving from technology to extension | 86 | ||
| 4.5.2.2 Erosion processes, farming systems and land use | 88 | ||
| 4.5.2.3 Off-site impacts of erosion | 90 | ||
| 4.5.3 Rehabilitation of degraded lands | 91 | ||
| 4.5.3.1 Learning from ‘bright spots’ | 91 | ||
| 4.5.3.2 On-farm rehabilitation of degraded soils | 95 | ||
| 4.5.3.3 Regional and global degradation processes | 95 | ||
| 4.6. CONCLUSIONS | 97 | ||
| 5.0 Sustainable Groundwater Management | 99 | ||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | 99 | ||
| 5.2 GROUNDWATER SOCIO-ECOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIA | 101 | ||
| 5.2.1 Getting the big picture right | 101 | ||
| 5.2.2 South Asia: Public investments vs.private initiative | 102 | ||
| 5.2.3 Rise and fall of groundwater socio-ecologies | 107 | ||
| 5.2.4 Implications for IWMI research in Asia and Africa | 108 | ||
| 5.3 TECHNOLOGIES AND INSTITUTIONS | 111 | ||
| 5.3.1 Groundwater for poverty reduction | 111 | ||
| 5.3.2 Managing groundwater demand and supply | 112 | ||
| 5.3.2.1 Pricing | 112 | ||
| 5.3.2.2 Energy pricing as a surrogate | 114 | ||
| 5.3.2.3 Promotion of micro-irrigation technologies | 115 | ||
| 5.3.2.4 Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater | 116 | ||
| 5.3.2.5 Decentralized recharge as a mass movement | 116 | ||
| 5.3.3 Coping with poor-quality water | 119 | ||
| 5.3.3.1 Groundwater quality and public health | 119 | ||
| 5.3.3.2 Conjunctive use in saline areas | 120 | ||
| 5.3.4 Cross-cutting issues | 123 | ||
| 5.4 GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABILITY | 125 | ||
| 5.4.1 Comparative institutional analyses | 127 | ||
| 5.4.2 Strategic management versus direct regulation | 129 | ||
| 5.4.3 Energy-irrigation nexus | 130 | ||
| 5.5 CONCLUSIONS | 131 | ||
| 6.0 Water Resources Institutions and Policy | 133 | ||
| 6.1 INTRODUCTION | 133 | ||
| 6.2 IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TRANSFER: REQUISITES AND IMPACTS | 135 | ||
| 6.2.1 IMT: Preconditions and viability | 135 | ||
| 6.2.2 IMT: Impacts and assessments | 136 | ||
| 6.3 INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN WATER SECTOR | 137 | ||
| 6.3.1 Methodologies for evaluating institutional reforms | 138 | ||
| 6.3.2 Cross-country analysis of institutional reforms | 139 | ||
| 6.4 INSTITUTIONS FOR RIVER-BASIN MANAGEMENT | 142 | ||
| 6.4.1 Hydro-institutional mapping | 142 | ||
| 6.4.2 Cross-basin comparative analysis | 144 | ||
| 6.4.3 Key results from basin institutional analysis | 145 | ||
| 6.5 WATER AND POVERTY | 147 | ||
| 6.5.1 Irrigation and poverty | 147 | ||
| 6.5.2 Water deprivation and water entitlements | 149 | ||
| 6.6 ECONOMIC ISSUES | 150 | ||
| 6.6.1 Water pricing | 150 | ||
| 6.6.2 The economics of water productivity | 152 | ||
| 6.6.3 Investments in irrigation development | 153 | ||
| 6.7 MAINSTREAMING GENDER ISSUES | 156 | ||
| 6.8 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS | 158 | ||
| 7.0 Water, Health and Environment | 160 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 160 | ||
| 7.2 RESEARCH EVOLUTION AND APPROACH | 161 | ||
| 7.2.1 Defining the research context and agenda | 163 | ||
| 7.2.2 Approach and methodology | 164 | ||
| 7.3 MALARIA AND IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE | 165 | ||
| 7.3.1 How is malaria linked to irrigated agriculture? | 166 | ||
| 7.3.2 What are the direct and indirect costs of the disease? | 168 | ||
| 7.3.3 What solutions can the agriculture sector offer? | 169 | ||
| 7.4 IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE WITH WASTEWATER | 172 | ||
| 7.4.1 How widespread is the practice? | 173 | ||
| 7.4.2 What are the costs and benefits? | 174 | ||
| 7.4.3 What are the legal and institutional scenarios? | 175 | ||
| 7.4.4 What are the threats of heavy metal pollutants? | 177 | ||
| 7.5 MULTIPLE USES OF WATER | 178 | ||
| 7.5.1 What are the multiple uses and available sources? | 179 | ||
| 7.5.2 What are the health impacts of water quality/quantity? | 181 | ||
| 7.5.3 How does irrigation affect domestic supply? | 183 | ||
| 7.6 HEALTH HAZARDS OF FARM PESTICIDES | 183 | ||
| 7.6.1 What is the extent of acute pesticide poisoning? | 184 | ||
| 7.6.2 What role does knowledge play in pesticide poisoning? | 185 | ||
| 7.6.3 What are the risks of pesticide exposure? | 186 | ||
| 7.6.4 How can agricultural management reduce the risks? | 186 | ||
| 7.7 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE | 187 | ||
| 7.7.1 What are the ecological impacts of irrigated agriculture? | 188 | ||
| 7.7.2 How can wetlands be used sustainably? | 189 | ||
| 7.7.3 How can ecological water needs be determined and met? | 190 | ||
| 7.8 CONCLUSIONS | 191 | ||
| 8.0 Water Management for Agriculture | 193 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 193 | ||
| 8.2 EVOLVING SCOPE AND CONTEXT | 194 | ||
| 8.3 CA FRAMEWORK | 196 | ||
| 8.4 DETERMINING AGRICULTURAL WATER NEEDS | 197 | ||
| 8.5 WATER PRODUCTIVITY: OPTIONS AND EFFECTS | 200 | ||
| 8.5.1 Policy options and research needs | 201 | ||
| 8.5.2 Examples of innovative practices | 202 | ||
| 8.6 IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE: COSTS AND BENEFITS | 203 | ||
| 8.6.1 Impacts on economics development | 204 | ||
| 8.6.2 Impact on ecosystems | 205 | ||
| 8.7 FOOD SECURITY: THE ROLE OF VIRTUAL WATER | 207 | ||
| 8.8 CONCLUSIONS | 209 | ||
| 9.0 A Decade of Water Research at IWMI: Insights and Impacts | 211 | ||
| 9.1 INTRODUCTION | 211 | ||
| 9.2 FRAMING THE WATER QUESTION | 212 | ||
| 9.3 REFINING THE RESEARCH PARADIGM | 214 | ||
| 9.4 THEMATIC RESEARCH: OVERVIEW AND INSIGHTS | 215 | ||
| 9.4.1 Integrated water resources management | 216 | ||
| 9.4.2 Smallholder land and water management | 217 | ||
| 9.4.3 Sustainable groundwater management | 219 | ||
| 9.4.4 Water resources institutions and policies | 221 | ||
| 9.4.5 Water, health and environment | 223 | ||
| 9.4.6 Water management for agriculture | 225 | ||
| 9.5 KNOWDELGE BROKERING AND CAPACITY BUILDING | 227 | ||
| 9.5.1 Knowledge brokering | 227 | ||
| 9.5.2 Capacity building | 230 | ||
| 9.6 RESEARCH REACH AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT | 231 | ||
| 9.6.1 Research reach | 231 | ||
| 9.6.2 Research application | 232 | ||
| 9.6.3 Impact assessment | 235 | ||
| 9.7 LOOKING FORWARD | 238 | ||
| North Partners and Collaborators | 275 | ||
| South Partners and Collaborators | 275 |