BOOK
Guidelines for the Identification of Ciliates in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Susana Serrano | Lucia Arregui | Blanca Perez-Uz | Pilar Calvo | Almudena Guinea
(2008)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa are one of the most relevant biological communities in the reactors of wastewater treatment plants. These organisms are excellent tools to assess the biological status of the reactor being used to monitor wastewater treatment plants performance. This book has been designed to simplify identification of ciliates, bearing in mind the difficulties on the manipulation and proper identification of these species. The specific role of ciliates in WWTP is discussed; methods for observation together with a glossary of scientific words and a simple and easy key to the taxonomic groups of ciliates are also provided. Illustrations, drawings, photographs and brief morphological descriptions of the species are included.
Guidelines for the Identification of Ciliates in Wastewater Treatment Plants is the first book to use the new official classification proposed by the Society of Protozoologists (2005). It includes a complete chapter on methodology that is designed to be easy to follow and reproduce. A simple key to classify main taxonomic groups and genera is included, as are detailed descriptions to aid observation and identification of species of ciliates, in addition to drawings and photographs that accurately reproduce ciliate species.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | 6 | ||
| Glossary | 8 | ||
| About the Authors | 11 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 11 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 12 | ||
| 1.1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS: BIOLOGICAL DEPURATION | 12 | ||
| 1.2 CILIATES IN WWTP BIOLOGICAL REACTORS | 13 | ||
| 1.2.1 Ciliates as Bioindicators in WWTP | 14 | ||
| 1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CILIATES | 15 | ||
| Chapter 2: Methodologies to study ciliates in Wastewater Treatment Plants | 18 | ||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | 18 | ||
| 2.2 SAMPLING CILIATE POPULATIONS IN WWTP | 19 | ||
| 2.2.1 Sampling activated sludge WWTP | 19 | ||
| 2.2.2 Sampling fixed biofilm WWTP | 20 | ||
| 2.3 COUNTING CILIATES IN WWTP | 20 | ||
| 2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF CILIATES | 22 | ||
| 2.4.1 Living observation | 23 | ||
| 2.4.2 Silver staining techniques | 25 | ||
| 2.4.2.1 Silver carbonate staining (Fernández-Galiano 1966) | 25 | ||
| 2.4.2.2 Silver nitrate staining (Chatton and Lwoff 1930) | 28 | ||
| 2.4.2.3 Silver Proteinate/Protargol staining (Kirby 1945) | 29 | ||
| 2.4.3 Flutax staining of ciliates | 31 | ||
| 2.5 THE INDICATOR VALUE OF CILIATES | 31 | ||
| Chapter 3: Systematic key to ciliate groups | 34 | ||
| 3.1 KEY TO CILIATE GROUPS | 34 | ||
| Chapter 4: Guidelines for the identification of species in wastewater treatment plants | 42 | ||
| 4.1 HETEROTRICHS | 43 | ||
| Cells elongated with a large terminal contractile vacuole: Spirostomum | 44 | ||
| Species: Spirostomum teres Claparède and Lachmann, 1858 | 44 | ||
| Cells ellipsoidal or pyriform with tapered anterior end and rounded posterior end: Blepharisma | 45 | ||
| Species: Blepharisma undulans Stein, 1867 | 45 | ||
| Species: Blepharisma americanum Suzuki, 1954 | 46 | ||
| Cells trumpet-shaped or ovoid, sessile or free-swimming. Apical peristome with a clear AZM. The body is contractile by the presence of myonemes between kineties: Stentor | 47 | ||
| Species: Stentor roeselii Ehrenberg, 1835 | 47 | ||
| 4.2 OLIGOTRICHIDS | 48 | ||
| Cells with several equatorial groups of somatic cilia: Halteria | 49 | ||
| Species: Halteria grandinella ( Müller, 1773) Dujardin, 1841 | 49 | ||
| 4.3 HYPOTRICHS | 50 | ||
| Ciliates with a well developed anterior oral opening and AZM. No rows of marginal cirri. Long fronto-ventral and transverse cirri. Short caudal and marginal cirri (0-2): Euplotes | 51 | ||
| Species: Euplotes aediculatus Pierson, 1943 | 51 | ||
| Species: Euplotes affinis Dujardin, 1842 | 52 | ||
| Species with a small AZM and long frontal and transverse cirri: Aspidisca | 53 | ||
| Species: Aspidisca cicada (A. costata) (Müller, 1786) Claparède and Lachmann, 1858 | 53 | ||
| Species: Aspidisca lynceus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 | 54 | ||
| 4.4 STICHOTRICHS | 55 | ||
| Ciliates with three long caudal cirri with a “trident” arrangement. Anterior AZM reaching the middle ventral side: Stylonychia | 56 | ||
| Species: Stylonychia mytilus (Müller, 1773) Ehrenberg, 1830 | 56 | ||
| Stichotrichs with three caudal cirri slightly longer than transverse ones. Anterior AZM reaching the anterior third part of the ventral side: Oxytricha | 57 | ||
| Species: Oxytricha fallax Stein, 1859 | 57 | ||
| Species with a flexible body and a small AZM. Cirral pattern: rows of fronto-ventral and marginal cirri, J shaped transverse cirri: Uroleptus | 58 | ||
| Species: Uroleptus limnetis Stokes, 1885 | 58 | ||
| 4.5 TETRAHYMENIDS | 59 | ||
| Pyriform swimming cells: Tetrahymena | 60 | ||
| Species: Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1830) Lwoff, 1947 | 60 | ||
| Species: Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney and McCoy, 1976 | 61 | ||
| Ovoid cells with a torsion at the anterior body end: Dexiostoma/ Colpidium | 62 | ||
| Species: Dexiostoma campyla (syn. Colpidium campylum) (Stokes, 1886) Jankowski, 1967 | 62 | ||
| Colpidium colpoda (Ehrenberg, 1831) Stein, 1869 | 63 | ||
| Large oral opening with patent oral ciliature: Glaucoma | 64 | ||
| Species: Glaucoma scintillans Ehrenberg, 1830 | 64 | ||
| 4.6 PENICULIDS | 65 | ||
| Oval or elongated foot-shaped cells with an equatorial torsion where the oral cavity is clearly distinguished. Numerous somatic kineties with a cluster of long caudal cilia. Subpellicular striation corresponding to the cortical location of trichocysts: Paramecium | 66 | ||
| Species: Paramecium aurelia Müller, 1773 | 66 | ||
| Species: Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg, 1831) Focke, 1836 | 67 | ||
| Species: Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, 1833 | 68 | ||
| Oval flattened cells with a conspicuous contractile vacuole. Anterior oral cavity and dense somatic ciliature: Frontonia | 69 | ||
| Species: Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg, 1833) Ehrenberg, 1838 | 69 | ||
| 4.7 SCUTICOCILIATES | 70 | ||
| Cells with a large oral overture that reaches the half–body length. Truncate cilia-free anterior cap. The long paroral membrane is clearly visible when the ciliate stops to feed: Cyclidium | 71 | ||
| Species: Cyclidium glaucoma Müller, 1773 | 71 | ||
| Oval ciliates with a non ciliated anterior pole. Oral overture does not reach the half-body length. Paroral membrane less patent than in Cyclidium. One caudal cilium: Uronema | 72 | ||
| Species: Uronema nigricans Müller, 1786 | 72 | ||
| Dorso-ventrally flattened rounded ciliate. Posterior oral overture with a short AZM. Several caudal cilia. Subterminal contractile vacuole opposed to oral area: Cinetochilum | 73 | ||
| Species: Cinetochilum margaritaceum (Ehrenberg, 1831) Perty, 1849 | 73 | ||
| Ovoid dark ciliate with a long caudal cilium. Anterior truncate apex without cilia. Anterior oral overture with a slightly prominent paroral kinety: Dexiotricha | 74 | ||
| Species: Dexiotricha granulosa Kent, 1881 | 74 | ||
| 4.8 PERITRICHS | 75 | ||
| Free-swimming ciliate. Somatic infraciliature is restricted to the aboral tuft of cilia: Astylozoon | 76 | ||
| Species: Astylozoon fallax Engelmann, 1862 | 76 | ||
| Free-swimming cells without sessile stages. Barrel shape with a band of aboral ciliature clearly distinguished: Opisthonecta | 77 | ||
| Species: Opisthonecta henneguyi Fauré-Frèmiet, 1906 | 77 | ||
| Sessile bell-like ciliates. Single zooids with a contractile peduncule (with internal spasmoneme): Vorticella | 78 | ||
| Vorticella aquadulcis complex | 78 | ||
| Vorticella infusionum complex | 79 | ||
| Vorticella microstoma complex | 80 | ||
| Vorticella convallaria complex | 81 | ||
| Vorticella campanula complex | 82 | ||
| Loricated peritrichs with one or two long zooids attached to the lorica without or with a short stalk. Lorica without valve: Vaginicola | 83 | ||
| Species: Vaginicola cristallina Fromentel, 1874 | 83 | ||
| Lorica without stalk. One or two long zooids with a short stalk attaching to the lorica. Lorica with an anterior valve: Thuricola | 84 | ||
| Species: Thuricola kellicottiana Stokes, 1887 | 84 | ||
| Colonial species with branched stalk with self-contained discontinuous spasmonemes (each stalked member of the colony contracts independently): Carchesium | 85 | ||
| Species: Carchesium polypinum (Linnaeus, 1758) Ehrenberg, 1831 | 85 | ||
| Colonial species with branched stalk with continuous spasmonemes (all the zooids of the colony contract simultaneously): Zoothamnium | 86 | ||
| Species: Zoothamnium procerius Kahl, 1935 | 86 | ||
| Stalked peritrichs without spasmoneme (no contractile colonies). Colonial species, occasionally single cells: Epistylis | 87 | ||
| Species: Epistylis plicatilis Ehrenberg, 1838 | 87 | ||
| Species: Epistylis entzii Stiller, 1935 | 88 | ||
| Species: Epistylis chrysemidis Bishop and Jahn, 1941 | 89 | ||
| Colonial species with no contractile stalks. Characteristic opercule emerging from the peristomial opening. Without a conspicuous peristomial lip: Opercularia | 90 | ||
| Species: Opercularia coarctata (Claparede and Lachmann, 1858) Roux, 1901 | 90 | ||
| Species: Opercularia microdiscum Fauré-Frèmiet, 1904 | 91 | ||
| Species: Opercularia articulata Goldfuss, 1820 | 92 | ||
| Species: Opercularia curvicaula (Penard, 1922) Curds, 1964 | 93 | ||
| 4.9 PRORODONTIDS | 94 | ||
| Apical cytostome. Homogeneous somatic ciliature. One or more caudal cilia. Alveolar plates regularly disposed on the ciliate body. Posterior contractile vacuole: Coleps | 95 | ||
| Species: Coleps hirtus (Müller, 1786) Nitzsch, 1827 | 95 | ||
| 4.10 HAPTORIDS | 96 | ||
| Apical or subapical oval cytostome with a short cytopharyngeal basket within the anterior pole. Homogeneous somatic ciliature. Posterior contractile vacuole: Enchelys | 97 | ||
| Species: Enchelys gasterosteus Kahl, 1926 | 97 | ||
| Long retractile anterior neck-like extension (proboscis). Apical circumoral ciliature surrounding the cytostome. Homogeneous somatic ciliature: Lacrymaria | 98 | ||
| Species: Lacrymaria olor (Müller, 1786) Bory, 1824 | 98 | ||
| Extensible latero-apical cytostome with patent fibrillar toxicysts. Homogeneous somatic ciliature: Spathidium | 99 | ||
| Species: Spathidium spathula (Müller, 1786) Woodruff and Spenser, 1922 | 99 | ||
| Cytostome at the basis of an anterior proboscis. Patent cytopharingeal basket. Homogeneous somatic ciliature: Dileptus | 100 | ||
| Species: Dileptus anguillula Kahl, 1931 | 100 | ||
| 4.11 PLEUROSTOMATIDS | 101 | ||
| Lanceolated cells with a lateral body compression. Different somatic ciliature arrangement on right and left sides of the cell. Lateral cytostome with perioral ciliature (not curved). Two macronuclei and one central micronucleus usually visible with optical microscopy: Litonotus | 102 | ||
| Species: Litonotus lamella (Ehrenberg) Schewiakoff, 1896 | 102 | ||
| Lanceolated ciliates with a characteristic torsion at the anterior end. Lateral cytostome and perioral ciliature (curved at the anterior part). Few somatic kineties. Two macronuclei and one central micronucleus: Acineria | 103 | ||
| Species: Acineria uncinata Tucolesco, 1962 | 103 | ||
| 4.12 PHYLOFARINGIDS | 104 | ||
| Dorso-ventrally flattened body. Ventral somatic ciliature at the right and left sides of the oral area (the anterior right somatic kineties curves preorally). Continuous preoral kinety and two circumoral kineties: Chilodonella | 105 | ||
| Species: Chilodonella uncinata (Ehrenberg, 1838) Strand, 1928 | 105 | ||
| Dorso-ventrally flattened body. Somatic ciliature at the right and left sides of the ventral side. Fragmented preoral kinety with patent cilia: Pseudochilodonopsis | 106 | ||
| Species: Pseudochilodonopsis fluviatilis Foissner, 1988 | 106 | ||
| Dorso-ventrally flattened body. Homogeneous ventral somatic ciliature. Continuous preoral kinety and two circumoral kineties: Trithigmostoma | 107 | ||
| Species: Trithigmostoma cucullulus (Müller, 1786) Jankowski, 1967 | 107 | ||
| Dorso-ventrally flattened cell with an attaching posterior spine-like appendix. Somatic ciliature at left side of the ventral side. Two circumoral and two preoral kineties: Trochilia | 108 | ||
| Species: Trochilia minuta (Roux, 1901) Kahl, 1931 | 108 | ||
| 4.13 SUCTORIDS | 109 | ||
| Spherical trophonts, usually without lorica. Tentacles homogenously distributed: Podophrya | 110 | ||
| Species: Podophrya fixa (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg, 1833 | 110 | ||
| Sessile ciliates without lorica. Fascicles of fine tentacles: Tokophrya | 111 | ||
| Species: Tokophrya lemnarum (Stein, 1859) Entz, 1903 | 111 | ||
| Sessile ciliates with a lorica. Two groups of tentacles placed on two anterior prominences: Acineta | 112 | ||
| Species: Acineta tuberosa (Pallas, 1766) Ehrenberg, 1833 | 112 | ||
| Sessile loricated ciliates. Clusters of fine tentacles: Metacineta | 113 | ||
| Species: Metacineta mystacina (Ehrenberg, 1831) Butschli, 1889 | 113 | ||
| Sessile ciliates with a stalk. Several groups of fine tentacles (lateral, anterior and posterior): Multifasciculatum | 114 | ||
| Species: Multifasciculatum elegans Goodrich and Jahn, 1943 | 114 | ||
| Chapter 5: Bibliography | 116 | ||
| Index | 126 |