BOOK
Biological Nitrogen Removal Activated Sludge Process in Warm Climates
Cao Ye Shi | Wah Yuen Long | Ang Chee Meng | Kandiah S. Raajeevan
(2008)
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Book Details
Abstract
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Many Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) activated sludge processes in warm climates are conservatively designed, because little systematic investigation has been carried out on the BNR activated sludge process in warm or tropical climates, although many studies under temperate climate conditions are available. This book covers a wide spectrum of mechanistic approaches to deal with BNR activated sludge related issues such as sewage and sludge characterization, dynamic performance of full-scale processes, laboratory simulation and modelling that leads to a mechanistic and more economic design. Recommendations on the operation, upgrading and design of BNR activated sludge process are formulated. This will significantly aid the promotion of nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants in warm or tropical climates, particularly in developing countries. The book has three purposes: to make recommendations for appropriate upgrading of existing activated sludge processes and assess the performance of the upgraded activated sludge processes; to explore the feasibility of employing laboratory-scale systems to simulate the performance of full-scale processes; and to use mathematical modelling calibrated with the measured data obtained from the laboratory-scale experimentation to study the performance and the design of full-scale processes.
Reports are presented of comprehensive studies on: (i) on-site investigation of the activated sludge processes in three water reclamation plants (WRPs) in Singapore; (ii) laboratory-scale investigations to simulate the performance of full-scale activated sludge processes and to optimize the process design; and (iii) mathematical modelling and simulation with Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM No. 1). Based on these detailed studies, guidelines on the operation, upgrading and design of the BNR activated sludge process in warm climates are presented.
Results indicate that the laboratory-scale systems, designed based on the scale-down principles developed in this study and mathematic simulation with the model parameters calibrated by using the data obtained from the laboratory experiment, were able to describe the performance of the full-scale process.The applications of the approaches and principles are not limited to geographic locations and types of pollutants, and thus can reduce significantly the cost and time for the process development of the activated sludge process.
This book will be an invaluable reference source for process and design engineers and consultants concerned with biological wastewater treatment as well as researchers in universities and research institutes.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contents | |||
| Preface | |||
| About the authors | |||
| Nomenclature | |||
| Chapter 1: General introduction | |||
| 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY | |||
| 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY | |||
| 1.3 METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES | |||
| 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK | |||
| REFERENCES | |||
| Chapter 2: Characterization of settled sewage and activated sludge | |||
| 2.1 INTRODUCTION | |||
| 2.1.1 Literature review | |||
| 2.1.2 Focuses of the characterization | |||
| 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | |||
| 2.2.1 Activated sludge processes of the three WRPs studied | |||
| 2.2.2 Sampling programme | |||
| 2.2.3 NUR and AUR tests | |||
| 2.2.4 Analytical methods | |||
| 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | |||
| 2.3.1 Hydraulic flow and carbonaceous and nitrogenous mass loadings | |||
| 2.3.2 Conventional parameters and their fluctuations | |||
| 2.3.3 COD fractions and their fluctuations | |||
| 2.3.3.1 COD fractions under normal hydraulic flow | |||
| 2.3.3.2 Variation of COD fractions with hydraulic flow | |||
| 2.3.4 Denitrification activities corresponding to COD fractions | |||
| 2.3.5 Spatial distribution of denitrification activities | |||
| 2.3.6 Spatial distribution of nitrification activities | |||
| 2.4 SUMMARY | |||
| Diurnal hydraulic flow | |||
| Conventional parameters | |||
| COD fractions | |||
| Denitrification rates corresponding to COD fractions | |||
| Spatial distribution of denitrification and nitrification activities | |||
| REFERENCES | |||
| Chapter 3: Performance of the full-scale activated sludge process | |||
| 3.1 INTRODUCTION | |||
| 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS | |||
| 3.2.1 Site conditions and sampling programme | |||
| 3.2.2 Analysis | |||
| 3.2.3 Calculations | |||
| 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | |||
| 3.3.1 Key design and operation parameters | |||
| 3.3.2 Influent characterization | |||
| 3.3.2.1 Diurnal hydraulic flow and carbonaceous and nitrogenous mass loadings | |||
| 3.3.2.2 Conventional parameters | |||
| 3.3.3 Carbonaceous matter removal | |||
| 3.3.4 Nitrification | |||
| 3.3.5 Denitrification | |||
| 3.3.5.1 Denitrification in the activated sludge tanks | |||
| 3.3.5.2 Denitrification in the final clarifier | |||
| 3.3.5.3 Denitrification efficiency | |||
| 3.3.6 pH and alkalinity | |||
| 3.3.7 Nitrogen in the final effluent | |||
| 3.3.8 Mass balance and yield coefficients | |||
| 3.3.8.1 COD balance | |||
| 3.3.8.2 Nitrogen balance | |||
| 3.3.9 Efficiency of aeration | |||
| 3.4 SUMMARY | |||
| Performance of the full-scale activated sludge process | |||
| Mass balance | |||
| REFERENCES | |||
| Chapter 4: Scaled-down laboratory experimentation | |||
| 4.1 SCALED-DOWN LABORATORY ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM | |||
| 4.1.1 The scale-down principle in the activated sludge process | |||
| 4.2 LABORATORY SIMULATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS OF BEDOK WRP | |||
| 4.2.1 Experimental design, set-up and feed | |||
| 4.2.1.1 Feed conditions | |||
| 4.2.1.2 Bioreactor system | |||
| 4.2.1.3 Biochemical environment | |||
| 4.2.2 Carbonaceous matter removal | |||
| 4.2.3 Nitrification | |||
| 4.2.4 Denitrification | |||
| 4.2.4.1 Denitrification in the activated sludge tanks | |||
| 4.2.4.2 Denitrification in the final clarifier | |||
| 4.2.5 pH and alkalinity | |||
| 4.2.6 Effluent quality | |||
| 4.2.7 Mass balance and yield coefficients | |||
| 4.2.7.1 COD balance | |||
| 4.2.7.2 Nitrogen balance | |||
| 4.2.8 Performance comparison between the full- and laboratory-scale systems | |||
| 4.3 OPTIMIZATION OF THE BNR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS IN WARM CLIMATES | |||
| 4.3.1 Conceptual design, experimental set-up and feed | |||
| 4.3.1.1 Warm temperature and shorter aerobic SRT | |||
| 4.3.1.2 Experimental design | |||
| 4.3.2 Carbonaceous matter removal | |||
| 4.3.3 Nitrification | |||
| 4.3.4 Denitrification | |||
| 4.3.4.1 Denitrification in the activated sludge tanks | |||
| 4.3.4.2 Denitrification in the final clarifier | |||
| 4.3.5 pH | |||
| 4.3.6 Effluent quality | |||
| 4.3.7 Mass balance and yield coefficients | |||
| 4.3.7.1 COD balance | |||
| 4.3.7.2 Nitrogen balance | |||
| 4.4 SUMMARY | |||
| Scale-down principle for activated sludge process | |||
| Simulation of the activated sludge process of Phase IV of Bedok WRP | |||
| Optimization of the BNR activated sludge process in warm climates | |||
| REFERENCES | |||
| Chapter 5: Mathematical modeling and simulation | |||
| 5.1 INTRODUCTION | |||
| 5.1.1 Models of activated sludge process for municipal sewage treatment | |||
| 5.1.2 Models adopted and GPS-X | |||
| 5.1.2.1 Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM No. 1) | |||
| 5.1.2.2 COD-based influent model | |||
| 5.1.2.3 Secondary clarifier model | |||
| 5.1.2.4 General Purpose Simulator – X (GPS–X) | |||
| 5.1.3 Approaches of modeling and parameter identification | |||
| 5.1.4 Focuses and objectives | |||
| 5.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A COD-BASED INFLUENT MODEL | |||
| 5.3 PARAMETER CALIBRATION OF ASM NO. 1 WITH LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION DATA | |||
| 5.3.1 Definition of initial conditions and sequence for model calibration | |||
| 5.3.2 Primary calibration: steady-state conditions | |||
| 5.3.3 Secondary calibration: dynamic-state conditions | |||
| 5.4 PARAMETER VERIFICATION OF ASM NO. 1 | |||
| 5.4.1 Verification of laboratory-scale modified MLE process of Battery B of Seletar WRP | |||
| 5.4.2 Verification of full-scale MLE Process of Phase IV of Bedok WRP | |||
| 5.4.3 Verification of full-scale MLE process of Phase III of Kranji WRP | |||
| 5.5 SIMULATION OF BNR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS BY VERIFIED ASM NO. 1 | |||
| 5.5.1 Critical issues in the BNR activated sludge processes | |||
| 5.5.1.1 Effect of DO concentration in anoxic zone | |||
| 5.5.1.2 Effect of MLR ratio | |||
| 5.5.1.3 Effect of COD/TKN ratio | |||
| 5.5.1.4 Effect of anoxic volumetric ratio | |||
| 5.5.1.5 Spatial distribution of autotrophic nitrifiers | |||
| 5.5.1.6 Minimum aerobic SRT for nitrification | |||
| 5.5.2 Performance of the recommended upgrade of the MLE process | |||
| 5.5.2.1 Process configuration | |||
| 5.5.2.2 NO3--N removals in the anoxic zones and related energy savings | |||
| 5.5.2.3 Diurnal heterotrophic and autotrophic nitrifier concentrations | |||
| 5.5.2.4 Diurnal NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration profiles of the aerobic compartments | |||
| 5.5.2.5 Diurnal oxygen consumption in the aerobic compartments | |||
| 5.6 SUMMARY | |||
| COD-based influent model | |||
| Parameter identification | |||
| Design of the BNR activated sludge process in warm climates | |||
| Design for upgrading the existing BNR activated sludge process in warm climates | |||
| Implications for the process development of the activated sludge process | |||
| REFERENCES | |||
| Chapter 6: Summary | |||
| 6.1 BACKGROUND AND APPROACHES OF THE STUDY | |||
| 6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SETTLED SEWAGE AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE | |||
| 6.3 PERFORMANCE OF THE FULL-SCALE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS | |||
| 6.4 SCALED-DOWN LABORATORY INVESTIGATION | |||
| 6.5 MODELING WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE MODEL NO. 1 (ASM NO. 1) | |||
| 6.6 DESIGN OF THE BNR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS IN WARM CLIMATES | |||
| 6.7 UPGRADING THE EXISTING BNR ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS IN WARM CLIMATES | |||
| 6.8 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROCESS DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS | |||
| Index |