BOOK
Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Activated Sludge
Derin Orhon | Fatos Germirli Babuna | Ozlem Karahan
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Industrial pollution is still a major concern and despite its significance, sound and systematic pollution control efforts are very poorly documented. The character and treatability of industrial wastewaters is highly variable and specific for each industrial activity. Biological treatment with activated sludge is the appropriate technology for industrial wastewaters from several major industrial sectors. Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Activated Sludge deals with the activated sludge treatment of industrial wastewaters by considering conceptual frameworks, methodologies and case studies, in a stepwise manner.
The issues related to activated sludge treatment, such as biodegradability based characterization, modeling, assessment of stoichiometric and kinetic parameters and design, as well as the issues of industrial pollution control, e.g. in-plant control, effect of pretreatment, etc. are combined in a way to provide a comprehensive and information-rich view to the reader. By doing so, the book supplies an up-to-date reference for industrial wastewater experts and both graduate and undergraduate students. Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Activated Sludge provides a roadmap, describing the methodologies for the treatment of industrial wastewaters from several major sectors, based on a solid theoretical background. Up to now although valuable separate efforts both on activated sludge and industrial wastewater treatment have been presented, an integrated approach that is crucial to practice has not been available. This gap is filled by this book.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Half Title | 1 | ||
| Title | 3 | ||
| Copyright | 4 | ||
| Contents | 5 | ||
| Foreword | 13 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction | 15 | ||
| 1.1 NEED FOR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT | 17 | ||
| 1.2 NEW PERSPECTIVES | 19 | ||
| 1.2.1 Hazardous wastes and micropollutants | 19 | ||
| 1.2.2 Innovative treatment | 21 | ||
| Chapter 2: Energetics and stoichiometry of substrate removal | 25 | ||
| 2.1 ENERGETICS OF SUBSTRATE REMOVAL | 25 | ||
| 2.1.1 Introduction | 25 | ||
| 2.1.2 Biosynthesis | 26 | ||
| 2.1.3 Energy generation and transformation | 26 | ||
| 2.1.4 Nutritional classification of microorganisms | 28 | ||
| 2.2 THE CONCEPT OF YIELD | 30 | ||
| 2.2.1 Assessment of biomass | 32 | ||
| 2.2.2 Assessment of substrate | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2.1 The BOD parameter | 34 | ||
| 2.2.2.2 The COD parameter | 35 | ||
| 2.2.3 The definition of yield | 36 | ||
| 2.2.4 Expression of yield for different model components | 40 | ||
| 2.2.4.1 VSS as a biomass parameter | 40 | ||
| 2.2.4.2 VSS and BOD&sub5 as biomass and substrate parameters | 41 | ||
| 2.3 PROCESS STOICHIOMETRY | 44 | ||
| 2.3.1 System defined with biomass COD and substrate COD | 44 | ||
| 2.3.2 System defined with biomass VSS and substrate COD | 45 | ||
| 2.3.3 System defined with biomass VSS and substrate BOD&sub5 | 46 | ||
| 2.4 REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| Chapter 3: Modelling of organic carbon removal | 51 | ||
| 3.1 PRINCIPLES OF MODELLING | 51 | ||
| 3.2 MATRIX REPRESENTATION IN MODELLING | 53 | ||
| 3.3 MASS BALANCE | 58 | ||
| 3.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC CARBON | 59 | ||
| 3.4.1 Basis for COD fractionation | 59 | ||
| 3.4.2 Major COD fractions in wastewaters | 60 | ||
| 3.5 MAJOR PROCESSES FOR ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL | 63 | ||
| 3.5.1 Heterotrophic growth | 64 | ||
| 3.5.2 Hydrolysis | 66 | ||
| 3.5.3 Endogenous respiration | 69 | ||
| 3.5.4 Generation of residual microbial products | 72 | ||
| 3.5.4.1 Particulate residual microbial products | 72 | ||
| 3.5.4.2 Soluble residual microbial products | 73 | ||
| 3.6 MULTI-COMPONENT MODELLING OF ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL | 75 | ||
| 3.6.1 The endogenous decay model | 76 | ||
| 3.6.2 Death regeneration concept – ASM1 | 78 | ||
| 3.6.3 Substrate storage concept – ASM3 | 79 | ||
| 3.6.4 Modelling of complex industrial wastewaters – case studies | 81 | ||
| 3.6.4.1 Alternative models | 81 | ||
| 3.6.4.2 Expanded COD fractionation | 83 | ||
| 3.7 OPTIMUM SYSTEM DESIGN BASED ON MODELLING – A CASE STUDY | 85 | ||
| 3.8. REFERENCES | 88 | ||
| Chapter 4: Modelling of nutrient removal | 93 | ||
| 4.1 INTRODUCTION | 93 | ||
| 4.2 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL | 94 | ||
| 4.2.1 Modelling of nitrification | 95 | ||
| 4.2.1.1 Major nitrogen fractions | 95 | ||
| 4.2.1.2 Stoichiometry of nitrification | 97 | ||
| 4.2.1.3 Growth of autotrophs | 99 | ||
| 4.2.1.4 Decay of autotrophs | 100 | ||
| 4.2.1.5 Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia | 100 | ||
| 4.2.1.6 Process kinetics | 101 | ||
| 4.2.2 Modelling of denitrification | 103 | ||
| 4.2.2.1 Stoichiometry of denitrification | 104 | ||
| 4.2.2.2 Growth of denitrifiers | 107 | ||
| 4.2.2.3 Hydrolysis of the slowly biodegradable COD | 108 | ||
| 4.2.2.4 Decay of denitrifiers | 109 | ||
| 4.2.2.5 Process kinetics | 110 | ||
| 4.3. ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL | 110 | ||
| REFERENCES | 115 | ||
| Chapter 5: Experimental assessment of biodegradation | 117 | ||
| 5.1 EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF BIODEGRADATION | 117 | ||
| 5.2 PRINCIPLES OF RESPIROMETRY | 118 | ||
| 5.2.1 Concept of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) | 118 | ||
| 5.2.2 Interpretation of respirometric data | 123 | ||
| 5.3 ASSESSMENT OF BIODEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS | 126 | ||
| 5.3.1 Assessment of inert fractions | 127 | ||
| 5.3.1.1 Estimation of Inert Fractions by Batch Experiments | 129 | ||
| 5.3.1.2 Estimation of Inert Fractions by Respirometry | 135 | ||
| 5.3.2 Assessment of biodegradable fractions | 138 | ||
| 5.4 EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF MODEL COEFFICIENTS | 140 | ||
| 5.4.1 Assessment of yield coefficient | 140 | ||
| 5.4.1.1 Heterotrophic growth yield (Y&subH) | 140 | ||
| 5.4.1.2 Substrate storage yield (Y&subSTO) | 142 | ||
| 5.4.2 Assessment of endogenous decay coefficient (b&subH) | 144 | ||
| 5.4.3 Assessment of maximum heterotrophic growth coefficient (mu cap&subH) | 147 | ||
| 5.4.4 Assessment of k&subh and K&subX | 148 | ||
| 5.5 ASSESSMENT OF INHIBITION AND TOXICITY | 149 | ||
| 5.6 MODEL EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 160 | ||
| Chapter 6: Management of industrial wastewaters | 165 | ||
| 6.1 NEW TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT | 165 | ||
| 6.2 BASIC TOOLS | 167 | ||
| 6.2.1 Assessment at source – process and pollution profiles | 167 | ||
| 6.2.2 Conventional wastewater characterization | 170 | ||
| 6.2.2.1 Assessment of significant pollutant parameters | 170 | ||
| 6.2.2.2 Reliability | 172 | ||
| 6.2.2.3 Relationships between major pollutant parameters | 175 | ||
| 6.2.3 COD fractions of industrial wastewaters | 179 | ||
| 6.3 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | 181 | ||
| 6.3.1 Material reclamation and reuse | 181 | ||
| 6.3.2 Auxiliary chemicals | 185 | ||
| 6.3.3 Xenobiotics | 189 | ||
| 6.4 REFERENCES | 190 | ||
| Chapter 7: Continuous flow activated sludge technology | 195 | ||
| 7.1 INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| 7.2 BASIC PARAMETERS | 196 | ||
| 7.2.1 The sludge age | 196 | ||
| 7.2.2 The heterotrophic net yield coefficient | 197 | ||
| 7.2.3 The food to microorganism ratio | 199 | ||
| 7.2.4 The mean hydraulic retention time | 200 | ||
| 7.3 ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEM FUNCTIONS | 200 | ||
| 7.3.1 Reactor biomass | 201 | ||
| 7.3.1.1 Active heterotrophic biomass | 202 | ||
| 7.3.1.2 Inert particulate microbial products | 203 | ||
| 7.3.1.3 Inert particulate COD of influent origin | 204 | ||
| 7.3.1.4 Total biomass in the reactor | 205 | ||
| 7.3.2 Excess sludge production | 208 | ||
| 7.3.3 Effluent quality | 213 | ||
| 7.3.4 Oxygen consumption | 215 | ||
| 7.3.5 Recycle ratio | 216 | ||
| 7.3.6 Nutrient balance | 218 | ||
| 7.3.6.1 Nutrient removal | 218 | ||
| 7.3.6.2 Nutrient requirements | 220 | ||
| 7.4 PROCESS DESIGN FOR ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL | 223 | ||
| 7.4.1 The concept of pre-treatment | 223 | ||
| 7.4.2 Conceptual design procedure | 225 | ||
| 7.5 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL | 233 | ||
| 7.5.1 Activated sludge design for nitrification | 233 | ||
| 7.5.1.1 Aerobic sludge age | 234 | ||
| 7.5.1.2 Nitrification parameters | 235 | ||
| 7.5.1.3 Autotrophic biomass | 236 | ||
| 7.5.1.4 Autotrophic oxygen demand | 236 | ||
| 7.5.1.5 Alkalinity consumption | 237 | ||
| 7.5.1.6 Design Procedure | 237 | ||
| 7.5.2 Activated sludge design for nitrogen removal | 246 | ||
| 7.5.2.1 Process configurations | 246 | ||
| 7.5.2.2 The overall sludge age | 249 | ||
| 7.5.2.3 Denitrification potential | 250 | ||
| 7.5.2.4 Oxygen requirement | 251 | ||
| 7.5.2.5 System design for pre-denitrification | 252 | ||
| 7.6 ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL | 262 | ||
| 7.6.1 Factors affecting EBPR | 263 | ||
| 7.6.1.1 Wastewater characteristics | 263 | ||
| 7.6.1.2 System parameters | 264 | ||
| 7.6.1.3 Environmental factors | 264 | ||
| 7.6.2 System design for EBPR without nitrogen removal | 265 | ||
| 7.6.3 System design for EBPR with nitrogen removal | 266 | ||
| 7.7 REFERENCES | 267 | ||
| Chapter 8: Sequencing batch reactor technology | 271 | ||
| 8.1 INTRODUCTION | 271 | ||
| 8.1.1 Historical development | 272 | ||
| 8.1.2 Current experience | 273 | ||
| 8.1.3 Unified basis for modelling and design | 274 | ||
| 8.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION | 276 | ||
| 8.2.1 Cycle frequency (m) | 276 | ||
| 8.2.2 Nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) | 277 | ||
| 8.2.3 Duration of phases in a cycle | 277 | ||
| 8.2.4 Duration of periods in a process phase | 278 | ||
| 8.2.5 Number of tanks | 278 | ||
| 8.2.6 Sludge retention time (SRT) | 279 | ||
| 8.2.7 System modelling | 279 | ||
| 8.3 ORGANIC CARBON REMOVAL | 281 | ||
| 8.3.1 Basic principles | 281 | ||
| 8.3.2 Specific design parameters | 283 | ||
| 8.3.2.1 Effective sludge age | 283 | ||
| 8.3.2.2 The net yield | 284 | ||
| 8.3.2.3 Excess sludge production and reactor biomass | 284 | ||
| 8.3.2.4 Reactor volume | 285 | ||
| 8.2.3.5 Design parameters for aeration | 287 | ||
| 8.3.3 Process design | 289 | ||
| 8.4 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL | 294 | ||
| 8.4.1 Nitrogen balance | 295 | ||
| 8.4.2 Selection of process options | 297 | ||
| 8.4.2.1 Pre-denitrification | 298 | ||
| 8.4.2.2 Step feeding with dual anoxic phases | 298 | ||
| 8.4.2.3 Intermittent aeration | 300 | ||
| 8.4.3 SBR design for pre-denitrification | 300 | ||
| 8.5 ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL | 310 | ||
| 8.5.1 EBPR without nitrogen removal | 311 | ||
| 8.5.2 Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal | 312 | ||
| 8.6 REFERENCES | 313 | ||
| Chapter 9: Management of textile wastewaters | 317 | ||
| 9.1 GENERAL ASPECTS | 317 | ||
| 9.1.1 In-plant control measures applicable to textile mills | 319 | ||
| 9.1.1.1 Water conservation | 319 | ||
| 9.1.1.2 Wastewater reclamation and reuse | 319 | ||
| 9.1.1.3 Material reclamation | 320 | ||
| 9.1.1.4 Substitution of chemicals | 321 | ||
| 9.1.1.5 Process modifications | 322 | ||
| 9.1.2 End-of-pipe treatment options applicable to textile mills | 323 | ||
| 9.1.3 Polluting sources and characteristics | 324 | ||
| 9.2 A CASE ON WATER CONSERVATION AND WASTEWATER RECOVERY AND REUSE | 337 | ||
| 9.2.1 Characteristics of the plant operation | 337 | ||
| 9.2.2 Adopted methodology for in-plant control | 339 | ||
| 9.2.2.1 Description of the processes and evaluation of the segregated effluent characteristics | 339 | ||
| 9.2.2.2 Technical basis of the feasibility analysis | 346 | ||
| 9.2.2.3 Appropriate treatment alternatives | 350 | ||
| 9.2.2.4 Feasibility analysis | 353 | ||
| 9.3 REFERENCES | 359 | ||
| Chapter 10: Management of tannery wastewaters | 363 | ||
| 10.1 GENERAL ASPECTS | 363 | ||
| 10.2 THE TANNING PROCESS | 364 | ||
| 10.2.1 Beamhouse operations | 364 | ||
| 10.2.2 Tanyard processes | 365 | ||
| 10.2.3 Post-tanning operations | 366 | ||
| 10.2.4 Finishing operations | 367 | ||
| 10.3 SUB-CATEGORIZATION IN TANNERY INDUSTRY | 367 | ||
| 10.4 WASTEWATER GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS | 369 | ||
| 10.4.1 Process and pollution profiles | 370 | ||
| 10.4.2 Conventional wastewater characterization | 370 | ||
| 10.5 IN-PLANT CONTROL MEASURES FOR TANNERY INDUSTRY | 371 | ||
| 10.5.1 Material substitution and reuse | 375 | ||
| 10.5.2 Water use reduction | 376 | ||
| 10.6 TREATMENT OF TANNERY EFFLUENTS | 376 | ||
| 10.6.1 Treatment requirements | 376 | ||
| 10.6.2 Treatment schemes | 377 | ||
| 10.6.3 Pre-treatment applications | 378 | ||
| 10.6.3.1 Case study-1 | 378 | ||
| 10.6.3.2 Case study-2 | 378 | ||
| 10.7 BIODEGRADABILITY CHARACTERISTICS | 380 | ||
| 10.7.1 Biodegradability based characterization | 380 | ||
| 10.7.2 Activated sludge modelling for tannery effluents | 382 | ||
| REFERENCES | 388 | ||
| Index | 391 |